Principles of Biophotonics, volume two describes detection and statistical representation of optical fields. Beginning by placing the visible spectrum in the context of the electromagnetic frequency range, this presentation stresses how thin of a sliver is normally called the optical spectrum. In addition to describing properties of light with technical accuracy, the most common radiometric quantities are introduced, and conversion to photon-based quantities is explicitly presented. For completeness, an analogy to the photometric quantities is also made, and the three fundamental mechanisms for generating light, blackbody radiation, fluorescence and laser emission, are covered. Each chapter contains a set of practice problems and additional references, and this book aims to build the foundation for further study in subsequent volumes.
Author(s): Gabriel Popescu
Series: IPEM–IOP Series in Physics and Engineering in Medicine and Biology
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 211
City: Bristol
PRELIMS.pdf
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Motto
Preface to Volume 2: ‘Light emission, detection, and statistics’
Acknowledgments
Author biography
Gabriel Popescu
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Electromagnetic fields
1.1 Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum
1.1.1 Gamma rays
1.1.2 X-rays
1.1.3 Ultraviolet
1.1.4 Visible
1.1.5 Infrared
1.1.6 Terahertz
1.1.7 Microwaves
1.1.8 Radiowaves
1.2 Spectral absorption of water
1.3 Spectral absorption of hemoglobin
1.4 Problems
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Radiometric properties of light
2.1 Energy
2.2 Energy density
2.3 Power
2.4 Temporal power spectrum
2.5 Intensity: spatial power spectrum
2.6 Irradiance
2.7 Spectral irradiance
2.8 Radiance
2.8.1 Radiance conservation theorem
2.9 Spectral radiance
2.10 Exitance
2.11 Spectral exitance
2.12 Problems
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Photon-based radiometric quantities
3.1 Number of photons
3.2 Photon density
3.3 Photon flux
3.4 Photon temporal power spectrum
3.5 Photon intensity
3.6 Photon irradiance
3.7 Photon spectral irradiance
3.8 Photon radiance
3.9 Photon spectral radiance
3.10 Photon exitance
3.11 Photon spectral exitance
3.12 Problems
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Photometric properties of light
4.1 Luminous energy
4.2 Luminous flux
4.3 Luminous energy density
4.4 Luminous intensity
4.5 Illuminance
4.6 Luminance
4.7 Problems
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Fluorescence
5.1 Jablonski diagram
5.2 Emission spectra
5.3 Rate equations
5.4 Quantum yield
5.5 Fluorescence lifetime
5.6 Quenching
5.7 Problems
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Black body radiation
6.1 Planck’s radiation formula
6.2 Wien’s displacement law
6.3 Stefan–Boltzmann law
6.4 Asymptotic behaviors of Planck’s formula
6.5 Einstein’s derivation of Planck’s formula
6.6 Problems
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 LASER: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
7.1 Population inversion, optical resonator, and narrow band radiation
7.2 Gain
7.3 Spectral line broadening
7.3.1 Homogeneous broadening
7.3.2 Inhomogeneous broadening
7.4 Threshold for laser oscillation
7.5 Laser kinetics
7.5.1 Partial fraction decomposition
7.6 Gain saturation
7.6.1 Saturation at steady state
7.7 Problems
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 Classification of optical detectors
8.1 Waves and photons
8.2 Photon detectors
8.3 Thermal detectors
8.4 Problems
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Statistics of optical detection
9.1 Probabilities
9.2 Continuous random variables
9.3 Moments of a distribution
9.4 Common probability distributions
9.4.1 Binomial distribution
9.4.2 Poisson distribution
9.4.3 Gaussian distribution and the central limit theorem
9.4.4 Uniform distribution
9.4.5 Exponential distribution
9.4.6 Double exponential (Laplacian) distribution
9.4.7 Lorentzian distribution
9.5 Problems
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Detection noise
10.1 Mechanisms of noise generation
10.2 Spatio–temporal noise description
10.2.1 Temporal noise
10.2.2 Spatial noise
10.2.3 Averaging
10.2.4 Noise-equivalent bandwidth
10.3 Noise contributions
10.3.1 Johnson noise
10.3.2 Shot noise
10.3.3 Generation–recombination noise
10.3.4 1/f noise
10.3.5 Electronic noise
10.4 Problems
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Figures of merit of optical detectors
11.1 Quantum efficiency
11.2 Responsivity
11.2.1 Spectral responsivity
11.2.2 Temporal responsivity
11.3 Signal-to-noise ratio
11.4 Saturation
11.5 Dynamic range
11.6 Noise-equivalent power
11.7 Detectivity
11.8 Gain
11.9 Dark current
11.10 Spatial and temporal sampling: aliasing
11.11 Problems
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 Semiconductor materials
12.1 Insulators and conductors
12.2 Covalent bonds in semiconductor crystals
12.3 Energy band structure
12.4 Carrier distribution
12.5 Doping
12.6 Electron–hole pair generation by absorption of light
12.7 P–N junction
12.7.1 Zero bias
12.7.2 Forward bias
12.7.3 Reverse bias
12.8 Problems
References
CH013.pdf
Chapter 13 Photon detectors
13.1 The p–n junction photodiode
13.1.1 Principle of operation
13.1.2 Photovoltaic versus photoconductive mode
13.1.3 Materials
13.1.4 Noise contributions
13.1.5 Figures of merit
13.2 Photoconductive detectors
13.2.1 Photoconductivity
13.2.2 Response time
13.3 Photoemission detectors
13.3.1 Photocathodes
13.3.2 Photodiodes
13.3.3 Photomultipliers
13.4 Problems
References
CH014.pdf
Chapter 14 Thermal detectors
14.1 Principle of photothermal detection
14.2 Noise in thermal detectors
14.3 Bolometers
14.4 Pyroelectric detectors
14.5 Problems
References
CH015.pdf
Chapter 15 Statistics of optical fields
15.1 Optical fields as random variables
15.2 Spatiotemporal correlation function
15.3 Ergodic hypothesis
15.4 Stationarity and statistical homogeneity
15.5 Wiener–Khintchine theorem
15.6 Spatial correlations of monochromatic light
15.6.1 Cross-spectral density
15.6.2 Spatial power spectrum
15.6.3 Spatial filtering
15.7 Temporal correlations of plane waves
15.7.1 Temporal autocorrelation function
15.7.2 Optical power spectrum
15.7.3 Spectral filtering
15.8 Spatially-dependent coherence time and temporally-dependent coherence area
15.9 Problems
References
