Practices and Trends in Ground Improvement Techniques

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
1 Introduction
1.1 Prologue
1.2 Overview of the Case Studies
References
2 Ground Improvement Using Prefabricated Vertical Drains with Preloading for Port Park Area at Chittagong, Bangladesh
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sub-soil Conditions at the Project Site
2.3 Ground Improvement Scheme
2.3.1 Consolidation Settlement and Time for Consolidation Settlement
2.3.2 Design Assumptions for Ground Improvement
2.3.3 Design of Vertical Drains
2.4 Construction Methodology
2.5 Monitoring of Ground Settlements
2.6 Summary
References
3 Soil–Cement Method for Jobsite Road Foundation Ground Construction—Using “Moist Cement”
3.1 Overview of the Project
3.2 Description of “Moist Cement”
3.2.1 Specification of “Moist Cement” Mixer
3.2.2 Construction Procedure of Soil–Cement with “Moist Cement”
3.3 Properties of “Moist Cement”
3.3.1 Result of Dust Amount by Dumping Test
3.3.2 Dust Generating State by Trial Work
3.3.3 Strength of Solidified Mass
3.3.4 Available Time for “Moist Cement”
3.4 Design Condition
3.5 Addition Amount of Stabilizers
3.5.1 Investigation of Solidified Strength
3.5.2 Condition and Method of Laboratory Test and Its Result
3.6 Execution Specification and Quality Control
3.6.1 Execution Process
3.6.2 Execution Management and Quality Control
3.7 Summary
References
4 Application Examples of the Sand Compaction Pile Method in the United States
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Non-vibratory SCP Method
4.3 Example of Applying the SCP Method to a Commercial Facility
4.3.1 Outline of Project and Construction
4.3.2 Result of Vibration Monitoring During Construction
4.3.3 CPT Results
4.4 Consideration of the Ground Improvement Effect
4.4.1 Study Conditions
4.4.2 Liquefaction Judgment
4.4.3 Settlement Prediction
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Cement Deep Mixing for Levee Repair in Louisiana, USA
5.1 Overview of the Project
5.2 Description of Subsurface Conditions
5.3 Pre-production Testing
5.3.1 Laboratory Bench-Scale Testing
5.3.2 Field Validation Test Columns
5.4 The CDM Equipment
5.5 CDM Design and Layout
5.6 Quality Control, Quality Assurance, and Strength Test Results
5.6.1 Quality Control
5.6.2 Quality Assurance and Strength Test Results
5.7 Construction Challenges
5.8 Summary
References
6 Full-Scale Embankment in Soft Bangkok Clay Using Jet Grouted Cement Mixing Piles
6.1 Overview
6.2 Full-Scale Cement Deep Mixing Improved Soft Clay Foundation
6.2.1 Reinforced Embankment
6.2.2 Construction of Reinforced Embankment
6.2.3 Installation of Deep Mixing Piles by Jet Grouting
6.2.4 Sub-soil Profile
6.2.5 Instrumentations and Monitoring
6.3 Numerical Simulation of Full-Scale Test Embankment
6.3.1 Finite Element Model
6.3.2 Boundary and Initial Condition
6.3.3 Material Models
6.3.4 Soil/Hexagonal Wire Mesh Interface Models
6.4 Degree of Consolidation
6.5 Results and Discussion
6.5.1 Surface Settlements
6.5.2 Subsurface Settlements
6.5.3 Lateral Movement
6.5.4 Excess Pore Pressure
6.5.5 Tension in Hexagonal Wire Mesh
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Reinforcement of Runway Embankment by Using Geosynthetics in Sulawesi, Indonesia
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Building 37 m High Reinforced Soil Slopes Over Clay Shale Formation
7.2.1 Project Location
7.2.2 Geotechnical Problems
7.2.3 Design of Geosynthetics Reinforced Slopes
7.2.4 Construction
7.2.5 Tests from Flash Flood and Palu Earthquake
7.2.6 First Plane Landing
7.3 Concluding Remarks
References
8 Slope Stability by Soil Nailing for Road Widening in Hikawa Tunnel, Tokyo, Japan
8.1 Outline of Project
8.2 Geological Conditions of the Project Site
8.3 Nailing
8.4 Procedures
8.5 Stability Analysis of the Slope and Monitoring
8.5.1 Displacement of Cutting Slope
8.5.2 Axial Load
8.6 Summary
References
9 Use of Coir Geotextiles in Erosion Control, South-West India
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Erosion Control Appications
9.3 Case Studies on Mine Waste Dumps
9.4 Slope Protection with Coir Geotextiles and Hydro-seeding
9.5 Slope Stabilization of High-Altitude Cricket Stadium
9.6 Conclusions
References
10 Applications of Waste Tires for Protection of Embankments in Northern and Northeastern Japan
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Applications of Whole Tires in Retaining Wall Construction
10.2.1 Forensic Investigation and Results
10.2.2 Laboratory Investigations Using Element Testing and Model Testing
10.2.3 Numerical Investigation on Performance Evaluation of an Embankment Under Earthquake Loading
10.3 Applications of Tire Shreds in Highway Embankments for Drainage Enhancement
10.3.1 Test Sites and Design Considerations
10.3.2 Laboratory Tests
10.3.3 Field Trial
10.4 Concluding Remarks
References
11 Log Piling Method for Liquefaction Mitigation and Carbon Stock in Large Residential Area, Chiba, Japan
11.1 Introduction and Background of Developing LP-LiC Method
11.2 Overview of LP-LiC Method
11.3 Construction
11.4 Design Against Liquefaction with LP-LiC Method
11.5 Results of Liquefaction Countermeasures
11.6 Carbon Storage Effect
11.7 Summary
References
12 Ground Freezing for Shield Tunneling, Japan
12.1 Overview of the Projects
12.2 Outline of Ground Freezing Method
12.3 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
12.4 Construction Challenges
12.4.1 Case of Nakanoshima Subway Line in Osaka
12.4.2 Case of Discharge Tunnel of Thermal Power Station in Hokkaido
12.5 Summary
References
13 Combined Ground Improvement Method for Cultural Heritage Preservation—A Case Study in Angkor Ruins, Cambodia
13.1 Overview
13.2 Background
13.3 Project Outline and Objective Structure
13.4 Results of Investigations
13.4.1 Lessons Learned from N3 Tower
13.4.2 Survey of Existing State of N1 Tower
13.5 Construction Method
13.6 Mixing Test of Slaked Lime Soil and Results
13.7 Construction Procedures
13.8 Conclusion
References
14 Epilogue