Plasmas and Energetic Processes in the Geomagnetosphere

Contents
Preface
References for Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations and Notations
Author’s Contact Information
Internal and External Sources of Geomagnetosphere, Inverse Periods and Secular Variations, Structure, Geomagnetic Indexes, Energy Transfer from Macro to Micro, Instabilities, Effects before Earthquakes, Radio and Cosmic Ray Tomography
1.1. The Earth’s Magnetosphere/Ionosphere as the Nearest Natural Laboratory of Plasmas and Energetic Processes in Space
1.1.1. Beginning of Space Era in the Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Research
1.1.2. Using Multispacecraft Missions for Research of Magnetospheric Processes
1.1.3. Development of Magnetosphere Measurements on Satellites: Fast Auroral Imager (FAI)
1.1.4. What Controls the Structure and Dynamics of Earth’s Magnetosphere?
1.2. The Geomagnetosphere: Main Internal and External Sources, Inverse Periods and Secular Variations
1.2.1. Internal and External Sources of the Earth’s Magnetosphere
1.2.2. Describing the Geomagnetic Field by Sum of Spherical Harmoniks
1.2.3. Relative Role of Spherical Harmonics in the Formation of the Geomagnetic Field from Internal Sources
1.2.4. Presentation of Main Geomagnetic Field as Caused by Many Dipoles
1.2.5. Construction of the Spatial–Temporal Model of the Main Geomagnetic Field Using Satellite and Balloon Data
1.2.6. Decreasing of Earth’s Dipole Field and Increasing Exposure of Geosynchronous Orbit in Solar Wind
1.2.7. Detection of Fast Secular Variations Based on the Data of Satellite Magnetic Surveys
1.2.8. Research of Long-Term Variations of Main Geomagnetic Field Based on Paleomagnetic Data
1.2.9. Evolution of the Dipole Geomagnetic Field: Observations and Models
1.2.10. Stochastic Behavior of Geomagnetic Field in the Middle Jurassic–Paleogene
1.2.11. Paleomagnetic Studies of Upper Neopleistocene Rocks from the El’tigen Cross Section, Kerch Peninsula
1.2.12. Effect of Core–Mantle Boundary on Kinematics of Main Geomagnetic Field Sources
1.2.13. Centennial to Millennial Geomagnetic Field Variations
1.2.14. Moving of the North and South Magnetic Poles
1.2.15. Moving of South Atlantic Anomaly
1.2.16. Secular Variations of the Main Geomagnetic Field
1.2.17. Geomagnetic Jerks as Caused by Rapid Core Field Variations and Core Dynamics
1.2.18. Geomagnetic Jerks in the Polar Regions
1.2.19. Core Field Acceleration Pulse as a Common Cause of the 2003 and 2007 Geomagnetic Jerks
1.2.20. Geomagnetic Excursions
1.2.21. The Possibilities of Paleomagnetic and Geohistorical Analyses of “Tiny Wiggles” Short-Period Marine Magnetic Anomalies.
