Polymers for 3D Printing: Methods, Properties, and Characteristics

Front Cover
POLYMERS FOR 3D PRINTING
Plastics Design Library (PDL) PDL Handbook Series
RECENT TITLES IN THE SERIES
POLYMERS FOR 3D PRINTING
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Reviewers' names
Acknowledgment
I -Introduction to 3D printing
1 - History of the development of additive polymer technologies
1.1 Introduction to additive manufacturing
1.2 The origins of additive manufacturing
1.2.1 The foundations of modern additive manufacturing
1.2.2 The beginnings of additive manufacturing commercialization – 1980s
1.2.3 Dynamic development of additive manufacturing technologies and emergence of the name 3D printing – 1990s
1.3 Dynamic development of additive manufacturing and next-generation machines from 2000 to 2010
1.4 Contemporary additive manufacturing
1.5 Summary
References
2 - The concept of 3D printing
2.1 Concept of additive manufacturing
2.2 3D modeling
2.2.1 Types of modeling software
2.2.2 File formats for 3D models
2.3 Design rules for additive manufacturing
2.3.1 Design rules for FDM
2.3.2 Design rules for SLA
2.3.3 Design rules for SLS
2.3.4 Design rules for Material Jetting
2.3.5 Design rules for Binder Jetting
2.4 Preparing a file for printing
2.4.1 Slicing process
2.4.2 Orientation of models during printing
2.5 Summary
References
3 - Classification of 3D printing methods
3.1 Classification of additive manufacturing processes
3.2 Brief description of additive manufacturing processes
3.2.1 Binder jetting
3.2.2 Directed energy deposition
3.2.3 Material extrusion
3.2.4 Material jetting
3.2.5 Powder bed fusion
3.2.6 Sheet lamination
3.2.7 Vat photopolymerization
3.2.8 AM hybrid technologies
3.3 Comparison of key techniques
3.3.1 Surface quality
3.3.2 Printing resolution
3.3.3 Dimensional accuracy and deformation of models
3.3.4 Process performance and maximum printed object size
3.3.5 Multimaterial and multicolor capability
3.3.6 The need for supports and the problem of production waste
3.3.7 Need for finishing processes
3.4 Market share of each technology and forecast
3.5 Summary
References
4 - Materials for 3D printing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Liquid polymers – photopolymer resins, binders, and viscous ink
4.3 Polymer powders
4.4 Filaments and wires
4.5 Pellets and recycled materials
4.6 Polymeric sheets and films
4.7 Polymer composites and nanocomposites
4.8 Biopolymers, hydrogels, and smart materials
4.9 Conclusions
References
5 - Application of 3D printing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Main applications of 3D printing
5.2.1 AM processes in prototyping
5.2.2 AM processes in aerospace and defense industries
5.2.3 AM processes in the automotive industry
5.2.4 AM processes in electronics
5.2.5 AM processes in medicine and dentistry
5.2.6 AM processes in research and education
5.2.7 AM processes in architecture and construction
5.2.8 AM processes in culture and the arts, industrial design, jewelery, and fashion industries
5.2.9 AM processes in marketing, entertainment, and hobbies
5.3 Main AM technologies and their applications
5.4 Conclusions
References
II -3D printing methods
6 - Vat photopolymerization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Brief historical overview
6.3 Stereolithography apparatus
6.4 Digital light processing
6.5 Digital light synthesis
6.6 Liquid crystal display (3D printing)
6.7 Two-photon photopolymerization
6.8 Top-down and bottom-up approaches to 3D printer construction
6.9 Support structure
6.10 Advantages and disadvantages of vat photopolymerization processes
6.11 Applications of vat photopolymerization
6.12 Conclusion
References
7 - Material extrusion
