Prevention of Maladjustment to Life Course Transitions

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This book provides a comprehensive and updated review of the concepts, models, and interventions related to the process of adjustment to life course transitions.

In times of transition, an individual is exposed to experiences that require them to assume new roles and exhibit updated behaviors. Regardless of the characteristics of these transitions, exposure to normative trajectories imposes on the person an intensive engagement in a process of (re-)adjustment. Sometimes this demand is beyond the scope of one's ability, motivation, or comprehension. Hence, some people might ineffectively perceive and/or react to the change and end up feeling unable to handle the change and inclined to escape the situation. A preventive intervention that either reduces the impact of possible risk factors or fosters possible protective factors would support the people in managing the transition.

While the importance of prevention of maladjustment is repeatedly mentioned in the literature, this is the first-known book on how to prevent maladjustment. It examines how the sense of transition emerges, what adjustment means, the models that elaborate on how people manage in times of transition, what the antecedents of maladjustment are, and especially how maladjustment could be prevented. Out of these discussions, a new model, The Transitional Stress and Adjustment (TSA) Model, is suggested as a grand framework for paving a way forward to better prevent people's maladjustment to life course transitions.

Prevention of Maladjustment to Life Course Transitions is a much-needed cornerstone in the future development within the prevention science framework. This book has interdisciplinary appeal for researchers, practitioners, and graduate students in psychology, sociology, public health, social work, criminology, medicine, health sciences, public policy, economics, and education who consider prevention an important vehicle of intervention to promote health and wellbeing. Its focus on the topic of adjustment also would be of special interest to those who explore child and youth development.

Author(s): Moshe Israelashvili
Series: Advances in Prevention Science
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 446
City: Cham