1.3. Geomagnetosphere’s Structure and the General Pattern of Energetic Magnetospheric Processes
1.3.1. The Earth’s Magnetosphere Structure as a Cavity in the Supersonic Solar Wind
1.3.2. Three Groups of Magnetospheric Acceleration Mechanisms
1.3.3. The Inner Magnetosphere Source of Dawn-Dusk Electric Field and Magnetospheric Dynamics
1.3.4. Excitation of MHD Cavities in the Earth’s Magnetosphere
1.3.5. Bubble and Blob Distributions during the Solar Minimum
1.4. Main Properties of Magnetospheric Plasma
1.4.1. Neutrality of Magnetospheric Plasma and Debye Radius
1.4.2. Conductivity and Magnetic Viscosity of Magnetospheric Plasma
1.4.3. The Time of Magnetic Field Dissipation; Frozen Magnetic Fields
1.4.4. Transport Path of Ions in Magnetospheric Plasma and Dissipative Processes
1.5. Processes in Magnetospheric Plasma and Particle Acceleration: Energy Transfer from Macro to Micro, Magnetospheric Cosmic Rays (MCR)
1.5.1. Space Plasma as Excited Magneto-Turbulent Plasma
1.5.2. Main Channels of Energy Transformation in Space Plasma
1.5.3. Particle Acceleration in Space and Magnetospheric Plasma and the Second Fundamental Law of Thermodynamics
1.6. Currents in the Geomagnetosphere
1.6.1. Birkeland Currents in the Earth’s Magnetosphere/Ionosphere
1.6.2. Large-Scale Birkeland Currents
1.6.3. Generation of Current Systems by Asymmetric Plasma Pressure
1.7. Variability of the Geomagnetosphere
1.8. Types of Plasma Instabilities in the Geomagnetosphere
1.8.1. Instabilities in Different Parts of Magnetosphere
1.8.2. Kelvin Helmholtz Instability in Planetary Magnetospheres
1.8.3. The structure of Kelvin–Helmholtz Vortices with Super-Sonic Flow
1.8.4. Compressible Kelvin(Helmholtz Instability in Supermagnetosonic Regimes
1.8.5. Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability at Low-Latitude Boundary Layer
1.8.6. Alternative Interpretation of Results from Kelvin-Helmholtz Vortex Identification Criteria
1.8.7. Ion Bernstein Instability in the Terrestrial Magnetosphere: Linear Dispersion Theory
1.8.8. Alfvén-Cyclotron Instability with Singly Ionized Helium: Linear Theory
1.8.9. A Possible Mechanism for the Formation of Filamentous Structures in Magnetoplasmas by Kinetic Alfvén Waves
1.8.10. Ballooning Modes and LF Oscillations in the Nightside Magnetosphere
1.8.11. Revisit of Alfvén Ballooning Modes in Isotropic, Ideal MHD Plasmas: Effect of Diamagnetic Condition
1.8.12. Ion-Cyclotron Parallel-Velocity Shear Driven Instability
1.8.13. Interchange Instability Associated with Magnetic Dipolarization
1.8.14. Combined Mirror and Proton Cyclotron Instabilities
1.8.15. Kinetic Theory of the Magnetic Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
1.8.16. Possible Observational Evidence of Contact Discontinuities
1.8.17. Hall and Finite Larmor Radius Effects on the Dipolarization Fronts Associated with Interchange Instability
1.9. Magnetospheric/Ionospheric Effects (Including Precursors) from Earthquakes and Tsunami
1.9.1. Theoretical and Observational Aspects of the Problem
1.9.2. Quiet Time Equatorial Mass Density Distribution Derived from AMPTE/CCE and GOES Using the Magnetoseismology Technique
1.9.3. Theory and Detection Scheme of Seismic EM Signals Transferred into the Atmosphere from the Oceanic and Continental Lithosphere
1.9.4. An Improved Coupling Model for the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere System
1.9.5. Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes and Global Electric Circuit
1.9.6. Change in Statistical Functionals of Critical Frequency Prior to Strong Earthquakes
1.9.7. Physical Bases of the Generation of Short-Term Earthquake Precursors: A Complex Model of Ionization-Induced Geophysical Processes in the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere-Magnetosphere System
1.9.8. On a Possible Seismomagnetic Effect in the Topside Ionosphere
1.9.9. Electrodynamic Model of Atmospheric and Ionospheric Processes on the Eve of an Earthquake
1.9.10. Ionospheric Characteristics Prior to the Greatest Earthquake in Recorded History
1.9.11. Disturbances in the F2 Region Critical Frequency before the Earthquake of September 11, 2008 off the Coast of Hokkaido, Japan, and during a Moderate Magnetic Storm Based on Data from Ground-Based Vertical Ionosphere Sounding Stations.
