Practical Dermoscopy

Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Foreword 3
Preface
Introduction of Editors
Chief Editors
Deputy Editors
Consultants
Contents
About the Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
1: Introduction
1.1 History and Nomenclature of Dermoscopy
1.2 Principles and Classification of Dermoscopy
1.3 Diagnostic Algorithms of Dermoscopy
1.4 Correlation and Differences Between Dermoscopy and Histopathology
1.5 Applications of Dermoscopy
Further Reading
2: Dermoscopic Devices
2.1 Classic Handheld Dermoscopes
2.2 Handheld Dermoscopes That Attach to Digital Cameras
2.3 Dermoscopes with Image Acquisition Accessories
2.4 Dermoscopes That Attach to Smartphones
2.5 Desktop Dermoscopic Systems
2.6 Polarized Total Body Photographic Systems
2.7 Conclusion
Further Reading
3: Terminology in Dermoscopy
Further Reading
4: Diagnostic Strategies and Algorithms of Dermoscopy
4.1 The Two-Step Algorithm
4.1.1 The Revised Two-Step Algorithm
4.1.2 The Top-Down Two-Step Approach
4.2 Pattern Analysis
4.3 The ABCD Rule of Dermoscopy
4.4 The Menzies Method
4.5 The Seven-Point Checklist
4.6 The Three-Point Checklist
4.7 The CASH Algorithm
4.8 The Revised Version of Pattern Analysis
4.9 Chaos and Clues
4.10 The TADA
4.11 Prediction Without Pigment
4.12 The Color Wheel Approach
Further Reading
5: Benign Melanocytic Tumors
5.1 Common Dermoscopic Patterns of Pigmented Nevi
5.2 Dermoscopic Features of Common Pigmented Nevi
5.2.1 Junctional Nevi
5.2.2 Compound Nevi
5.2.3 Intradermal Nevi
5.2.4 Congenital Melanocytic Nevi
5.2.5 Blue Nevi
5.2.6 Spitz Nevi
5.2.7 Halo Nevi
5.2.8 Nevus Spilus
5.2.9 Dysplastic Nevi
5.2.10 Recurrent Melanocytic Nevi
5.3 Dermoscopic Features of Pigmented Nevi in Special Locations
5.3.1 Facial Melanocytic Nevi
5.3.2 Acral Melanocytic Nevi
5.3.3 Melanocytic Nevi of the Nail Matrix
5.3.4 Benign Melanocytic Tumors of the Mucosa
Further Reading
6: Melanoma
6.1 Dermoscopic Analysis of Melanocytic Neoplasms
6.2 Types of Cutaneous Melanoma
6.3 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Various Melanomas
6.3.1 Chronic Sun-Damage Melanoma
6.3.2 Nonchronic Sun-Damage Melanoma
6.3.2.1 Superficial Spreading Melanoma
6.3.2.2 Nodular Melanoma
6.3.3 Acral Melanoma
6.3.4 Mucosal Melanoma
Further Reading
7: Basal Cell Carcinoma
7.1 Pigmented Basal Cell Carcinomas and Nonpigmented Basal Cell Carcinomas (Based on the Degree of Pigmentation)
7.1.1 Pigmented Basal Cell Carcinomas in Dermoscopy
7.1.1.1 Classic Features
7.1.1.2 Nonclassic Features
7.1.2 Nonpigmented Basal Cell Carcinomas in Dermoscopy
7.1.2.1 The Dermoscopic Features of Nonpigmented Basal Cell Carcinomas
7.2 Basal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes (Based on the Pathological Classification Type)
7.2.1 Superficial Basal Cell Carcinomas in Dermoscopy
7.2.1.1 The Dermoscopic Features of Superficial Basal Cell Carcinomas
7.2.2 Nonsuperficial Basal Cell Carcinomas in Dermoscopy
7.2.2.1 The Dermoscopic Features of Nodular Basal Cell Carcinomas
7.2.2.2 The Dermoscopic Features of Infiltrating Basal Cell Carcinomas
Further Reading
8: Seborrheic Keratosis and Related Disorders
8.1 Solar Lentigo
8.2 Seborrheic Keratosis
8.3 Lichen Planus-like Keratosis
Further Reading
9: Vascular Diseases
9.1 Cherry Angioma
9.2 Angiokeratoma
9.3 Pyogenic Granuloma
9.4 Port-Wine Stain
9.5 Angioma Serpiginosum
9.6 Infantile Hemangiomas
9.7 Verrucous Vascular Malformations
9.8 Hobnail Hemangioma
9.9 Venous Lakes
9.10 Kaposi’s Sarcoma
9.11 Cutaneous Angiosarcoma
9.12 Cutaneous Lymphangioma Circumscriptum
Further Reading
10: Squamous Cell Neoplasms
10.1 Actinic Keratosis
