Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy

Front Cover
PRINCIPLES OF SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
PRINCIPLES OF SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
Copyright
Contents
Preface to second edition
Acknowledgments
1 - Introduction
1.1 Overview of sequence stratigraphy
1.1.1 Scope of sequence stratigraphy
1.1.2 Sequence stratigraphy—a revolution in sedimentary geology
1.1.3 Sequence stratigraphy—an integrated approach
1.1.4 Sequence stratigraphy vs. other types of stratigraphy
1.2 Development of sequence stratigraphy
1.2.1 Unconformities
1.2.2 Unconformity-bounded units
1.2.3 Concept of “sequence”
1.2.4 Sequence models
1.2.5 Standardization of sequence stratigraphy
2 - Data in sequence stratigraphy
2.1 Geological data
2.1.1 Sedimentology
2.1.1.1 Facies analysis
2.1.1.2 Rock constituents
2.1.1.3 Grading trends
2.1.1.4 Paleoflow directions
2.1.2 Pedology
2.1.2.1 Soils and paleosols
2.1.2.2 Paleosols in sequence stratigraphy
2.1.3 Body fossils
2.1.3.1 General principles
2.1.3.2 Fossil concentrations
2.1.3.3 Depth gradients in marine systems
2.1.3.4 First and last occurrences
2.1.3.5 Biofacies
2.1.3.6 Taphonomy
2.1.3.7 Continental settings
2.1.3.8 Discussion
2.1.4 Trace fossils
2.1.4.1 General principles
2.1.4.2 Ichnofacies classification
2.1.4.3 Continental ichnofacies
2.1.4.4 Marginal-marine and marine ichnofacies
2.1.4.5 Discussion
2.1.5 Geochemistry
2.1.5.1 Organic geochemistry
2.1.5.2 Inorganic geochemistry
2.1.6 Age dating
2.1.6.1 Biostratigraphy
2.1.6.2 Magnetostratigraphy
2.1.6.3 Radiochronology
2.2 Well-log data
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Geological uncertainties
2.2.3 Well-log interpretations
2.3 Seismic data
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Physical attributes of seismic data
2.3.3 Workflow of seismic data analysis
2.3.3.1 Reconnaissance studies
2.3.3.2 Interval attribute maps
2.3.3.3 Horizon attribute maps
2.3.3.4 3D perspective visualization
3 - Controls on sequence development
3.1 Allogenic processes
3.1.1 Eustasy
3.1.2 Tectonism
3.1.3 Climate
3.2 Autogenic processes
3.3 Accommodation vs. sedimentation
3.3.1 Accommodation
3.3.2 Sedimentation
3.4 Concept of “base level”
3.5 Allogenic vs. autogenic controls
4 - Stratal stacking patterns
4.1 Stratal terminations
4.2 Stacking patterns in downstream-controlled settings
4.2.1 Controls on stratal stacking patterns
4.2.2 Geometrical vs. depositional trends
4.2.3 Diagnostic vs. non-diagnostic stacking patterns
4.2.4 Shoreline trajectories
4.2.4.1 Forced regression
4.2.4.2 Normal regression
4.2.4.3 Transgression
4.2.5 Stratigraphic scales in downstream-controlled settings
4.3 Stacking patterns in upstream-controlled settings
4.3.1 Controls on stratal stacking patterns
4.3.2 Depositional trends in upstream-controlled settings
4.3.3 Types of stacking patterns
4.3.3.1 High-amalgamation (channel-dominated) stacking pattern
4.3.3.2 Low-amalgamation (floodplain-dominated) stacking pattern
4.3.4 Stratigraphic scales in upstream-controlled settings
5 - Stratal units
5.1 Depositional systems
5.1.1 Definition
5.1.2 Scale of depositional systems
5.2 Systems tracts
5.2.1 Definition
5.2.2 Scale of systems tracts
5.2.3 Systems tracts in downstream-controlled settings
5.2.3.1 Falling-stage systems tract
5.2.3.2 Lowstand systems tract
5.2.3.3 Transgressive systems tract
5.2.3.4 Highstand systems tract
5.2.4 Systems tracts in upstream-controlled settings
5.2.4.1 High-amalgamation systems tract
5.2.4.2 Low-amalgamation systems tract
5.2.5 Nomenclature of systems tracts
5.2.5.1 Downstream-controlled settings
5.2.5.2 Upstream-controlled settings
5.3 Stratigraphic sequences
5.3.1 Definition
5.3.2 Scale of sequences
5.3.3 Types of sequences
5.3.3.1 Depositional sequences
5.3.3.2 Genetic stratigraphic sequences
5.3.3.3 Transgressive–regressive sequences
5.4 Parasequences
5.4.1 Definition
5.4.2 Scale of parasequences
5.4.3 Parasequence architecture
5.4.4 Sequences vs. parasequences
6 - Stratigraphic surfaces
6.1 Surfaces of sequence stratigraphy
6.1.1 Subaerial unconformity
