Principles of Heat Transfer, Seventh Edition

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
PREFACE
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Basic Modes of Heat Transfer
1.1 The Relation of Heat Transfer to Thermodynamics
1.2 Dimensions and Units
1.3 Heat Conduction
1.3.1 Plane Walls
1.3.2 Thermal Conductivity
1.4 Convection
1.5 Radiation
1.6 Combined Heat Transfer Systems
1.6.1 Plane Walls in Series and Parallel
1.6.2 Contact Resistance
1.6.3 Convection and Conduction in Series
1.6.4 Convection and Radiation in Parallel
1.6.4 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
1.7 Thermal Insulation
1.8 Heat Transfer and the Law of Energy Conservation
1.8.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
1.8.2 Conservation of Energy Applied to Heat Transfer Analysis
1.8.3 Boundary Conditions
References
Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 2 Heat Conduction
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Conduction Equation
2.2.1 Rectangular Coordinates
2.2.2 Dimensionless Form
2.2.3 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
2.3 Steady Heat Conduction in Simple Geometries
2.3.1 Plane Wall with and without Heat Generation
2.3.2 Cylindrical and Spherical Shapes without Heat Generation
2.3.3 Long Solid Cylinder with Heat Generation
2.4 Extended Surfaces
2.4.1 Fins of Uniform Cross Section
2.4.2 Fin Selection and Design
2.5* Multidimensional Steady Conduction
2.5.1 Analytic Solution
2.5.2 Graphic Method and Shape Factors
2.6 Unsteady or Transient Heat Conduction
2.6.1 Systems with Negligible Internal Resistance
2.6.2* Infinite Slab
2.6.3* Semi-Infinite Solid
2.7* Charts for Transient Heat Conduction
2.7.1 One-Dimensional Solutions
2.7.2* Multidimensional Systems†
2.8 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 3 Numerical Analysis of Heat Conduction
3.1 Introduction
3.2 One-Dimensional Steady Conduction
3.2.1 The Difference Equation
3.2.2 Boundary Conditions
3.2.3 Solution Methods
3.3 One-Dimensional Unsteady Conduction
3.3.1 The Difference Equation
3.3.2 Boundary Conditions
3.3.3 Solution Methods
3.4* Two-Dimensional Steady and Unsteady Conduction
3.4.1 The Difference Equation
3.4.2 Boundary Conditions
3.4.3 Solution Methods
3.5* Cylindrical Coordinates
3.6* Irregular Boundaries
3.7 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 4 Analysis of Convection Heat Transfer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Convection Heat Transfer
4.3 Boundary Layer Fundamentals
4.4 Conservation Equations of Mass, Momentum, and Energy for Laminar Flow Over a Flat Plate
4.5 Dimensionless Boundary Layer Equations and Similarity Parameters
4.5.1 Friction Coefficient
4.5.2 Nusselt Number
4.6 Evaluation of Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients
4.7 Dimensional Analysis
4.7.1 Primary Dimensions and Dimensional Formulas
4.7.2 Buckingham π Theorem
4.7.3 Determination of Dimensionless Groups
4.7.4 Correlation of Experimental Data
4.7.5 Principle of Similarity
4.8* Analytic Solution for Laminar Boundary Layer Flow Over a Flat Plate
4.8.1 Boundary Layer Thickness and Skin Friction
4.8.2 Convection Heat Transfer
4.8.3 Evaluation of the Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient
4.9* Approximate Integral Boundary Layer Analysis
4.9.1 Evaluation of Heat Transfer and Friction Coefficients in Laminar Flow
4.10* Analogy Between Momentum and Heat Transfer in Turbulent Flow Over a Flat Surface
4.11 Reynolds Analogy for Turbulent Flow Over Plane Surfaces
4.12 Mixed Boundary Layer
4.13* Special Boundary Conditions and High-Speed Flow
4.14 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 5 Natural Convection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Similarity Parameters for Natural Convection
5.3 Empirical Correlation for Various Shapes
5.3.1 Vertical Plates and Cylinders
5.3.2 Horizontal Plates
5.3.3 Cylinders, Spheres, Cones, and Three-Dimensional Bodies
5.3.4 Enclosed Spaces
5.4* Rotating Cylinders, Disks, and Spheres
5.5 Combined Forced and Natural Convection
5.6* Finned Surfaces
5.6.1 Fins on Horizontal Tubes
5.6.2 Horizontal Triangular Fins
5.6.3 Rectangular Fins on Horizontal Surfaces
5.6.4 Rectangular Fins on Vertical Surfaces