10.1.1 According to the Degree of the Lesion, AK Can Be Divided into Three Grades, Each with Different Dermoscopic Characteristics
10.1.2 Differential Diagnosis Between AK and Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) Under Dermoscopy
10.1.3 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Pigmented AK (pAK)
10.1.4 Differentiation Between pAK and Lentigo Maligna under Dermoscopy (Fig. 10.6)
10.1.5 The Relationships Between the Dermoscopic Findings and Histopathology of AK (Fig. 10.7)
10.2 Bowen’s Disease
10.2.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of BD (Fig. 10.8)
10.2.2 Dermoscopic Patterns of Pigmented BD (Fig. 10.9)
10.2.3 Dermoscopic Differential Diagnosis of Pigmented BD and Malignant Melanoma (Table 10.2)
10.2.4 The Relationship between the Dermoscopic Findings and Histopathology of Pigmented BD
10.3 Keratoacanthoma
10.3.1 Dermoscopic Features of KA (Fig. 10.10)
10.3.2 Differential Diagnosis
10.3.3 The Relationship Between the Dermoscopic Findings and Histopathology of KA
10.4 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
10.4.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Highly Differentiated SCC (Fig. 10.11)
10.4.2 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Moderately Differentiated SCC (Fig. 10.12)
10.4.3 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Poorly Differentiated SCC (Fig. 10.13)
10.4.4 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Pigmented SCC
10.4.5 SCC on Special Locations
10.4.6 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Nail Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Fig. 10.15)
Further Reading
11: Other Neoplasms
11.1 Sebaceous Adenoma/Sebaceoma
11.2 Desmoplastic Trichilemmoma
11.3 Trichoepithelioma
11.4 Poroma
11.5 Porocarcinoma
11.6 Apocrine Hidrocystoma
11.7 Eccrine Hidrocystoma
11.8 Syringocystadenoma Papilliferum
11.9 Epidermoid Cysts
11.10 Nipple Adenoma
11.11 Mammary Paget’s Disease
11.12 Extramammary Paget’s Disease
11.13 Rosai–Dorfman Disease
11.14 Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
11.15 Foreign Body Granuloma
11.16 Kimura’s Disease
11.17 Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia
11.18 Urticaria Pigmentosa
Further Reading
12: Inflammatory Diseases
12.1 Erythematous and Papulosquamous Disorders
12.1.1 Introduction
12.1.2 Psoriasis
12.1.2.1 Dermoscopic Features of Psoriasis Vulgaris
12.1.2.2 Dermoscopic Features of Erythrodermic Psoriasis (Fig. 12.5)
12.1.2.3 Psoriasis on Special Body Sites
12.1.2.4 Correlations Between the Dermoscopic and Histopathological Findings (Fig. 12.10)
12.1.3 Dermatitis and Eczema
12.1.3.1 Dermoscopic Features of Acute Dermatitis/Eczema (Fig. 12.12)
12.1.3.2 Dermoscopic Features of Chronic Dermatitis/Eczema (Figs. 12.13, 12.14, and 12.15)
12.1.3.3 Erythroderma Due to Dermatitis/Eczema
12.1.3.4 Dermoscopy as an Auxiliary Tool in the Differential Diagnosis of Plaque Psoriasis and Chronic Dermatitis/Eczema (Fig. 12.17) (Table 12.1)
12.1.4 Seborrheic Dermatitis
12.1.4.1 Dermoscopic Features of Scalp Seborrheic Dermatitis (Figs. 12.18, 12.19, and 12.20)
12.1.4.2 Dermoscopy as an Auxiliary Tool in the Differential Diagnosis of Scalp Psoriasis and Seborrheic Dermatitis (Fig. 12.21) (Table 12.2)
12.1.5 Pityriasis Rosea
12.1.6 Mycosis Fungoides and Parapsoriasis
12.1.6.1 Dermoscopic Features of Early-Stage Mycosis Fungoides (Figs. 12.25 and 12.26)
12.1.6.2 Correlations Between the Dermoscopic and Histopathological Findings of Early Mycosis Fungoides (Fig. 12.27)
12.1.6.3 Dermoscopy as an Auxiliary Tool in the Differential Diagnosis of Early Mycosis Fungoides, Plaque Psoriasis, and Chronic Dermatitis (Fig. 12.28) (Table 12.3)