7.1 Method introduction
7.2 Machines/available equipment
7.3 Polymers in material extrusion
7.4 Software and executors file
7.5 Postprocessing
7.6 Typical problems
7.7 Advantages and disadvantages
7.8 Technology applications
7.9 Final considerations/concluding remarks and future insight
References
8 - Material jetting
8.1 Multi jet printing – description of technology
8.1.1 ProJet 3600
8.1.2 ProJet MJP 5600
8.2 PolyJet modeling – description of technology
8.2.1 Connex1 Objet500
8.2.2 Connex3 Objet250, Objet500
8.2.3 J700 dental
8.2.4 Objet30
8.3 Materials
8.3.1 MJP materials
8.3.1.1 Composite
8.3.1.2 Plastic
8.3.1.3 Dental
8.3.2 PJ materials
8.4 Advantages and disadvantages
8.4.1 Advantages and disadvantages of MJP
8.4.2 Advantages and disadvantages of PJ
8.5 Concluding remarks and future insight
References
9 - Powder bed fusion
9.1 Method introduction
9.2 SLS systems
9.3 Advantages and disadvantages of powder bed fusion
9.4 Materials for powder bed fusion
9.5 Concluding remarks and future insight
References
10 - Binder jetting
10.1 Method introduction
10.2 Advantages and disadvantages
10.3 Technology applications
10.4 Binder Jetting machines
10.5 Binder Jetting 3D printing and polymers materials
10.6 Final considerations
References
11 - Sheet lamination
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sheet lamination systems
11.2.1 Selective deposition lamination
11.2.2 Plastic sheet lamination
11.2.3 Sheet lamination of ceramics
11.2.4 Ultrasonic additive manufacturing
11.2.5 Selective lamination composite object manufacturing
11.2.6 Sheet lamination of textiles
11.3 Advantages and disadvantages of sheet lamination process
11.4 Applications of sheet lamination processes
11.5 Concluding remarks and future insight
References
12 - Direct energy deposition
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Polymer DED technology
12.3 Advantages and disadvantages of polymer DED technology
12.4 Applications of polymer DED technology
12.5 Concluding remarks and future insight
References
III -Polymers used in 3D printing—properties and attributes
13 - Photopolymers for 3D printing
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Processing techniques of photopolymers
13.3 Characteristics and properties of photopolymers
13.4 Applications
13.5 Bio-based photopolymers
13.6 Opportunities and challenges
References
14 - Polymers in printing filaments
14.1 3D printing filaments e introduction
15 - Polymer powders
15.1 Powders – introduction
15.2 Polyamide powders
15.2.1 Assessment of the surface texture quality of PA 2200 polyamide
15.2.2 Analysis of dimensional and shape accuracy
15.2.3 Polyamide PA 12
15.2.3.1 Polyamide powder in HP jet fusion
15.2.4 Polyamide PA 12 filled with glass beads polymers
15.2.5 Polyamide PA 12 filled with aluminum powder
15.2.6 Polyamide PA 12 filled with glass beads and carbon fibers
15.2.7 Polyamide PA 12 flame-retardant (PrimePart FR)
15.2.8 Polyamide PA 11
15.2.9 Polyamide PA 11 filled with carbon fibers
15.2.10 Polyamide PA 11 flame-retardant
15.2.11 Polyamide PA 6
15.3 Polyetherketoneketone reinforced with carbon fibers
15.4 Thermoplastic elastomer
15.5 Polystyrene
15.6 Polypropylene
15.7 Polyphenylene sulfide
15.8 Conclusions
References
16 - Plastic pellets
16.1 Necessity of pellet-based 3D printing
16.2 Introduction and classification of polymer pellets
16.2.1 Thermoplastics
16.2.1.1 Semicrystalline
16.2.1.2 Amorphous
16.2.1.3 Commodity plastics
16.2.1.3.1 Polyethylene
16.2.1.3.2 Polypropylene
16.2.1.4 Engineering plastics
16.2.1.4.1 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
16.2.1.4.2 Polylactic acid
16.2.1.4.3 Polymethyl methacrylate
16.2.1.4.4 Polyamide
16.2.1.4.5 Polycaprolactone
16.2.1.5 High-performance plastics