5.7 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 6 Forced Convection Inside Tubes and Ducts
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Reference Fluid Temperature
6.1.2 Effect of Reynolds Number on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Fully Established Flow
6.1.3 Effect of Prandtl Number
6.1.4 Entrance Effects
6.1.5 Variation of Physical Properties
6.1.6 Thermal Boundary Conditions and Compressibility Effects
6.1.7 Limits of Accuracy in Predicted Values of Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients
6.2* Analysis of Laminar Forced Convection in a Long Tube
6.2.1 Uniform Heat Flux
6.2.2* Uniform Surface Temperature
6.3 Correlations for Laminar Forced Convection
6.3.1 Short Circular and Rectangular Ducts
6.3.2 Ducts of Noncircular Cross Section
6.3.3 Effect of Property Variations
6.3.4 Effect of Natural Convection
6.4* Analogy Between Heat and Momentum Transfer in Turbulent Flow
6.5 Empirical Correlations for Turbulent Forced Convection
6.5.1 Ducts and Tubes
6.5.2 Ducts of Noncircular Shape
6.5.3 Liquid Metals
6.6 Heat Transfer Enhancement and Electronic-Device Cooling
6.6.1 Enhancement of Forced Convection Inside Tubes
6.6.2 Forced Convection Cooling of Electronic Devices
6.7 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 7 Forced Convection Over Exterior Surfaces
7.1 Flow Over Bluff Bodies
7.2 Cylinders, Spheres, and Other Bluff Shapes
7.2.1 Hot-Wire Anemometer
7.2.2 Spheres
7.2.3 Bluff Objects
7.3* Packed Beds
7.4 Tube Bundles in Cross-Flow
7.4.1 Liquid Metals
7.5* Finned Tube Bundles in Cross-Flow
7.6* Free Jets
7.6.1 Free-Surface Jets—Heat Transfer Correlations
7.5.2 Submerged Jets—Heat Transfer Correlations
7.7 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 8 Heat Exchangers
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Types of Heat Exchangers
8.3 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
8.3.1 Fouling Factors
8.4 Log Mean Temperature Difference
8.5 Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
8.6* Heat Transfer Enhancement
8.6.1 Applications
8.6.2 Analysis of Enhancement Techniques
8.7* Microscale Heat Exchangers
8.8 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 9 Heat Transfer by Radiation
9.1 Thermal Radiation
9.2 Blackbody Radiation
9.2.1 Blackbody Laws
9.2.2 Radiation Functions and Band Emission
9.2.3 Intensity of Radiation
9.2.4 Relation Between Intensity and Emissive Power
9.2.5 Irradiation
9.3 Radiation Properties
9.3.1 Radiation Properties
9.3.2 Monochromatic Radiation Properties and Kirchhoff’s Law
9.3.3 Graybodies
9.3.4 Real Surface Characteristics
9.4 The Radiation Shape Factor
9.4.1 Shape-Factor Algebra
9.5 Enclosures with Black Surfaces
9.6 Enclosures with Gray Surfaces
9.7* Matrix Inversion
9.7.1 Enclosures with Gray Surfaces
9.7.2 Enclosure with Nongray Surfaces
9.7.3* Enclosures with Absorbing and Transmitting Media
9.8* Radiation Properties of Gases and Vapors
9.9 Radiation Combined with Convection and Conduction
9.10 Closing Remarks
References
Problems
Design Problems
Chapter 10 Heat Transfer with Phase Change
10.1 Introduction to Boiling
10.2 Pool Boiling
10.2.1 Pool Boiling Regimes
10.2.2 Bubble Growth Mechanisms
10.2.3 Nucleate Pool Boiling
10.2.4 Critical Heat Flux in Nucleate Pool Boiling
10.2.5 Pool Film Boiling
10.3 Boiling in Forced Convection
10.3.1 Nucleate Forced-Convection Boiling
10.3.2 Boiling with Net Vapor Production
10.3.3 Critical Heat Flux
10.3.4 Heat Transfer Beyond the Critical Point
10.4 Condensation
10.4.1 Filmwise Condensation
10.4.2 Dropwise Condensation
10.5* Condenser Design
10.6* Heat Pipes
10.6.1 Sonic Limitation
10.6.2 Entrainment Limitation
10.6.3 Wicking Limitation
10.6.4 Boiling Limitations
10.7* Freezing and Melting
References
Problems
Design Problems
Appendix 1 The International System of Units
Appendix 2 Data Tables
Properties of Solids
Thermodynamic Properties of Liquids
Liquid Metals
Thermodynamic Properties of Gases
Miscellaneous Properties and Error Function
Correlation Equations for Physical Properties
Appendix 3 Tridiagonal Matrix Computer Programs
Solution of a Tridiagonal System of Equations
Appendix 4 Computer Codes for Heat Transfer
Appendix 5 The Heat Transfer Literature
Index