Poverty, Inequality, and Innovation in the Global South

Preface
Contents
Notes on Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Of Poverty, Inequality, Development, and Innovation: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Of Poverty and Inequality
1.3 Understanding Development
1.4 Innovation: A Sine Qua Non for Development
1.5 Themes and Structure of the Book
1.6 Conclusion
References
2 Perceptions of Inequality in an Informal Settlement in Durban, South Africa
2.1 Introduction
2.2 An Overview of the Perceptions of Inequality
2.3 Methodology
2.4 Findings
2.4.1 Understanding of Inequality
2.4.2 Views About Inequality
2.5 Discussions
2.6 Theorization on Inequality
2.7 Conclusion
References
3 Africa’s Policy and Technology Options: Linking Agricultural Mechanisation to Social Protection Targets
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Conceptualising Agricultural Mechanisation and Social Policy Development
3.3 The History of Tractorisation in Africa
3.4 The Zimbabwean Mvurwi Cases Study
3.4.1 Tractor Ownership Pattern in the Mvurwi Farming Area
3.4.2 Farm Productivity and Capital Accumulation
3.4.3 Gender, Generational Dynamics and Mechanisation in the Mvurwi Area
3.5 New Approaches to Mechanisation and Social Policy
3.5.1 New Social Policy Approaches
3.5.2 Revisiting the Tractorisation Model
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Building Bridges to Close the Inequality Gap as a Basis for Social Change: A Social Worker’s Pragmatic Experience in Immersion
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Concept, Context and Principles of Immersion
4.2.1 Conceptualising Immersion
4.2.2 Contextualising Immersion
4.2.3 Immersion Principles
4.2.3.1 Experiential Learning
4.2.3.2 Putting a Face to Poverty
4.2.3.3 Personal Learning
4.2.3.4 Unlearning and Relearning
4.2.3.5 Avoidance of Biases
4.3 Theory of Change
4.4 Methodology
4.5 Results
4.5.1 Workers Pragmatic Experiences
4.5.1.1 Location
4.5.1.2 Makeshift Housing
4.5.1.3 Isolation
4.5.1.4 Household Threats
4.5.1.5 Land Related Conflicts
4.5.1.6 Limited Access to Basic Social Infrastructure
4.5.1.7 Long Distance to Water Points
4.5.1.8 Little Stock
4.5.1.9 Out-Migration
4.5.1.10 Gender Inequality
4.5.2 Closing the Inequality Gap
4.5.2.1 Mapping the Economy of Kyakamese
4.5.2.2 Access to Pension
4.5.2.3 Establishment of a New Police Post
4.5.2.4 Advocacy Caravan
4.6 Discussion
4.7 Conclusions
References
5 Tanzania Policies on Water Governance in River Basins: Implications for Livelihoods and Resource Conservation
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 An Overview of Governance and Water Governance
5.1.2 Water-Based Livelihoods and Natural Resources Conservation
5.2 Tanzania’s Experiences on Water Governance Policies
5.2.1 Policies on Governance of River Basins
5.2.2 The Institutional Framework
5.3 Methodology
5.3.1 Study Areas
5.3.2 Study Design
5.3.3 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size
5.3.4 Data and Data Collection Methods
5.3.5 Validity and Reliability
5.3.6 Ethical Considerations
5.4 Results
5.4.1 Livelihoods Strategies in Kilombero and Ruvu Sub-Basins
5.4.2 Water Policy Implementation in Ruvu and Kilombero Sub-Basins
5.4.3 Policy Implications on Livelihoods Strategies
5.4.4 Policy Implications on Water Conservation
5.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
5.5.1 Conclusion
5.5.2 Recommendations
References
6 Farmer Groups Approach to Rural Development in Morogoro, Tanzania: A Study of the Activities Performed and Challenges Experienced
6.1 Introduction and Background to the Study
6.2 Theoretical Foundation
6.2.1 The Concept of Farmer Groups
6.2.2 Approaches to Rural Development in Tanzania
6.2.3 Group Approach in Tanzania
6.2.4 The Role of FGs in Rural Development
6.3 Methodology
6.4 Results and Discussion
6.4.1 Main Group Activities Performed by FGs
6.4.2 Challenges Experienced by FGs
6.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
7 Tanzania Social Action Fund II Implementation for the Household Socio-Economic Improvement: Evidence from Arusha District, Tanzania
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 An Overview of Tanzania Social Action Fund and Poverty Reduction
7.1.2 The Importance of Community Participation and Development: Experience in Tanzania
7.2 The Theory of Citizen Participation and Empowerment
7.3 Methodology
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 The Role of TASAF II in Improving Household Socio-Economic Development
7.4.2 Influence of Wealth Created by TASAF II Projects
7.4.3 Social and Economic Benefits Created by TASAF II
7.4.4 Wealth Creation Activities After TASAF II Interventions
7.4.5 Capacity Building for Poor Households
7.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
8 Gender Parity as a Way to Address Poverty Challenges in South Africa
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Previous Research on Gender and Poverty in South Africa
8.3 Gender Equality Theory
8.4 Gender Equality Policies and Legislation in South Africa
8.4.1 South Africa’s National Policy Framework for Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality
8.4.2 Initiatives Taken by the Government to Address Poverty Amongst Black African Women
8.5 Discussion
8.6 Conclusions
8.7 Recommendations
References
9 Development-Driven Tools or Parasitic Paradigms? A Critical Perspective of Western Theories of Development and Its Reforms
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Conceptualization, Theories and Models of Development: An Overview of Western Perspectives
9.3 Structural Change and Patterns of Development
9.4 Orthodox Growth Theories of Development: A Critique
9.5 Measuring Economic Development: Moving Beyond Orthodox Growth Theories
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 The Sankofa Methodology: A Pan-African Approach to Poverty Alleviation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Poverty: Definition and Measurement
