This volume discusses the nutraceutical importance, production technologies, management and cultivation practices of underutilized vegetables, which can be described as those vegetable crops which are neither grown commercially on a large scale nor traded widely. While much of the crops addressed in the book are cultivated, traded and consumed at the local level, there are over 60 species of minor vegetables with high growth and yield potentials that are not cultivated to a large extent for greater populations. This work highlights the production technologies needed to grow these vegetables on a larger scale and under various adverse soil and climatic conditions, and their nutritional and medical benefits to assist with food security, health and poverty alleviation in rural areas. Production of underutilized vegetables is low, due to the unavailability of planting material, lack of awareness about the nutritional and medicinal importance among the farmers and inadequate information on the production techniques of these crops. In this context, there is an urgent need to take up a program on genetic resources exploration, management, utilization, and improvement of underutilized vegetable crops to ensure food and nutritional security. Readers will learn about these technologies and practices, while also learning about the unique properties and benefits of these underutilized vegetables. The book will be useful for academicians and researchers focusing on vegetable production and breeding, as well as farmers and sustainability scientists looking for underexplored sources of nutrition to benefit large rural populations.
Author(s): Savita, Monisha Rawat, Vrince Vimal
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 388
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
Chapter 1: Underutilized Vegetables Introduction and Identification
Introduction
Importance of Underutilized Vegetables
Futuristic Challenge
Probable Solution
Significance of Underutilized Vegetables
Constraints for Development of Underutilized Vegetable Crops
Development Strategies for Underutilized Vegetable Crops
Contribution of International Research Organization for the Development of Underutilized Vegetable Crops
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Production Technology of Underutilized Crops of Alliaceae Family
Introduction
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Allium porrum L. (Leek)
Allium ascalonicum (Shallot)
A. fistulosum L. (Welsh onion)
Allium schoenoprasum (Chive)
Agronomic Practices
Postharvest Management
Curing
Storage
Grading
Packaging
Marketing Strategies to Promote Underutilized Allium Species
Physiological Disorders
Bolting
Bulb Splitting
Chimera
Hail/Heavy Rain Damage
Thick Necks
Watery Scale and Leathery Skin
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Leguminosae Family
Introduction
Origin and Distribution
Winged Bean
Adzuki Bean
Sword Bean
Jack Bean
Moth Bean
Scarlet Runner Bean
Yam Bean
Potato Bean
Tepary Bean
Catjang Bean
Agathi
Velvet Bean
Horse Gram
Yard Long Bean
African Yam Bean
African Locust Bean
Ground Bean
Marama Bean
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Winged Bean
Adzuki Bean
Sword Bean
Jack Bean
Moth Bean
Scarlet Runner Bean
Yam Bean
Potato Bean
Tepary Bean
Catjang Bean
Agathi
Velvet Bean
Horse Gram
Yard Long Bean
African Yam Bean
African Locust Bean
Ground Bean
Marama Bean
Botany and Taxonomy
Winged Bean
Adzuki Bean
Sword Bean
Jack Bean
Moth Bean
Scarlet Runner Bean
Yam Bean
Potato Bean
Tepary Bean
Catjang Bean
Agathi
Thicket Bean
Velvet Bean
Horse Gram
Yard Long Bean
African Yam Bean
African Locust Bean
Ground Bean
Marama Bean
Varieties
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Winged Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Nutrient Management
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Adzuki Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Nutrient Management
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Handling and Storage
Sword Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Nutrient Management
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Jack Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Nutrient Management
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Moth Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Nutrient Management
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Scarlet Runner Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Nutrient Management
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Management
Yam Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Nutrient Management
Harvesting and Yield
Physiological Disorder
Postharvest Management
Potato Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Nutrient Management
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Handling
Tepary Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Nutrient Management
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Catjang Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Nutrient Management
Harvesting and Yield
Agathi
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Nutrient Management
Harvesting and Yield
Velvet Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Nutrient Management
Harvesting and Yield
Horse Gram
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Nutrient Management
Harvesting and Yield
Yard Long Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Nutrient Management
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Management
African Yam Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Nutrient Management
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Management
African Locust Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Nutrient Management
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Ground Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Nutrient Management
Harvesting and Yield
Marama Bean
Seed Rate and Sowing
Nutrient Management and Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Plant Protection
Diseases
Insect Pests
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Production Technology of Underutilized Crops of Cucurbitaceae Family
Introduction
Origin and Distribution
Snapmelon
Oriental Pickling Melon
Chow-Chow
Gherkin
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Snapmelon
Oriental Pickling Melon
Chow-Chow
Gherkin
Botany and Taxonomy
Snapmelon
Oriental Pickling Melon
Chow-Chow
Gherkin
Agronomic Practices
Snapmelon
Oriental Pickling Melon
Chow-Chow
Gherkin
Harvesting, Yield, and Postharvest Management
Snapmelon
Oriental Pickling Melon
Chow-Chow
Gherkin
Plant Protection
References
Chapter 5: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Dioscoreaceae Family
Introduction
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Propagation
Harvesting and Yield
Plant Protection
Insect Pests
Nematodes (Scutellonema bradys and Meloidogyne spp.)
