The pressuremeter is a versatile piece of ground investigation equipment that can be used to test any type of soil or rock in situ. It quantifies in-situ stress, stiffness, strength and permeability – the essential properties needed to design geotechnical structures. The results are used in pressuremeter specific design methods, empirical design methods and numerical analyses.
This reference book covers the types of pressuremeter and the control equipment, methods of installation, test procedures, methods of analysis including direct and indirect methods of interpretation, and application in design. This is supported by an exemplar specification for field operations with the interpretation of the results. Engineers are given enough detail to apply the results confidently.
This comprehensive and thorough discussion of pressuremeter testing in geotechnical design draws on over forty years’ experience in geotechnical engineering. It is essential for professional and academic engineering geologists and geotechnical, civil and structural engineers involved in ground investigation and geotechnical design.
Author(s): B. G. Clarke
Edition: 2
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 405
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
About the Author
Symbols
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition of a Pressuremeter
1.3 The Development of the Pressuremeter
1.4 The Pressuremeter Test
1.4.1 The Probe
1.4.2 The Expansion Curve
1.5 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Pressuremeter Probes and Testing Equipment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Key Features of Pressuremeters
2.2.1 The Probe
2.2.2 The Control Unit
2.3 Prebored Pressuremeters
2.3.1 The Ménard Pressuremeter
2.3.2 The Oyometer
2.3.3 The High-Pressure Dilatometer
2.3.4 Other Prebored Pressuremeters
2.4 Self-Boring Pressuremeters
2.4.1 The Pressiomètre Autoforeur
2.4.2 The Cambridge Self-Boring Pressuremeter
2.4.3 The Weak Rock Self-Boring Pressuremeter
2.4.4 Other Self-Boring Pressuremeters
2.5 Full-Displacement Pressuremeters
2.5.1 Full-Displacement Or Cone Pressuremeter
2.5.2 The Stressprobe
2.6 Specialist Probes
2.7 Standards
2.8 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Site Operations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Installation Techniques
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Ground Conditions
3.2.3 Prebored Pressuremeters
3.2.4 The Self-Boring Pressuremeter
3.2.5 The Full-Displacement Pressuremeter
3.3 Calibrations
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Pressure Gauges
3.3.3 Displacement Transducers
3.3.4 Total Pressure Transducers
3.3.5 Effective Pressure and Pore Pressure Transducers
3.3.6 Membrane Stiffness
3.3.7 Membrane Thinning
3.3.8 Membrane Compression
3.3.9 System Compression
3.3.10 Pressure Loss
3.3.11 Volume Loss
3.3.12 The Initial Dimension of the Probe and Readings of the Transducers
3.3.13 Frequency and Relevance of Calibrations
3.4 On-Site System Checks
3.5 The Test
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 The Ménard Method
3.5.3 Stress-Controlled Tests
3.5.4 Strain-Controlled Tests
3.5.5 Additional Test Procedures
3.5.6 Testing in Ice
3.5.7 Summary of Test Procedures
3.6 Termination of a Test
3.6.1 Introduction
3.6.2 Maximum Pressure Capacity
3.6.3 Maximum Oil Volume Capacity
3.6.4 Burst Membranes
3.6.5 Maximum Displacement
3.7 Reduction of Data and Initial Plots
3.7.1 Introduction
3.7.2 The Ménard Pressuremeter Test and Other Volume Type Pressuremeter Tests
3.7.3 Radial Displacement Type PBP Tests
3.7.4 Radial Displacement Type SBP Tests
3.7.5 Radial Displacement Type FDP Tests
3.8 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Analysis of Expanding Cavities
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Constitutive Models
4.3 Distribution of Stress and Strain
4.4 Elastic Ground
4.5 Undrained Expansion of Cylindrical Cavity
4.5.1 General Analysis
4.5.2 Linear Elastic Perfectly Plastic Soil
4.5.3 Non-Linear Material
4.5.4 Critical State Models
4.6 Drained Expansion of a Cylindrical Cavity (Tests in Sand)
4.6.1 Volume Changes