16.2.1.5.1 Polyether ether ketone
16.2.1.5.2 Polyphenylene Sulfide
16.2.1.5.3 Polyetherimide
16.2.2 Elastomers
16.2.2.1 Ethylene vinyl acetate
16.2.2.2 Thermoplastic polyurethane
16.2.3 Thermosetting
16.3 Pellet feeding methods for 3D printing
16.3.1 Plunger extrusion principle–based 3D printing systems
16.3.2 Screw extrusion principle–based 3D printing systems
16.4 3D printers for pellets
16.4.1 Fused Granules Fabrication
16.4.2 Commercially available printers for pellet printing
16.4.3 Commercial polymers for 3D printing
16.5 Process of creating pellets from polymer waste
16.5.1 Process of converting waste into pellets
16.5.1.1 Collection and distribution of plastics
16.5.1.2 Sorting and cleaning
16.5.1.3 Shredding and resizing
16.5.1.4 Separation
16.5.1.5 Extrusion and compounding
16.6 Compounding of polymer pellets for improved material properties
16.6.1 Role of compounding method
16.6.2 Role of processing temperature
16.6.3 Role of introduction stage of additives
16.6.4 Role of pellet and filler size on compounding
16.7 Summary
References
17 - Films for sheet lamination
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Poly(vinyl chloride)
17.2.1 Introduction to poly(vinyl chloride)
17.2.2 Chemical structure and synthesis
17.2.3 Production of the poly(vinyl chloride) films/foils/plate
17.2.4 PVC in the sheet lamination
17.2.5 Properties of PVC made by sheet lamination
17.2.6 Application of PVC made by sheet lamination
17.3 Polymer composites
17.3.1 Introduction to polymer prepregs
17.3.2 Polymer composites in the sheet lamination
17.3.3 Properties of polymer prepregs made by sheet lamination
17.3.4 Application of prepregs
17.4 Environmental impact with the respect to materials and SHL process
17.5 Conclusion
References
18 - Polymers for 3D bioprinting
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Properties and requirements for bioprinted polymers
18.3 Applications
18.4 Polymers for 3D bioprinting
18.4.1 Polylactide
18.4.1.1 Development
18.4.1.2 Chemical structure and synthesis
18.4.1.3 Characteristics
18.4.1.4 Processing
18.4.1.5 Applications
18.4.1.6 3D printing
18.4.2 Polycaprolactone
18.4.2.1 Development
18.4.2.2 Chemical structure and synthesis
18.4.2.3 Characteristics
18.4.2.4 Processing
18.4.2.5 Applications
18.4.2.6 3D printing
18.4.3 Poly(ethylene glycol)
18.4.3.1 Development
18.4.3.2 Chemical structure and synthesis
18.4.3.3 Characteristics and application
18.4.3.4 Applications
18.4.4 Other polymers
18.4.4.1 Poly(hydroxymethylglycolide-co-ε-caprolactone)
18.4.4.2 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
18.4.4.3 Poly(dimethylsiloxane)
18.4.4.4 Alginates
18.5 Final considerations
References
IV -Polymer market in 3D printing
19 - Global market structure
19.1 Introduction
19.2 3D printing global value chains
19.3 Presence of 3D printing techniques on the global market
19.4 Presence of 3D printing materials on the global market
19.5 Current state of polymer 3D printing material manufacturers and services
19.6 Current market presence of bio-based polymers
19.7 Innovative approaches and novelties in material production
19.8 Major challenges for polymer in 3D printing
19.9 Conclusions
References
20 - 3D printing trends and perspectives
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Construction industry
20.3 Food
20.4 Bio
20.5 Composites
20.6 Smart polymers
20.7 Final considerations
References
Index
A
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D
E
F
G
H
I
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M
N
O
P
R
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T
U
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X
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