10.3 Measuring Poverty: The Missing Sankofa Perspective
10.3.1 Money Metric Absolute Poverty
10.3.2 Non-money Metric Absolute Poverty
10.3.3 Relative Poverty and Measurement
10.3.4 Subjectivity of Poverty
10.4 Why Africa Still in the Poverty Trench?
10.4.1 Lack of Political Commitment
10.4.2 Religion
10.4.3 Institutions
10.4.4 Geography
10.4.5 Cross Border Terrorism and Conflict
10.4.6 Colonialism
10.5 Africa’s Development Trajectory 1960–2019
10.5.1 Period Just After Independence
10.5.2 The Economic Structural Adjustment Era
10.6 The Usefulness of Sankofa Methodology in Poverty Alleviation
10.7 Conclusion
References
11 Innovations for Fighting Poverty and Inequality in Zimbabwe: The Evolving Roles of the State, Private Sector and Non-governmental Organisations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Poverty Alleviation in Zimbabwe
11.2.1 The State-Led Interventions
11.2.2 Policy Intervention
11.2.2.1 Education
11.2.2.2 Health
11.2.2.3 Access to Land
11.2.2.4 Effects of the State Intervention
11.2.2.5 Private Sector-Led Strategies
11.2.2.6 Impact of ESAP
11.2.2.7 Interventions to address Food Insecurity
11.2.2.8 The Intersection of Social and Economic Policies Interventions
11.3 NGO Role in Poverty and Inequality Reduction
11.4 Conclusion
11.5 Recommendations
Bibliography
12 Systemic Monitoring and Evaluation to Enhance Collective Creativity and Innovation for the Alleviation of Poverty and Inequality
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sustainable Development
12.3 Role of the State and Businesses
12.4 Conceptualising Poverty and Inequality as a Wicked Problem
12.5 Leadership
12.6 Tools to Manage Poverty and Inequality Through Innovation and Creativity
12.6.1 Systems Theory
12.6.2 Systems Thinking
12.7 Monitoring and Evaluation
12.8 Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
12.9 Networks
12.10 Conclusion
References
13 Factors Affecting Agricultural Students’ Attitude Towards Entrepreneurship at a University in South Africa
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Methodology
13.3 Attitude
13.3.1 Independent Variable
13.4 Factors Affecting the Attitude of Students Towards Entrepreneurship
13.4.1 Students’ Job Preference (JP1)
13.4.2 Parents’ Occupation (SFW)
13.4.3 Students’ Residential Place (SLP)
13.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
14 Ending Poverty on the African Continent: Consolidating the Agrarian Welfare Regime in Zimbabwe
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Methodology
14.3 Poverty Alleviation and the ‘Globalisation’ of Cash Transfers
14.4 Welfare Regimes and Poverty Reduction
14.4.1 Poverty Reduction and Innovation in Zimbabwe’s Agrarian Welfare Regime
14.5 Land Redistribution
14.6 Agricultural Input Support and Food Aid
14.7 Conclusion
References
15 Rural Women’s Perceptions of Poverty and Inequality in Mungwi District, Zambia
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Literature Review
15.2.1 Women’s Poverty and Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)
15.2.2 Poverty and Inequality in Zambia
15.2.3 Inequalities Exacerbating Women’s Poverty in Zambia
15.3 Methodology
15.4 Findings
15.4.1 Demographic Profile of the Participants
15.4.2 Women’s Perceptions of Poverty
15.4.3 Description of a Poor Woman
15.4.4 Sinking into Poverty
15.4.5 Women’s Perceptions of Inequality
15.4.5.1 Unequal Treatment
15.4.5.2 Unequal Access to Opportunity
15.4.5.3 Inequality as Unequal Distribution of Resources
15.4.5.4 Inequality as Favouritism and Oppression
15.4.5.5 Inequality as Landlessness
15.4.5.6 Unequal Share of Work
15.4.6 Perceptions on the Origins of Inequality
15.4.6.1 Gender Disparity
15.4.6.2 Greed
15.4.6.3 Government Negligence
15.4.6.4 Unequal Treatment of People
15.4.7 State Corruption and Big Men’s Theft
15.4.8 Consequences of Poverty and Inequality
15.5 Discussion
15.6 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
16 An Investigation into the Nexus Between Innovation and Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Poverty and Inequality in SSA
16.3 Innovation, Poverty and Inequality Reduction
16.4 Innovation, Poverty and Inequality Reduction in SSA
16.5 Materials and Methods: The Data
16.6 Methods and the Results
16.7 Conclusion
References
Index