1.9.12. Anomalous Changes in Ionospheric TEC
1.9.13. Infrasonic Sounds Excited by Seismic Waves of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake as Visualized in Ionograms
1.9.14. Earthquake Induced Dynamics at the Ionosphere in Presence of Magnetic Storm
1.9.15. Ionospheric and Geomagnetic Disturbances Caused by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake
1.9.16. The Response of the Ionosphere to the Earthquake in Japan on March 11, 2011 as Estimated by Different GPS-Based Methods
1.9.17. Anomalous Ionospheric Disturbances over South Korea Prior to the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake
1.9.18. Mw Dependence of the Preseismic Ionospheric Electron Enhancements
1.9.19. Does an Ionospheric Hole Appear After an Inland Earthquake?
1.9.20. Virtual Array Beamforming of GPS TEC Observations of Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances Near the Geomagnetic South Pole Triggered by Teleseismic Megathrusts
1.9.21. Investigation of GPS-TEC Measurements Using ANN Method Indicating Seismo-Ionospheric Anomalies around the Time of the Chile (Mw = 8.2) Earthquake of 01 April 2014
1.9.22. Detection of Ionospheric Disturbances Driven by the 2014 Chile Tsunami Using GPS Total Electron Content in New Zealand
1.9.23. Two-Mode Ionospheric Response and Rayleigh Wave Group Velocity Distribution Reckoned from GPS Measurement Following Mw 7.8 Nepal Earthquake on 25 April 2015
1.9.24. Slip Segmentation and Slow Rupture to the Trench during the 2015, Mw8.3 Illapel, Chile Earthquake
1.9.26. Additional Attenuation of Natural VLF Electromagnetic Waves Observed by the DEMETER Spacecraft Resulting from Preseismic Activity
1.9.27. Precursory Enhancement of EIA in the Morning Sector: Contribution from Mid-Latitude Large Earthquakes in the North-East Asian Region
1.9.28. Are There New Findings in the Search for ULF Magnetic Precursors to Earthquakes?
1.10. The problem on Penetration of Flow Bursts and Shock Waves into the Geomagnetosphere
1.10.1. On the Flow Bursts Penetration into the Inner Magnetosphere
1.10.2. MHD Analysis of Propagation of an Interplanetary Shock across Magnetospheric Boundaries
1.11. Geomagnetosphere’s Radio Tomographic Imaging
1.11.1. Using Radio Waves and Faraday Rotation
1.11.2. Magnetospheric Electron Density Long-Term (>1 Day) Refilling Rates Inferred from Passive Radio Emissions
1.11.3. Radio-Tomographic Images of Postmidnight Equatorial Plasma Depletions
1.12. Geomagnetosphere’s Energetic Neutral Atom Stereo Imaging
1.13. Checking Geomagnetospheric Currents and Magnetic Field Distribution by Galactic and Solar CR
1.13.1. The Matter and Ways to Solve the Problem
1.13.2. Events in 1970-1972 (Especially in May and June, 1972)
1.13.3. Magnetic Storm and Forbush Decrease in September, 1974
1.13.4. Magnetic Storm and Forbush Decrease in March, 1976
1.13.5. Magnetic Storms and Forbush Decreases in February 1978 and July 1979: The Influence of the DR, DRT, and DCF Currents on the Variations of the CR Cutoff Rigidity
1.13.6. On the Possibility to Check the Magnetosphere’s Model by CR: The Strong Geomagnetic Storm in November 2003
1.13.7. Variations of Parameters of Rigidity Spectrum of Cosmic Rays during Events of January, 2005
1.13.8. Some Properties of Magnetosphere Derived from CR Observations
