Bioremediation, or enhanced microbiological treatment, of environments contaminated with a variety of organic and inorganic compounds is one of the most effective innovative technologies to come around this century! Practical Environmental Bioremediation: The Field Guide presents updated material, case histories and many instructive illustrations to reflect the evolving image of this fast-emerging industry.
Bioremediation technology has witnessed great strides towards simplifying treatability formats, finding new approaches to field application, more potent nutrient formulations, monitoring protocols and the resulting general improvement in results. This new guide condenses all current available knowledge and presents necessary technical aspects and concepts in language that can be readily comprehended by the technical student, experienced scientist or engineer, the aspiring newcomer, or anyone else interested in this exciting natural cleanup technique.
Author(s): R. Barry King, John K. Sheldon, Gilbert M. Long
Edition: 2
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 1997
Language: English
Pages: 208
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copright Page
Dedication
Preface to the First Edition Why Bio?
Preface to the Field Guide
Acknowledgments
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction: A Historical Perspective
Regulatory History
Early Successes
Discovery of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Microbes
Oil Spills
Discovery of Metal-Detoxifying Microbes
Three Bioremediation Treatment Approaches
Biostimulation
Bioaugmentation
Intrinsic Treatment
Recent Advances in Bioremediation Technology
The Chapters Ahead
References
Chapter 2: Microbial Nutrition and Environmental Requirements
Microbial Ubiquity
Microbial Nutrition
Moisture
Energy for Metabolism
The Role of Oxygen
Environmental Requirements
Microbial Growth
Acclimation
Logarithmic Growth
Stationary Phase
Death Phase
Bacterial Pathogens
Microbial Survival
References
Chapter 3: Microbial Destruction of Environmental Pollutants
Biomineralization vs. Biotransformation
Biodegradation Processes for Organic Compounds
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation
Biooxidation in Wastewater Treatment
Bioattachment
Biosorption
Biosolubilization
Microbial Detoxification of Metals
Halobacteria
Mixed Populations
Cometabolism
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Radiation Effects
Acquired Radiation Resistance
Radioactive Mixed Waste Treatment
Constructed Wetlands
References
Chapter 4: The Bioremediation Laboratory
Bioassessment Screening Studies
Microbiological Assay
Biotreatability Studies
Microcosms
Respirometry
Bioreactors
Choosing a Laboratory
Chapter 5: Applied Bioremediation: An Overview
The Bioremediation Approach
Intrinsic Bioremediation
Selection Guide for Appropriate Biotechnology
Soils and Sludges
Liquids and Aqueous Solutions
Project Organization
Site Characterization
Initial Bioassessment Testing
Detailed Studies, Pilot Testing, and Process Design
Procurement, Installation, and Start-Up
Process Monitoring and Operation
Final Sampling and Closure
Reporting and Management
References
Chapter 6: Anaerobic Biodegradation: Sans Oxygen
Process Definition
Anaerobic Degradation
Pros and Cons of Anaerobic Treatment
Types of Anaerobic Systems
Digesters
Anaerobic Activated Sludge
Fixed-Film Units
Anaerobic Rotating Biological Contactors (ARBCs)
Fluidized Bed Bioreactors
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
Ex Situ Soil Treatment (Soil Cells)
In Situ Anaerobic Remediation
Design Considerations
Applications for Anaerobic Treatment
References
Chapter 7: Surface Bioremediation of Soils and Sludges: Land Treatment
Regulations
Feasibility Testing
Design and Construction
Nutrient Application
Operations and Monitoring
Closure
Variations
Biopile
Biovault
Biopit
Project Exercise
How Much Soil?
How Big an Area?
Materials
Watering System
How Long Might it Take?
Does the Buyer Need the Space?
What Will the Conceptual Design Cost?
References
Chapter 8: Bioreactors: The Technology of Total Control
Introduction
Process Definition
Bioreactor Configurations
Activated Sludge
Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBRs)
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs)
Trickling Filters
Soil Slurry Reactors
Vapor Phase Bioreactors (Biofilters)
Fixed Film, Plug Flow
Design Considerations
Pilot Testing
Installation and Start-Up
Case History
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: In Situ Aquifer Bioremediation
Hydrogeologic Variables
Light vs. Dense NAPL
Standard Pump-and-Treat Option
In Situ Option Destroys Contaminants
Nonaqueous Phase Liquid (NAPL)
Hydrogeology
Microbiology
Engineering
Installation and Start-Up
Operations and Monitoring
Closure
References
Chapter 10: Lagoon Bioremediation
Treatment Options
Feasibility Testing
Design Considerations
Oxygen lnjection
Sludge Suspension
Sludge Shearing
Nutrient Supply
Operation and Monitoring
Closure
References
Chapter 11: Vadose Zone Bioremediation
Bioventing
Delineation
Respirometry
Design Considerations
Process Monitoring
Biosparging
References
Chapter 12: Developing Bioremediation Technologies: The Road Ahead
How We Got Here
Specific Biostimulations
Cometabolism
Advanced Acclimations and Bacterial Enzymes
Microbial Chelants and Surfactants
Genetic Engineering
Sequencing Treatments
Vadose Zone Treatment
The Road Ahead
Metals Bioremediation
Inorganics
Fermentations
Mixed Waste
In Situ Bioremediation
Intrinsic
Enhanced Anaerobic
Enhanced Aerobic
Sequencing Anaerobic/Aerobic
Bioaugmentation
References
Appendix I
Glossary
Index
