Polymeric and Natural Composites: Materials, Manufacturing and Biomedical Applications

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Natural Polymers-Based Biocomposites: State of Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities
1 Introduction
1.1 Natural Polymers: An Insight
1.2 Modifications of Natural Polymers
1.3 Grafting and Cross-Linking
1.4 Formation of Derivative
1.5 Polymer–polymer Blending
2 Recent Application of Natural Polymers in Nano-Drug Delivery
2.1 Polysaccharides Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.2 Protein Based Drug Delivery Systems
3 Challenges and Opportunities of Using Natural Polymers in Nanodrug Delivery
4 Conclusion
References
Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Manufacturing and Biomedical Applications
1 Natural Fibre
1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biocomposites
1.2 Chemical Compositions and Physical Properties of Natural Fibres
1.3 Modifications in the Surfaces of Natural Fibres
2 Composites/Biocomposites
2.1 Composites Reinforced with Natural Fibres
2.2 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs)
2.3 Advantages in Using Composites with Natural Fibres
3 Manufacturing Techniques
3.1 Open Moulding Technique
3.2 Closed Moulding
4 Biomaterials
4.1 Biomedical Applications of Natural Fibres
5 Conclusion
References
Polymeric Biocomposites from Renewable and Sustainable Natural Resources
1 Introduction
2 Application of Polymeric Biocomposites in Analytical Chemistry
3 Application of Polymeric Biocomposites in Tissue Engineering
4 Chitosan
5 Cellulose
6 Polyhydroxyalcanoates
7 Miscellaneous Applications
8 Conclusions
References
Polymer/Carbon Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction
2 Structure and Properties of Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs)
3 Synthesis of CNTs
3.1 Arc-Discharge Method
3.2 Laser Ablation Method
3.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method (CVD)
4 Polymer Matrix
5 Preparation of CNTs-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
5.1 Solution Mixing
5.2 Melt Mixing
5.3 In Situ Polymerization
6 Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
6.1 Polystyrene/CNT
6.2 Polyethylene/CNT
6.3 Polyvinyl Chloride/CNT
7 Biomedical Applications of Carbon-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
7.1 Drug and Gene Delivery
7.2 Tissue Engineering
8 Conclusion
References
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer—Carbon Dot Composites for Biomedical Application
1 Introduction
2 Carbon Dot (CD)—Synthetic Approaches
3 Molecular Imprinting Process
4 Molecularly Imprinted Carbon Dot Conjugates—Biomedical Application
4.1 CD–Inorganic MIP Shell Conjugates
4.2 CD–Polydopamine MIP Shell Conjugates
4.3 CD–Acrylate-/Methacrylate-Derived MIP Layer
5 Current Status and Future Prospects
References
Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites: Manufacturing and Biomedical Applications
1 Introduction
1.1 Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
1.2 Categories of Magnetic Materials
1.3 Fundamentals of Magnetic Nanoparticles
1.4 Role of Magnetism in Biomaterials
2 Magnetic Nanoparticles
2.1 Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles
2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
3 Fabrication of Hybrid Magnetic Composites
4 Biomedical Applications
4.1 Magnetic Bioseparation
4.2 Drug Delivery
4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents
4.4 Hyperthermia for Treatment of Cancer
References
Jackfruit Seed Starch-Based Composite Beads for Controlled Drug Release
1 Introduction
2 Jackfruit Seed Starch (JSS)
3 Alginate-JSS Composite Beads for Controlled Drug Release
3.1 Gellan Gum-JSS Composite Beads for Controlled Release Drug Delivery
3.2 Pectinate-JSS Composite Beads for Controlled Release Drug Delivery
4 Conclusion
References
Polymeric Nanocomposites for Cancer-Targeted Drug Delivery
1 Introduction
2 Cancer Overview
3 Understanding Targeted Therapy
3.1 Antibody–Drug Conjugates (ADCs)
3.2 Nanobodies
3.3 Antiangiogenic Agents
3.4 Immunotherapeutic Agents
3.5 Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)-Targeted Therapy
3.6 MiRNAs-Targeted Therapy
3.7 Complexes of Super-Enhancers Targeted Therapy