1.14. Three Adiabatic Motions of Energetic Particles in the Geomagnetosphere, Geomagnetic Coordinates, McIlwain Parameter, and Inter-Hemispheric Conjugate
1.14.1. Three Adiabatic Motions of Energetic Particles in the Magnetosphere
1.14.2. On the Definition and Calculation of a Generalized McIlwain Parameter
1.14.3. A Novel Technique for Rapid L* Calculation Using UBK Coordinates
1.14.4. An Algorithm for Approximating the L* Invariant Coordinate from the Real-Time Tracing of One Magnetic Field Line between Mirror Points
1.14.5. Altitude-Adjusted Corrected Geomagnetic Coordinates: Definition and Functional Approximations
1.14.6. Interhemispheric Magnetic Conjugacy
1.14.7. Upper Atmosphere Differences between Northern and Southern High Latitudes: The Role of Magnetic Field Asymmetry
1.15. Indexes of Geomagnetic Activity
1.15.1. Indexes of Geomagnetic Activity aa, IHV, and IDV, and Their Long-Term Variations
1.15.2. Statistical Relationship between Geomagnetic Activity Index Kp and the Auroral Boundary Index (ABI)
1.15.3. Wp Index: A New Substorm Index Derived from High-Resolution Geomagnetic Field Data at Low Latitude
1.15.4. Comparison of Neural Network and Support Vector Machine Methods for Kp Forecasting
1.15.5. Similarities and Differences in Low- to Middle-Latitude Geomagnetic Indices
1.15.6. The K-Derived MLT Sector Geomagnetic Indices
1.15.7. Local Geomagnetic Indices and the Prediction of Auroral Power
1.15.8. Annual Fractions of High-Speed Streams from Principal Component Analysis of Local Geomagnetic Activity
1.15.9. Seasonal Variations in Statistical Distributions of Geomagnetic Activity Indices
1.15.10. New Hemispheric Geomagnetic Indices α15 with 15 min Time Resolution
1.15.11. Toward More Reliable Long-Term Indices of Geomagnetic Activity: Correcting a New Inhomogeneity Problem in Early Geomagnetic Data
1.16. Time-Variations of Geomagnetic Activity
1.16.1. Semiannual Variations of Geomagnetic Activity
1.16.2. Trend and Abrupt Changes in Long-Term Geomagnetic Indices
1.16.3. Geomagnetic Lunar and Solar Daily Variations during the Last 100 Years
1.16.4. Kalman Filter Technique for Defining Solar Regular Geomagnetic Variations: Comparison of Analog and Digital Methods at Sodankylä Observatory
1.16.5. Mean Solar Quiet Daily Variations in the Earth’s Magnetic Field along East African Longitudes
1.16.6. Variations in the Geomagnetic Field Strength in the 5th–3rd Centuries BC in the Eastern Mediterranean (According to Narrowly Dated Ceramics)
1.17. Magnetic Turbulence and Self-Organized Criticality in the Geomagnetosphere
1.17.1. Main Features of the Turbulence in the Magnetosphere
1.17.2. Character of Turbulence in the Boundary Regions of the Earth’s Magnetosphere
1.17.3. The Theoretical Concept of Self-Organized Criticality (SOC)
1.17.4. Self-Organized Criticality in Space and Laboratory Plasmas
1.17.5. Self-Organized Criticality: Numerical Detection Methods
1.18. Plasma Density Distribution in the Geomagnetosphere
1.18.1. Postmidnight Bubbles and Scintillations in the Quiet-Time June Solstice
1.18.2. Determining of Quiet Time Equatorial Mass Density Distribution by Using the Magnetoseismology Technique
1.18.3. Comparison of Equatorial Plasma Mass Densities Deduced from Field Line Resonances Observed at Ground for Dipole and IGRF Models