Yam Beetle (Heteroligus meles)
Mealybugs (Planococcus dioscorea)
Termites
Diseases
Yam Mosaic Virus (YMV)
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)
Postharvest Handling and Storage
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Basellaceae Family
Introduction
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Nutrient Management
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Handling and Storage
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Lamiaceae Family
Introduction
Origin and Distribution
Coleus
Chinese Artichoke
Hoary Basil
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Coleus
Chinese Artichoke
Hoary Basil
Botany and Taxonomy
Coleus
Chinese Artichoke
Hoary Basil
Climate and Soil
Coleus
Chinese Artichoke
Hoary Basil
Agronomic Practices
Coleus
Chinese Artichoke
Hoary Basil
Nutrient Management
Coleus
Varieties
Coleus
Harvesting and Yield
Coleus
Chinese Artichoke
Hoary Basil
Plant Protection
Coleus
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Solanaceae Family
Introduction
Tree Tomato (Solanum betaceum/Cyphomandra betacea/Cyphomandra hartwegi)
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Genetic Resources
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Propagation
Nursery Raising
Transplanting
Planting Distance
Plant Management
Pruning
Mulching
Shelter
Irrigation
Nutrient Management
Harvest and Yield
Postharvest
Diseases and Pests
Husk Tomato/Tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica and Physalis ixocarpa)
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany
Varieties
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Nursery and Transplanting
Nutrient Management
Irrigation
Harvesting and Yield
Pests and Diseases
References
Chapter 9: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Apiaceae Family
Introduction
Origin and Distribution
Turnip-Rooted Chervil
Turnip-Rooted Parsley
Skirret
Nutritional and Medicinal Uses
Turnip-Rooted Chervil
Turnip-Rooted Parsley
Skirret
Botany
Turnip-Rooted Chervil
Turnip-Rooted Parsley
Skirret
Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables
Climate and Soil Requirement of Underutilized Vegetables
Soil
Climate
Irrigation and Intercultural Operations in Underutilized Vegetables
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Propagation Material, Edible Parts, and Planting Time of Underutilized Vegetables of Apiaceae Family
Postharvest Handling
Harvesting
Harvesting Methods
Cleaning and Washing
Sorting/Grading
Storage and Packing
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Brassicaceae Family
Introduction
Sprouting Broccoli
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Pusa Broccoli KTS-1
Palam Samridhi
Palam Haritika
Palam Vichitra
Palam Kanchan
Punjab Broccoli-1
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Seed Rate and Sowing
Sowing Time
Transplanting
Irrigation
Nutritional Requirement
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
Hollow Stem
Internal Tipburning
Heat Injury
Bolting/Loose Heads
Blindness
Floret Yellowing
Leafy Heads
Broccoli Buttoning
Knol-Khol
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Land Preparation
Seed Rate and Sowing
Nutrient Management
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Brussels Sprout
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties/Hybrids
Hilds Ideal
Jade Cross
Rubine
Brussels Dwarf
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Seed Rate and Sowing
Nutritional Requirement
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
Loose Sprouts
Tipburn
Internal Browning
Blindness
Kale
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Scotch Kale
Siberian (Russian) Kale
Heirloom Kale
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Seed Rate and Sowing
Direct Seed Sowing
Transplanting
Nutritional Requirement
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Management
Collard
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Open-Pollinated Varieties
Georgia
Morris Heading
Vates
Champion
Georgia Blue Stem