6.1.2 Basal surface of forced regression
6.1.3 Correlative conformity
6.1.4 Maximum regressive surface
6.1.5 Maximum flooding surface
6.1.6 Transgressive surface of erosion
6.1.6.1 Wave-ravinement surface
6.1.6.2 Tidal-ravinement surface
6.1.7 Regressive surface of marine erosion
6.1.8 Other surfaces of sequence stratigraphy
6.1.8.1 Top-amalgamation surface
6.1.8.2 Maximum expansion level
6.2 Within-trend facies contacts
6.2.1 Within-trend normal regressive surface
6.2.2 Within-trend forced regressive surface
6.2.3 Within-trend flooding surface
6.2.4 Other within-trend facies contacts
6.2.4.1 Downlap surface
6.2.4.2 Surf diastem
6.2.4.3 Bedset boundaries
7 - Sequence stratigraphic framework
7.1 Scale in sequence stratigraphy
7.1.1 Stratigraphic resolution
7.1.1.1 Unconformities vs. diastems
7.1.1.2 Relatively conformable successions
7.1.2 Sedimentological vs. stratigraphic scales
7.1.2.1 Sedimentological cycles
7.1.2.2 Stratigraphic cycles
7.2 Hierarchy in sequence stratigraphy
7.2.1 Criteria for stratigraphic classification
7.2.2 Absolute vs. relative stratigraphic scales
7.2.3 Approaches to stratigraphic nomenclature
7.2.4 Orderly vs. variable stratigraphic patterns
7.2.5 Basin-specific stratigraphic frameworks
7.3 Time in sequence stratigraphy
7.3.1 Reference curve for stratigraphic surfaces
7.3.2 Stratal stacking patterns vs. bathymetric trends
7.3.3 Diachroneity of stratigraphic surfaces
7.3.3.1 Subaerial unconformities
7.3.3.2 Correlative conformities
7.3.3.3 Maximum regressive and maximum flooding surfaces
7.3.3.4 Transgressive ravinement surfaces
7.3.3.5 Regressive surfaces of marine erosion
7.3.3.6 Within-trend facies contacts
7.3.4 Three-dimensional stratigraphic architecture
8 - Variability of stratigraphic sequences
8.1 Variability with the tectonic setting
8.1.1 Sequences in tectonically “passive” basins
8.1.2 Sequences in tectonically “active” basins
8.2 Variability with the depositional setting
8.2.1 Sequences in continental settings
8.2.1.1 Sequences in fluvial settings
8.2.1.2 Sequences in eolian settings
8.2.2 Sequences in coastal to shallow-water settings
8.2.2.1 Sequences in siliciclastic settings
8.2.2.2 Sequences in carbonate settings
8.2.2.3 Sequences in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate settings
8.2.2.4 Sequences in mixed carbonate-evaporite settings
8.2.3 Sequences in deep-water settings
8.2.3.1 Controls on stratigraphic cyclicity
8.2.3.2 Stratigraphic vs. sedimentological cycles
8.2.3.3 Sequence stratigraphic framework
8.2.3.4 Stratigraphic scales in deep-water settings
8.2.3.5 Conclusions
8.3 Variability with the climatic regime
8.3.1 Sequences in non-glaciated settings
8.3.2 Sequences in glaciated settings
9 - Discussion
9.1 Architecture of the stratigraphic record
9.1.1 Scale-independent stacking patterns
9.1.2 Classification of stratigraphic cycles
9.2 Sequence stratigraphy and geological time
9.2.1 Precambrian vs. Phanerozoic sequence stratigraphy
9.2.2 Sequence stratigraphy of the Precambrian
9.3 Methodology and nomenclature
9.3.1 From seismic to sub-seismic scales
9.3.2 Methodology vs. modeling in sequence stratigraphy
9.3.3 Standard methodology and nomenclature
9.4 Workflow of sequence stratigraphy
9.4.1 Step 1: Tectonic setting
9.4.2 Step 2: Depositional setting
9.4.3 Step 3: Sequence stratigraphic framework
9.4.3.1 Stratal stacking patterns
9.4.3.2 Sequences and systems tracts
9.4.3.3 Sequence stratigraphic surfaces
10 - Conclusions
10.1 Stratigraphic framework
10.1.1 Sequences, systems tracts, and depositional systems
10.1.2 Parasequences
10.2 Standard approach to sequence stratigraphy
10.2.1 Guidelines for a standard nomenclature
10.2.2 Guidelines for a standard methodology
10.3 Summary of key points
10.3.1 Stratigraphic architecture
10.3.2 Stratigraphic scales
10.3.3 Methodology and nomenclature
References
Glossary of terms
Author index
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Subject index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
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M
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