1.19. Magnetospheric Convection
1.19.1. Comparison between the Two Basic Modes of Magnetospheric Convection
1.19.2. Statistical Occurrence and Dynamics of the Harang Discontinuity during Steady Magnetospheric Convection
1.19.3. Steady Magnetospheric Convection Events: How much Does Steadiness Matter?
1.20. Possible Coupling of Thunderstorms with Geomagnetosphere/Ionosphere System
References
Foreshock and Bow Shock
2.1. The Foreshocks and Bow Shocks in Planetary Magnetospheres
2.2. The Foreshock and Bow Shock in the Geomagnetosphere
2.2.1. The Bow Shock/Foreshock System of the Magnetosphere
2.2.2. THEMIS Observation of Intermittent Turbulence behind the Quasi-Parallel and Quasi-Perpendicular Shocks
2.3. Plasmas and Energetic Processes at the Terrestrial Foreshock
2.3.1. Energetic Particle Anisotropy in Weak and Strong Foreshocks
2.3.2. Foreshock Compressional Boundary
2.3.3. Langmuir Electric Field Waveforms Exhibiting Nonlinear behavior in Earth’s Foreshock
2.3.4. Turbulence in the Foreshock Region and in the Earth’s Magnetosheath
2.3.5. Asymmetry of the Electron Foreshock due to the Strahl
2.3.6. Foreshock Compressional Boundary and Its Connection to Foreshock Cavities
2.3.7. Foreshock Bubbles Upstream of Earth’s Bow Shock
2.3.8. On the Origin of the Quasi-Perpendicular Ion Foreshock
2.3.9. Shocklets, SLAMS, and FAB in the Foreshock
2.3.10. On the Role of Transient Ion Foreshock Phenomena in Driving Pc5 ULF Wave Activity
2.3.11. Electron Plasma and Current-Driven Langmuir Oscillations in the Foreshock
2.3.12. Temperature Anisotropy in the Presence of Ultra Low Frequency Waves in the Terrestrial Foreshock
2.3.13. Identification of the Dominant ULF Wave Mode and Generation Mechanism for Obliquely Propagating Waves in the Earth’s Foreshock
2.3.14. Ion Distributions in the Earth’s Foreshock: Hybrid-Vlasov Simulation and THEMIS Observations
2.3.15. The ULF Wave Foreshock Boundary: Cluster Observations
2.3.16. THEMIS Observations of Tangential Discontinuity-Driven Foreshock Bubbles
2.3.17. Production of Nongyrotropic and Gyrotropic Backstreaming Ion Distributions in the Quasi-Perpendicular ion Foreshock Region
2.3.18. Multipoint observations of the structure and evolution of foreshock bubbles and their relation to hot flow anomalies.
2.3.19. Observations of a new foreshock region upstream of a foreshock bubble’s shock.
2.4. Plasmas and Energetic Processes at the Terrestrial Bow Shock
2.4.1. The Bow Shock Moving
2.4.2. Observations of Bow Shock by Prognoz–Prognoz 11
2.4.3. The Main Achievements of the Cluster Observations at the Terrestrial Bow Shock
2.4.4. Asymmetry of Nonlinear Interactions of Solar MHD Discontinuities with Bow Shock
2.4.5. Electric Field in the Earth Magnetosphere, Caused by Processes in the Bow Shock
2.4.6. Bow Shock as a Power Source for Magnetospheric Processes
2.4.7. Fluctuations of Density and Magnetic Field within the Quasi-Perpendicular Bow Shock
2.4.8. Electron Dynamics and Cross-Shock Potential at the Quasi-Perpendicular Earth’s Bow Shock
2.4.9. Ion Thermalization and Wave Excitation Downstream of Earth’s Bow Shock and He2+ Acceleration
2.4.10. Intermediate Shocks in Three-Dimensional MHD Bow-Shock Flows
2.4.11. Small-Scale Deformation of the Bow Shock
2.4.12. Particle Acceleration at the Earth’s Bow Shock
2.4.15. Study of Hot Flow Anomalies at the Bow Shock
2.4.14. Interactions of the Heliospheric Current and Plasma Sheets with the Bow Shock
2.4.15. Statistical Study of the Cross-Shock Electric Potential
2.4.16. Multiscale Whistler Waves within Earth’s Perpendicular Bow Shock
2.4.17. Stationary Bow Shock Model for Plasmas
2.4.18. Magnetic Field Turbulence Near of the Earth’s Bow Shock
2.4.19. Transport of Solar Energetic Electrons through the Earth’s Bow Shock
2.4.20. Bow Shock: Power Aspects and Energy Dissipation Rates
2.4.21. Oscillations of Energetic Ions Flux Near the Earth’s Bow Shock
2.4.22. Propagation Characteristics of Young Hot Flow Anomalies Near the Bow Shock: Cluster Observations
2.4.23. The Upstream-Propagating Alfvénic Fluctuations with Power Law Spectra in the Upstream Region of the Earth’s Bow Shock
2.4.24. 3D Hybrid Simulations of the Interaction of a Magnetic Cloud with a Bow Shock