Hybrids
Bulldog
Hi-Crop
Flash
Tiger
Top Bunch
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Seed Rate and Sowing
Nutritional Requirement
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Thinning
Earthing Up
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorder
Bolting
Chinese Cabbage
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Leafy Types
Chinese Sarson No. 1
Saag Sarson
Palampur Green (PUCH-3)
Pusa Saag
Solan Selection
Hybrid Shan Tung
Green Seoul
Hybrid Taiwan Express
Chin Sun
Heading Types
Solan Band Sarson
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Seed Rate and Sowing
Raising of Seedlings
Transplanting
Nutritional Requirement
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
Tipburn
Bolting
Petiole Freckles
Garden Cress
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Dadas
Bahar
Wrinkled
Curled
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Seed and Sowing
Irrigation
Nutritional Requirement
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Management
Upland Cress
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Seed and Sowing
Nutritional Requirement
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Management
Sea Kale
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Lily White
Ivory White
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Seed and Sowing
Nutritional Requirement
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Blanching
Winter Protection
Forcing Indoors
Harvesting and Yield
Postharvest Management
Physiological Disorders
Brown Head
Cracking
Tipburn
Hollow Stem
Black Petiole
Plant Protection
Diseases
Insects-pests
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Chenopodiaceae (Amaranthaceae) Family
Introduction
Pigweed (Chenopodium album)
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Pusa Bathua No.1
Ooty 1
Pusa Green
Kashi Bathua 2
Kashi Bathua 4
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Seed Rate
Sowing Time
Sowing Method
Nutrient Management
Irrigation Requirement
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting
Yield
Physiological Disorders
Insect-Pests
Leaf Sticker (Eurysacca melanocompta)
Control
Aphids (Myzus persicae)
Control
Diseases
Downy Mildew (Peronospora farinosa f. sp. chenopodii or Peronospora chenopodii)
Control
Leaf Blight (Alternaria alternate)
Control
Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora chenopodii)
Control
Colletotrichum Leaf Spot (Colletotrichum spp.)
Control
French Spinach (Atriplex hortensis L.)
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Cultivated Varieties
Other Varieties
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Propagation
Sowing
Nutrient Management
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting and Yield
Insect-Pests
Flea Beetle (Systena frontalis)
Control
Spotted Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata)
Control
Diseases
Damping-Off
Symptoms
Control
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Production Technology of Underutilized Crops of Compositae Family
Introduction
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Lettuce
Endive
Chicory
Globe Artichoke
Jerusalem Artichoke
Dandelion
Tarragon
Salsify
Botany and Taxonomy
Lettuce
Chicory
Globe Artichoke
Jerusalem Artichoke
Dandelion
The Black Salsify
Agronomic Practices
Climate and Soil
Planting
Jerusalem Artichoke
Nutrient Management
Irrigation
Intercultural Operations
Harvesting
Yield
Diseases
Anthracnose (Shot-Hole)
Causal Agent: Microdochium panattonianum
Symptoms
Cause
Management
Leaf Drop (Sclerotinia Drop)
Causal Agents: Sclerotinia minor and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Symptoms
Cause
Management
Powdery Mildew
Causal Agent: Erysiphe cichoracearum
Symptoms
Cause
Management
Septoria Leaf Spot
Causal Agent: Septoria lactucae
Symptoms
Cause
Management
Big-Vein Mirafiori Lettuce Big-Vein Virus (MiLBVV)
Causal Agent: Virus
Symptoms
Cause
Management
Slugs and Snails (Gray Garden Slug, Spotted Garden Slug, Brown Garden Snail, European Garden Snail, etc.)