12.1.6.4 Dermoscopic Features of Other Subtypes of Mycosis Fungoides
12.1.6.5 Dermoscopic Features of Parapsoriasis
12.1.7 Lichen Planus
12.1.7.1 Dermoscopic Features of Lichen Planus and Their Correlations with Dermoscopic Histological Findings
12.1.7.2 Dermoscopic Features of Lichen Planus in Different Stages
12.1.7.3 Dermoscopic Features of Classic Lichen Planus (Figs. 12.31 and 12.32)
12.1.7.4 Dermoscopic Features of Lichen Planus Pigmentosus (Fig. 12.33, Table 12.4)
12.1.7.5 Dermoscopic Features of Hypertrophic Lichen Planus (Fig. 12.37)
12.1.8 Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris
12.1.8.1 Dermoscopic Features of the Classic Form Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris (Figs. 12.38 and 12.39)
12.1.8.2 Dermoscopic Features of Erythroderma Due to Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris (Fig. 12.40)
12.1.8.3 Dermoscopic Features of Palmoplantar Keratoderma Due to Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris (Fig. 12.41)
12.1.8.4 Dermoscopy as an Auxiliary Tool in the Differential Diagnosis of Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris and Plaque Psoriasis (Fig. 12.42) (Table 12.5)
12.1.9 Erythema Multiforme
12.1.10 Graft-Versus-Host Disease
12.1.10.1 Dermoscopic Features of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease
12.1.10.2 Dermoscopic Features of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease (Squamopapular Lesions)
12.2 Facial Skin Disorders
12.2.1 Seborrheic Dermatitis
12.2.2 Rosacea
12.2.2.1 Dermoscopic Features of Rosacea (Fig. 12.45)
12.2.2.2 Dermoscopy as an Auxiliary Tool in the Differential Diagnosis of Facial Seborrheic Dermatitis and Rosacea (Table 12.6)
12.2.3 Acne Vulgaris
12.2.4 Lupus Miliaris Disseminatus Faciei
12.2.5 Granuloma Faciale
12.3 Noninfectious Granulomatous Skin Disorders
12.3.1 Sarcoidosis
12.3.2 Granuloma Annulare
12.3.3 Necrobiosis Lipoidica
12.4 Connective Tissue Diseases
12.4.1 Lupus Erythematosus
12.4.1.1 Dermoscopic Features of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus and Their Correlations with Histopathological Findings
12.4.1.2 Dermoscopic Features of Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
12.4.2 Morphea and Lichen Sclerosus
12.4.2.1 Dermoscopic Features of Localized Scleroderma (Morphea) (Fig. 12.58)
12.4.2.2 Dermoscopic Features of Lichen Sclerosus
12.5 Cutaneous Vasculitis
12.5.1 Dermoscopic Patterns of Purpuric Lesions
12.5.2 Henoch–Schonlein Purpura
12.5.3 Pigmented Purpuric Dermatosis
12.5.3.1 All Subtypes of Pigmented Purpuric Dermatosis Are Dermoscopically Alike
12.5.3.2 Dermoscopy in the Differential Diagnosis of Lichen Aureus and Nummular Eczema (Fig. 12.65) (Table 12.8)
12.5.4 Urticarial Vasculitis
12.6 Metabolic Dermatoses
12.6.1 Primary Cutaneous Amyloidosis
12.6.1.1 Dermoscopic Features of Lichenoid Amyloidosis (Fig. 12.67)
12.6.1.2 Dermoscopic Features of Macular Amyloidosis (Fig. 12.68)
12.6.2 Acanthosis Nigricans
12.7 Hyperpigmented/Hypopigmented and Other Inflammatory Diseases
12.7.1 Vitiligo
12.7.2 Melasma
12.7.3 Dowling–Degos Disease
12.7.4 Confluent and Reticulated Papillomatosis
12.7.5 Porokeratosis
12.7.6 Darier’s Disease
12.7.7 Grover’s Disease
12.7.8 Acquired Perforating Dermatosis
Further Reading
13: Infectious and Parasitic Dermatoses
13.1 Condyloma Acuminatum
13.1.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Condyloma Acuminatum
13.1.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Condyloma Acuminatum
13.2 Verruca Plana
13.2.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Verruca Plana
13.2.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Verruca Plana