4.6.2 General Analysis
4.6.3 Very Dense Sands
4.6.4 State Parameter
4.7 Tests in Rock
4.8 Specific Analyses
4.8.1 Non-Linear Stiffness
4.8.2 Undrained Analysis Assuming Entire Expansion at the Limit Pressure
4.8.3 Coefficient of Consolidation
4.9 Numerical Methods
4.10 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Factors Affecting the Interpretation of Pressuremeter Tests
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Factors Affecting Parameters Derived From Pressuremeter Tests
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Effects of Installation
5.2.3 Effects of the in Situ Stress
5.2.4 Effects of Stress History
5.2.5 Effects of Discontinuities and Bands of Hard and Soft Layers
5.2.6 Effects of Particle Type
5.2.7 Effects of Test Procedure
5.2.8 Effects of Test Cavity Shape
5.2.9 Effects of Probe Type
5.2.10 Effects of Depth of Embedment
5.3 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Interpretation of Pressuremeter Tests
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Data Quality and Ground Type
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Quality of Installation
6.2.3 Ground Type
6.3 Interpretation of an MPM Test
6.3.1 The Pressuremeter Modulus and Modified Limit Pressure
6.3.2 Fitting a Curve to an MPM Test
6.4 Estimating Horizontal Stress From a Pressuremeter Test
6.4.1 Lift-Off Method
6.4.2 Methods Based On Shear Strength
6.4.3 Methods Based On Test Procedure
6.4.4 Curve-Fitting Methods
6.4.5 Correlations
6.4.6 The Subjectivity of the Selection of Horizontal Stress
6.5 Modulus
6.5.1 Initial Modulus
6.5.2 Unload/reload Modulus
6.5.3 Non-Linear Stiffness Profile
6.6 Undrained Shear Strength
6.6.1 General Analysis
6.6.2 Elastic Perfectly Plastic Soil
6.7 Angles of Friction and Dilation
6.8 Limit Pressure
6.9 Consolidation and Creep
6.10 Overconsolidation Ratio
6.11 Numerical Analyses
6.12 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Design Rules and Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Direct Method: The Ménard Méthod
7.2.1 Shallow Foundations
7.2.2 Axially Loaded Piles
7.2.3 Horizontally Loaded Piles
7.2.4 Grouted Anchors
7.2.5 Ground Improvement
7.2.6 The Ménard Method Based On Results of Other Pressuremeter Tests
7.3 Other Direct Design Methods for Horizontally Loaded Piles
7.4 Comparisons Between Results of Pressuremeter and Other Tests
7.4.1 Total Horizontal Stress
7.4.2 Stiffness
7.4.3 Undrained Shear Strength
7.4.4 Angle of Friction
7.4.5 Limit Pressure
7.4.6 Penetration Tests
7.5 Applications
7.5.1 Use of Pressuremeter Results in Design
7.5.2 Use of Pressuremeter Tests in Complex Ground
7.6 Summary
References
Chapter 8 Choosing and Specifying a Pressuremeter
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Current State of Pressuremeter Testing
8.3 Choosing a Pressuremeter
8.4 A Typical Specification
8.5 Costs
8.6 Future Developments
References
Appendix: Specifications and Quantities
A.1 Introduction
A.2 General
A.2.1 The Equipment
A.2.2 The Operator
A.3 Probes
A.3.1 General
A.3.2 Volume-Displacement Type Probes
A.3.3 Radial Displacement Type Probes
A.4 Calibrations
A.4.1 Types
A.4.2 Total-Pressure Transducer (1) [3.3.4]
A.4.3 Displacement Transducer (2) [3.3.3]
A.4.4 Pore-Pressure Transducer (If Fitted) (1a) [3.3.5]
A.4.5 System Compression (3) [3.3.9]
A.4.6 Membrane Stiffness (4) [3.3.6]
A.4.7 Membrane Compression (5) [3.3.8]
A.4.8 Pressure Loss (6) [3.3.10]
A.4.9 Volume Loss (7) [3.3.11]
A.4.10 Frequency [3.3.13]
A.5 Installation
A.5.1 Prebored Pressuremeters [3.2.3]
A.5.2 Self-Bored Pressuremeter [3.2.4]
A.5.3 Full Displacement Pressuremeters [3.2.5]
A.6 Testing Procedure
A.6.1 Strain-Controlled Tests [3.5.4]
A.6.2 Stress-Controlled Tests [3.5.3]
A.6.3 Stress-Controlled Tests: Ménard Method [3.5.2]
A.7 On-Site Data Processing
A.7.1 Volume Displacement Type Probes [3.7.2]
A.7.2 Radial Displacement Type Probes [3.73, 3.7.4, 3.75]
A.8 Interpretation
A.9 Information to Be Submitted
A.9.1 Prior to Commencing Work On Site
A.9.2 Preliminary Results for Each Test
A.9.3 Report Data Processing and Analysis
A.9.4 Information to Be Submitted in the Report
A.10 Bill of Quantities
Index