2.4.25. Case and Statistical Studies on the Evolution of Hot Flow Anomalies
2.4.26. Observational Evidence of Alfvén Wings at the Earth
2.4.27. Cone angle control of the interaction of magnetic clouds with the Earth’s bow shock.
References
Magnetopause/Plasmapause
3.1. Main Properties of the Magnetopause/Plasmapause
3.2. Magnetopause Location in MHD Models and Comparison with Results of Empirical Magnetopause Models
3.2.1. The Matter and Short History of Magnetopause Location and Global Structure Determination
3.2.2. Comparison Four Empirical Magnetopause Models with the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry (LFM) MHD Model
3.2.3. 3-D High Mach Number Asymmetric Magnetopause Model from Global MHD Simulation
3.2.4. Magnetopause Orientation: Comparison between Generic Residue Analysis and BV Method
3.2.5. New Model Fit Functions of the Plasmapause Location Determined Using THEMIS Observations during the Ascending Phase of Solar Cycle 24
3.2.6. Statistical Storm Time Examination of MLT-Dependent Plasmapause Location Derived from IMAGE EUV
3.2.7. Plasmapause Location under Quiet Geomagnetic Conditions (Kp ≤ 1): THEMIS Observations
3.2.8. Determination of the Earth’s Plasmapause Location from the CE-3 EUVC Images
3.2.9. Do we know the actual magnetopause position for typical solar wind conditions?
3.2.10. Global expansion of the dayside magnetopause for long-duration radial IMF events: Statistical study on GOES observations.
3.3. Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability and Waves in the Magnetopause
3.3.1. Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability and MHD Flow Visualization of Magnetopause Boundary Region Vortices
3.3.2. Properties of Kelvin-Helmholtz Waves at the Magnetopause under Northward IMF: Statistical Study
3.3.3. X-ray Imaging of Kelvin-Helmholtz Waves at the Magnetopause
3.3.4. Conjugate Observations of Traveling Convection Vortices Associated with Transient Events at the Magnetopause
3.3.5. Dense Plasma and Kelvin-Helmholtz Waves at Earth’s Dayside Magnetopause
3.4. Bifurcation of Drift Shells, Plasma Penetration, Thickness, Reconnection, Particle Acceleration
3.4.1. Bifurcation of Drift Shells near Dayside Magnetopause
3.4.2. The Motion of Flux Transfer Events Generated by Component Reconnection across the Dayside Magnetopause
3.4.3. Plasma Penetration of the Dayside Magnetopause
3.4.3. Determining the Thickness of the Low-Latitude Boundary Layer in the Earth’s Magnetosphere
3.4.4. Electron Bulk Heating in Magnetic Reconnection at Earth’s Magnetopause: Dependence on the Inflow Alfvén Speed and Magnetic Shear
3.4.5. Global Hybrid Simulation of Mode Conversion at the Dayside Magnetopause
3.4.6. Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Rising Tone Emissions Observed by THEMIS Probes
3.4.7. Evidence for the Core Field Polarity of Magnetic Flux Ropes against the Reconnection Guide Field
3.4.8. Hot Magnetospheric O+ and Cold Ion Behavior in Magnetopause Reconnection: Cluster Observations
3.4.9. Ion Bulk Heating in Magnetic Reconnection Exhausts at Earth’s Magnetopause: Dependence on the Inflow Alfvén Speed and Magnetic Shear Angle
3.4.10. Magnetic Field Topology for Northward IMF Reconnection: Ion Observations
3.4.11. Magnetopause Reconnection and Energy Conversion as Influenced by the Dipole Tilt and the IMF Bx
3.4.12. Observations of Plasma Waves in the Colliding Jet Region of a Magnetic Flux Rope Flanked by Two Active X Lines at the Subsolar Magnetopause
3.4.13. Plasma and Energetic Particle Behaviors during Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection at the Magnetopause
3.4.14. Dipole Tilt Angle Effect on Magnetic Reconnection Locations on the Magnetopause
3.4.15. Modification of the Hall Physics in Magnetic Reconnection due to Cold Ions at the Earth’s Magnetopause
3.4.16. The effect of Diamagnetic Drift on Motion of the Dayside Magnetopause Reconnection Line
3.4.17. Dependence of the Dayside Magnetopause Reconnection Rate on Local Conditions
3.4.18. Electron and Ion Edges and the Associated Magnetic Topology of the Reconnecting Magnetopause
3.4.19. Ion Acceleration Dependence on Magnetic Shear Angle in Dayside Magnetopause Reconnection
3.4.20. Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection with a Flow Shear and Applications to the Magnetopause
3.4.21. Separator Reconnection at the Magnetopause for Predominantly Northward and Southward IMF: Techniques and Results
3.4.22. Evolution of Spectral Index of Energetic Protons in the Magnetopause Crossing at the Subsolar Point
3.4.23. Comparison of Magnetospheric Multiscale ion jet signatures with predicted reconnection site locations at the magnetopause.