13.3 Verruca Vulgaris
13.3.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Verruca Vulgaris
13.3.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Verruca Vulgaris
13.4 Periungual Warts
13.4.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Periungual Warts
13.4.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Periungual Warts
13.5 Verruca Plantaris
13.5.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Verruca Plantaris
13.5.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Verruca Plantaris
13.6 Molluscum Contagiosum
13.6.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Molluscum Contagiosum
13.6.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Molluscum Contagiosum
13.7 Scabies
13.7.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Scabies
13.7.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Scabies
13.8 Pediculosis Pubis
13.8.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Pediculosis Pubis
13.8.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediculosis Pubis
13.9 Tick Bites
13.9.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Tick Bites
13.9.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tick Bites
13.10 Onychomycosis
13.10.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Onychomycosis
13.10.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Onychomycosis
13.11 Tinea Versicolor
13.11.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Tinea Versicolor
13.11.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tinea Versicolor
13.12 Tinea Capitis
13.12.1 Dermoscopic Manifestations of Tinea Capitis
13.12.2 Significance of Dermoscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tinea Capitis
Further Reading
14: Hair and Nail Diseases
14.1 Hair Diseases
14.1.1 Androgenic Alopecia
14.1.2 Alopecia Areata
14.1.3 Trichotillomania
14.1.4 Syphilitic Alopecia
14.1.5 Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
14.1.6 Morphea
14.1.7 Lichen Planopilaris
14.1.8 Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia
14.1.9 Folliculitis Decalvans
14.1.10 Folliculitis et Perifolliculitis Capitis Abscedens et Suffodiens
14.2 Nail Diseases
14.2.1 Subungual Hemorrhage
14.2.2 Nail Matrix Nevus
14.2.3 Nail Melanoma
14.2.4 Green Nail Syndrome
14.2.5 Onychomycosis
14.2.6 Nail Lichen Planus
14.2.7 Nail Psoriasis
14.2.8 Nail Changes in Acrodermatitis Continua
14.2.9 Onychodystrophy
14.2.10 Nail Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Further Reading
Section 14.1: Hair Diseases
Section 14.2: Nail Diseases
15: Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Dermoscopic Images
15.1 Computer-Aided Diagnosis Based on Traditional Machine Learning
15.1.1 Preprocessing
15.1.1.1 Hair Extraction Based on the Black Top-Hat Transform
15.1.1.2 Hair Removal Based on a Partial Differential Equation
15.1.2 Image Segmentation
15.1.3 Feature Extraction
15.1.3.1 Contrast
15.1.3.2 Energy
15.1.3.3 Correlation
15.1.3.4 Entropy
15.1.3.5 Inverse Different Moment
15.1.4 Disease Recognition
15.1.4.1 Principle of a BP Neural Network
15.1.4.2 Classification of Benign and Malignant Melanocytic Tumors Based on a BP Network
15.2 Computer-Aided Diagnosis Based on Deep Learning
15.2.1 Principle of Convolutional Neural Networks
15.2.1.1 Components of Convolutional Neural Networks
15.2.1.2 Training Process of Convolutional Neural Network
15.2.2 Typical Convolutional Neural Network Model
15.2.2.1 AlexNet
15.2.2.2 VGG-Nets
15.2.2.3 GoogLeNet
15.2.2.4 ResNet
15.2.3 Dermoscopic Image Segmentation Based on a Multiscale Fully Convolutional Neural Network
15.2.4 Skin Lesion Recognition Based on a Convolutional Neural Network
Further Reading