Causal Agents: Decoratus reticulatum, Limax Maximusmaximus, Helix aspersa, and Cornu aspersum
Symptoms
Cause
Management
Bottom rot
Causal Agents: Rhizoctonia solani
Symptoms
Cause
Management
Downy Mildew
Causal Agents: Bremia lactucae
Symptoms
Cause
Management
Physiological Disorders of Underutilized Asteraceae Crops
Storage
Postharvest Management
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Cyperaceae Family
Introduction
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Seed Rate
Planting Method and Planting Time
Nutrient Management
Harvesting
Yield and Marketability
Plant Protection
Insect/Pest
Diseases
Postharvest Handling and Storage
Storage
Processing
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Cannaceae Family
Introduction
Origin and Distribution
Botany and Taxonomy
Nutritional Composition and Uses
Uses
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Sowing
Harvesting
Disease and Pest
Rust
Management
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Production Technology of Underutilized Vegetables of Marantaceae Family
Introduction
Origin and Distribution
Nutritional Importance and Uses
Botany and Taxonomy
Varieties
Climate and Soil
Agronomic Practices
Plant Protection
Harvesting and Yield
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Protected Cultivation of Underutilized Vegetables
Introduction
Advantages of Protected Cultivation
Disadvantages of Protected Cultivation
What Exactly Is a Greenhouse?
Principle of Greenhouse
Difference Between Greenhouse and Polyhouse
Types of Greenhouse/Polyhouse
Based on Shape
Based on Construction
Based upon Covering Material
Based on Designs and Ventilation
Types of Protected Structures/Greenhouses (Figs. 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.5, 16.6, 16.7, 16.8, 16.9 and 16.10)
Importance of Underutilized Vegetables
Underutilized Vegetables as Their Potential Role in Food Security and Nutrition
Increased Income for the Rural Areas
Stability in Ecosystem
Biodiversity in Culture
Nursery Production Under Protected Cultivation with Underutilized Vegetables
Production of Underutilized Vegetables Suitable for Protected Cultivation
Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.)
Gherkin (Cucumis sativus var. anguria)
Basella (Basella alba, Basella rubra)
Winged Beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.)
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)
Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra)
Herbs (Kale, Oregano, Thyme, Sage, and Basil)
Snow Pea, Snap Pea, and Sugar Pea (Pisum sativum spp.)
Developmental Barriers to Underutilized Vegetable Crops
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Seed Production of Underutilized Vegetables
Introduction
Seed
Characteristics
Importance
Classification of Underutilized Vegetables
Agro-Techniques for Seed Production of Underutilized Vegetables
Isolation Distance Required for the Production of Underutilized Vegetables
Seed Production of Some Underutilized Vegetable Crops
Amaranth
Elephant Foot Yam
Asparagus
Planting Methods
Lettuce
Varieties
Chinese Cabbage
Celery
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Integrated Pest Management of Underutilized Vegetables
Introduction
Important Insect Pest of Underutilized Vegetables
Abelmoschus moschata
Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.)
Sesbania grandiflora pers (Agathi)
Sechium edule (Chow-Chow)
Parkia roxburghii (Tree Bean)
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (Winged Bean)
Coccinia grandis
Sweet Gourd (Momordica cochinchinensis)
Basella (Basella alba)
Nelumbo nucifera
Integrated Pest Management
Cultural Method of Pest Management
Physical Control
Mechanical Control
Biological Control
Botanicals Pesticides
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Cultivation of Underutilized Vegetables in a Hydroponic and Aeroponic System
Introduction
Overview and Concept of Hydroponic and Aeroponic System
Circulating Methods
Noncirculating Method
pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) Management in a Hydroponic System
Important Leafy Vegetables Grown Under Hydroponics
Aeroponic System
Types of Aeroponic System
Working
Different Components of Aeroponics
Advantages of Hydroponic and Aeroponic System
Disadvantages of Hydroponic and Aeroponic System
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Sustainable Production of Underutilized Vegetables
Introduction
Internet of Things
IoT Pertinent Technologies in Agriculture
Software-Defined Networks (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV)
Underutilized Vegetables
Segments Influenced by IoT
Smart Vertical Farming
Conclusion
References
Index