3.4.24. Decay of mesoscale flux transfer events during quasi-continuous spatially extended reconnection at the magnetopause.
3.4.25. Electrodynamic context of magnetopause dynamics observed by magnetospheric multiscale.
3.4.26. Electron energization and mixing observed by MMS in the vicinity of an electron diffusion region during magnetopause reconnection.
3.4.27. Ion demagnetization in the magnetopause current layer observed by MMS.
3.4.28. Ion-scale secondary flux ropes generated by magnetopause reconnection as resolved by MMS.
3.4.29. Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of large-amplitude, parallel, electrostatic waves associated with magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause.
3.4.30. MMS observations of large guide field symmetric reconnection between colliding reconnection jets at the center of a magnetic flux rope at the magnetopause.
3.4.31. Shift of the magnetopause reconnection line to the winter hemisphere under southward IMF conditions: Geotail and MMS observations.
3.4.32. The effects of turbulence on three-dimensional magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause.
3.4.33. The local dayside reconnection rate for oblique interplanetary magnetic fields.
3.4.34. The response time of the magnetopause reconnection location to changes in the solar wind: MMS case study.
3.4.35. Thick escaping magnetospheric ion layer in magnetopause reconnection with MMS observations.
3.5. High-Latitude Earth’s Magnetopause Outside the Cusp
3.6. Heating, Acceleration, and Motion of the Magnetopause
3.6.1. Extreme Magnetopause Motion Caused by a Hot Flow Anomaly
3.6.2. Storm Time Occurrence of Relativistic Electron Microbursts in Relation to the Plasmapause
3.6.3. Large Electric Field at the Nightside Plasmapause Observed by the Polar Spacecraft
3.6.4. Ion Heating by Broadband Electromagnetic Waves in the Magnetosheath and across the Magnetopause
3.6.5. The Effect of Magnetopause Motion on Fast Mode Resonance
3.6.6. Nonadiabatic Ion Acceleration at the Nightside High Latitude Magnetopause: Fine Structure of the Velocity Distribution Function
3.7. Standing AlfvÉn Waves at the Magnetopause
3.8. Upward Field-Aligned Currents at the Magnetopause Boundary Layer
3.9. Models and Observations of the Earth Magnetopause
3.9.1. Analytical Model of the Near-Earth Magnetopause According to the Prognoz and Interball Satellite Data
3.9.2. Three-Dimensional Asymmetric Magnetopause Model
3.9.3. Hybrid Simulation of Mode Conversion at the Magnetopause
3.9.4. Routine Determination of the Plasmapause Based on COSMIC GPS total Electron Content Observations
3.9.5. The Location of the Earth’s Magnetopause: A Comparison of Modeled Position and in situ Cluster Data
3.9.6. About the Equilibrium and Stability of the Magnetopause
3.9.7. BV Technique for Investigating 1-D Interfaces
3.9.8. Characteristics of the Flank Magnetopause: Cluster Observations
3.9.9. Comparison of the Magnetic Field before the Subsolar Magnetopause with the Magnetic Field in the Solar Wind before the Bow Shock
3.9.10. Data-Based Modeling of the Geomagnetosphere with an IMF-Dependent Magnetopause
3.9.11. Enhancement of Ultralow Frequency Wave Amplitudes at the Plasmapause
3.9.12. Simulated Magnetopause Losses and Van Allen Probe Flux Dropouts
3.9.13. Simulation of Van Allen Probes Plasmapause Encounters
3.9.14. Remote Sensing the Plasmasphere, Plasmapause, Plumes and Other Features Using Ground-Based Magnetometers
3.9.15. Magnetospheric Boundary Perturbations on MHD and Kinetic Scales
3.9.16. The Global Structure and Time Evolution of Dayside Magnetopause Surface Eigenmodes
3.9.17. Estimates of terms in Ohm’s law during an encounter with an electron diffusion region.
3.9.18. Observations of energetic particle escape at the magnetopause: Early results from the MMS Energetic Ion Spectrometer (EIS).