Preface
References
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Contributors
About the Editor
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: The Need to Prevent Maladjustment to Life Course Transitions
A Historical Perspective on Adjustment to Transitions
Prevention Approaches to Maladjustment
Biologic Approaches
Psychosocial Factors
Postulates Regarding the Prevention of Maladjustment
Structure of the Book
References
Chapter 2: Adjustment to Transitions: Definitions of Terms
A Lack of Clear Definition
Transition
Ways of Managing Transitional Episodes
Adaptation vs. Adjustment
Socialization
Coping
A Closing Comment
References
Part II: Adjustment to Transitions
Chapter 3: Theories of Adjustment to Transitions
Personality Theories
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Rogers’s Client-Centered Therapy
Personality Trait Theories
Stress Theories
Selye’s (1975) Homeostasis Model
Lazarus’s Transactional Model of Stress and Coping
Hobfoll’s COR Model
Holmes and Rahe’s Stressful Life Events Approach
Typological Theories
Schlossberg: Human Adaptation to Transitions
Berry’s Acculturation Model
Bridges’s Model on Managing Transitions
Process Theories
Brammer: Coping with Life Transitions
Chaos Theories
Interactive Theories
Dawis and Lofquist’s Person-Environment Fit
Louis’s Surprise and Sense-Making Model
Bonnano’s Resilience Model
Stage Theories
A Word of Apology
References
Chapter 4: Reconsidering Stage Theories of Adjustment
Why Refraining From Stage Theories of Adjustment
Inside Stage Theories: A Search for Commonality
A Schematic Summary of Stage Theories
References
Chapter 5: Adjustment to Transitions: Common Components
Awareness of the Transition
The Appearance of Awareness
Lack of Awareness
Fear of Departing from the Previous Situation
Fear of the New Circumstances
Beliefs That People Have About the World and Themselves
A Note on the Honeymoon Period
Shock and Confusion
Exploration of the Situation’s Lawfulness (and Sense-Making)
Reassessment of Personal Rewards
Role Clarification and P-E Fit
Emergence of Personal Commitment
To Conclude
References
Chapter 6: The Transitional Stress and Adjustment (TSA) Model
The Premises of the Transitional Stress and Adjustment (TSA) Model
The Nature of Maladjustment
From Conceptualization to Empirical Tests
References
Chapter 7: Preliminary Explorations of the TSA Model’s Validity
Preliminary Empirical Explorations
Perceptions of Chaos
Perceptions of Lawfulness
Perceptions of Situational Rewards
An Evaluation of the TSA Model’s Structure
Study Hypotheses
Methods
Participants
Measures
Procedure
Statistical Analysis
Results
Intervention Studies
A TSA-Based Intervention to Prevent Work Maladjustment Among Waiters
Method
Participants
Measures
Procedure and Intervention
Results
A TSA-Based Intervention to Promote Immigrants’ School Adjustment
Participants and Procedure
Measures
Independent Variables
Results
Concluding Comment
References
Part III: Prevention of Maladjustment: Family Context
Chapter 8: The Transition to Parenthood: From Adjustment to Personal Growth
A Brief Description of Parents’ Characteristics in the Present Day
The Transition to Parenthood
Prevention of Maladjustment to Parenthood
Flourishing Due to Parenthood
The Transition to Parenthood: A Pathway to Personal Growth
Personal Growth in Early Parenthood
The Association Between Perceived Stress and Personal Growth
The Association Between Childbirth Characteristics and Personal Growth Following the Transition to Parenthood
The Contribution of Personal Resources and Context to Personal Growth
Personal Growth vs. Personal Adjustment
References
Chapter 9: Adjustment to Divorce
The Prevalence of Divorce
Problem
Models
Prevention
Summary and Future Directions
Further Comments on Programs to Prevent Maladjustment to Parental Divorce
References
Part IV: Prevention of Maladjustment: Educational Context
Chapter 10: The Transition to Secondary School: A Definition and Conceptualization of Adjustment During Adolescence
The Transition to Secondary School
The “P” in the Secondary School Transition Is an Adolescent
Secondary School Students’ Social Adjustment
Prevention of Secondary School Maladjustment
School Transitional Environment Project (STEP)
The Psychosocial Adjustment of Adolescents in Hong Kong
Adjustment to the Physiological Transition
Adjustment to the Psychological Transition
Adjustment to the Transition in the Family System
Adjustment to the Transition in the School System
Adjustment to the Community System
Positive Youth Development Approach
Positive Youth Development Programs in Different Chinese Contexts
The P.A.T.H.S. Project in Hong Kong
The Impact of the P.A.T.H.S. Project in Hong Kong
The Impact of the Project P.A.T.H.S. Outside of Hong Kong
P.A.T.H.S. as an Intervention to Promote Adolescent Development
A Final Comment on Adolescents’ Self-Esteem
References
Chapter 11: College Adjustment and Maladjustment
College Adjustment and Maladjustment
The Transition to College
The Current State of College Student Mental Health Concerns
Challenges for College Students Adjusting to College
Challenges with Helping Students
A Community of Support
Models of Positive Adjustment
The Stress-Diathesis Model
Facilitating Social Connection
Summer Programs and Transitioning to College
Shifting to a Population-Focused Paradigm
Prevention Interventions for College Campuses
Peer to Peer Interventions
Population-Focused Interventions
Resilience Building
Concluding Comments
References
Part V: Prevention of Maladjustment: Army Context
Chapter 12: Adjustment Following Separation: Prevention of Child Maladjustment Following Parental Deployment to War
Prolonged Parental Separation
Military Family Life
The Impact of Deployment Separation on Children, Parents, and Parenting
The Impact of Family Stress on Children Is Mediated Through Parenting
Prevention of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems by Strengthening Parenting in Military Families: Results from a Program of Research
Development and Testing of the ADAPT Prevention Program
Moving Onward: Lessons Learned and Scaling Up
Final Note on ADAPT and Other Life Course Transitions
References
Chapter 13: Veteran Transition to Civilian Life: Leveraging the Strengths of Military Culture
The Veteran Experience
Understanding Military Culture Informs Practice
Military Culture Shaping and Implications for Help-Seeking
Impact of War-Related Trauma Injuries Combined with Transition Reentry Shock
An Alternate Model for How Clinicians Can Better Serve Returning Veterans
Seeking Solutions: Group-Based Programs
Reframing the Therapeutic Process
Recruitment
The Veterans Transition Program: A General Overview
Therapeutic Enactment
Therapeutic Enactment Phases
Empirical Evidence
Implications for Professional Practice
Summary
A Final Note
References
Part VI: Prevention of Maladjustment: Civilian Context
Chapter 14: Adjustment to Immigration
The Immigration Experience
Adjustment to Immigration
Comments on the Acculturation Process
Additional Factors Associated with Adjustment Among Immigrants
The Case for Supporting Immigrant Students’ School Maladjustment
A TSA-Based Intervention to Promote Immigrants’ School Adjustment
References
Chapter 15: Inclusion: Environmental Efforts to Prevent Maladjustment in the Service of Human Growth
Threats to Be Faced: Inequalities and Social and Environmental Injustices
Inclusion
Building Inclusive Contexts
An Example: The Promotion of Inclusive Teaching Skills Among University Professors
Preparation of the “Inclusive Teaching” Project
Establishing a Work Group
Preparation of the Intervention Materials
Implementation
Inclusion from the TSA Perspective
An Example: Community Inclusion of Mental Health Outpatients
Final Comments
References
Part VII: Prospective Challenges
Chapter 16: Prevention of Maladjustment: Paving the Way Forward
Emerging Commonalities Across Life Course Transitions
Much Attention Is Given to Transitional Periods
Life Course Transitions Are Not an Individual Matter
Transitions Are Risky Periods
Interventions to Prevent Maladjustment Work
The Emergence of a Generic Theory of Adjustment to Transitions
Prevention of Maladjustment to Life Course Transitions: Possible Implications
Prevention of Maladjustment: The Challenges Ahead
Possible Clusters of Transitional Events
Possible Ethnic and Cultural Differences
Advanced Explorations of the Parental Role in Shaping Adjustability
The Impact of Repeated Exposure to Life Course Transitions
Can Knowledge on Resilience and Adjustment to Life Course Transitions Be Integrated?
References
Index