3.8 Nanotechnology-Based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
4 Nanocomposites
5 Polymeric Nanocomposites
5.1 Types of Polymers Used for Nanocomposites Synthesis
5.2 Polymeric Nanocomposites and the Advantages for Cancer-Targeted Therapy
5.3 Localized Treatment of Solid Tumors with Polymeric Nanocomposite Systems
6 Future Challenges in Cancer Therapy
7 Multiscale Molecular Simulation for Nanostructured Polymer Systems
References
Biopolymeric-Inorganic Composites for Drug Delivery Applications
1 Introduction
2 Drug Delivery Systems
3 Use of Biopolymers in Drug Delivery
4 Polysaccharides
4.1 Chitosan
4.2 Alginate
4.3 Cellulose
4.4 Starch
5 Proteins
5.1 Albumin
5.2 Collagen
5.3 Gelatin
5.4 Silk Fibroin
6 Inorganic Materials in Biopolymer Composites
7 Metals
8 Metal Oxides and Hydroxides
8.1 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
8.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
8.3 Magnetic Materials
8.4 Aluminosilicates
9 Carbon Materials–Biopolymers Composites
10 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
11 Clay Minerals-Biopolymers Composite
References
Natural Polymeric-Based Composites for Delivery of Growth Factors
1 Biomedical Applications of GFs
2 Challenges and Approaches to Develop Devices for GFs Delivery
2.1 Approaches for Intrinsic Improvement of Stability and Action of GFs
2.2 Approaches for GFs Delivery Systems
3 Composite Materials for GFs Delivery
4 Polysaccharide-Based Composites
4.1 Alginate-Base Composites for GFs Delivery
4.2 Chitosan-Based Composites for GFs Delivery
4.3 Glycosaminoglycan-Based Composites for GFs Delivery
5 Protein-Origin Composites
5.1 Collagen-Based Composites for GFs Release
5.2 Gelatin-Based Composites for GFs Release
References
Biopolymers/Ceramic-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Drug Delivery in Bone Tissue Engineering
1 Introduction
2 BTE Scaffolds for Drug Delivery
2.1 Types of Drug Molecules Used in Bone Regeneration
2.2 Impacts of Scaffolds for Drug Delivery
3 Biopolymer/Ceramic Nanocomposite Scaffolds in Bone Regeneration
3.1 Biopolymers-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds
3.2 Ceramics-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds
4 Biopolymer/Ceramic Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Drug Delivery in Bone Tissue Engineering
4.1 Natural Polymer/Ceramic-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds
4.2 Synthetic Polymer/Ceramic-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds
4.3 Natural/Synthetic Polymers/Ceramic-Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds
5 Conclusions
References
Biopolymeric Nanocomposites for Orthopedic Applications
1 Introduction
2 Natural Bone—A Nanostructured Composite
2.1 Bone Defects
2.2 Requirements for Bone Scaffolds
3 Biopolymeric Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Regeneration
3.1 Extracellular Matrix Polymeric Scaffolds
3.2 Synthetic Polymeric Scaffolds
3.3 Hybrid Polymeric Scaffolds
3.4 Multifunctional Biopolymeric Nanocomposites
4 Biomineralization
5 Degradation of Biopolymeric Nanocomposites
6 Conclusions and Future Trends
References
Natural Polymer-Based Composite Wound Dressings
1 Introduction
2 Novel Mechanism of Action of Wound Healing
3 Types of Dressings
4 Advances in Natural Polymeric Biomaterials and Composites
4.1 Collagen-Based Wound Dressings
4.2 Alginate-Based Wound Dressings
4.3 Glucan-Based Wound Dressings
4.4 Dextran-Based Wound Dressings
4.5 Cellulose-Based Wound Dressings
4.6 Chitosan-Based Wound Dressings
4.7 Hyaluronic Acid-Based Wound Dressings
4.8 Gelatin-Based Wound Dressings
4.9 Keratin-Based Wound Dressings
4.10 Silk Fibroin-Based Wound Dressings
5 Conclusion
References
A View on Polymer-Based Composite Materials for Smart Wound Dressings
1 Introduction
2 Complexity of a Chronic Wound
2.1 Different Stages of Healing
2.2 Wound Types and Therapeutic Requirements
3 The Event of a Wound Infection
4 Established Wound Dressing Options
4.1 Synthetic/Biosynthetic Dressings in Wound Care
4.2 Tissue Engineered Skin Substitutes and Advanced Wound Healing
5 Sensing the Wound
5.1 Detectable Biomarkers
5.2 Multicomponent Biosensor Dressings
6 Future Perspectives
References
Index