References
Plasmasphere
4.1. Main Properties of the Plasmasphere
4.1.1. Main Properties and Plasmas-Energetic Processes in the Plasmasphere
4.1.2. The Plasmasphere and Advances in Plasmaspheric Research
4.1.3. The Dynamic Plasmasphere
4.1.4. Hydrostatic Equilibrium and Convective Stability in the Plasmasphere
4.1.5. Exospheric Model of the Plasmasphere
4.1.6. Subauroral Ion Drifts: A Turbulent Plasmaspheric Boundary Layer
4.2. CLUSTER and IMAGE Observations of Plasmasphere
4.2.1. CLUSTER and IMAGE: New Ways to Study the Earth’s Plasmasphere
4.2.2. Electric Fields and Magnetic Fields in the Plasmasphere: A Perspective from CLUSTER and IMAGE
4.2.3. Cluster Observations of Earthward Propagating Plasmoid and Flux Ropes
4.2.4. Plasmaspheric Density Structures and Dynamics-Properties Observed by the CLUSTER and IMAGE Missions
4.2.5. The Nightside-to-Dayside Evolution of the Inner Magnetosphere: IMAGE Observations
4.2.6. IMAGE and DMSP Observations of a Density trough Inside the Plasmasphere
4.2.7. Field-Aligned Distribution of the Plasmaspheric Electron Density: An Empirical Model Derived from the IMAGE RPI Measurements
4.2.8. Extreme Ultraviolet Imager Observations of the Structure and Dynamics of the Plasmasphere
4.2.9. Developing an Empirical Density Model of the Plasmasphere Using IMAGE/RPI Observations
4.2.10. Density Irregularities in the Plasmasphere Boundary Layer: Cluster Observations in the Dusk Sector
4.2.11. Quantifying the Azimuthal Plasmaspheric Density Structure and Dynamics Inferred from IMAGE EUV
4.2.12. Wave-Particle Interaction in a Plasmaspheric Plume Observed by a Cluster Satellite
4.2.13. Estimation of Temporal Evolution of the Helium Plasmasphere Based on a Sequence of IMAGE/EUV Images
4.2.14. Estimation of the Helium Ion Density Distribution in the Plasmasphere Based on a Single IMAGE/EUV Image
4.2.15. Validation of Plasmasphere Electron Density Reconstructions Derived from Data on Board CHAMP by IMAGE/RPI Data
4.2.16. Analysis of the IMAGE RPI electron density data and CHAMP plasmasphere electron density reconstructions with focus on plasmasphere modelling.
4.3. Observations of Plasmasphere by THEMIS, other Satellites, and on Ground
4.3.1. Plasmaspheric Observations at Geosynchronous Orbit
4.3.2. Plasmasphere Electron Temperature Model Based on Akebono Data
4.3.3. Plasmaspheric Electron Content Derived from GPS TEC and Digisonde Ionograms
4.3.4. Thermal Structure of Dayside Plasmasphere According to the Data of Tail, Auroral Probes, and Magion-5 Satellites
4.3.5. Observations of Electromagnetic Emissions Inside the Earth’s Plasmasphere from the Interball-1 Satellite
4.3.6. Study of Notches in the Earth’s Plasmasphere Based on Data of the MAGION-5 Satellite
4.3.7. Global Distributions of Suprathermal Electrons Observed on THEMIS and Potential Mechanisms for Access into the Plasmasphere
4.3.8. Plasmaspheric Electron Content Derived from GPS TEC and FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Measurements: Solar Minimum Condition
4.3.9. Restoration of the Proton Density Distribution in the Earth’s Plasmasphere from Measurements along the INTERBALL-1 Satellite Orbit
4.3.10. Simultaneous Observations of Plasmaspheric and Ionospheric Variations during Magnetic Storms in 2011: First Result from Chinese Meridian Project
4.4. Plums, Whistlers, Chorus, Hiss, and other Waves in the Plasmasphere
4.4.1. The Study of Bulk Plasma Motions and Associated Electric Fields in the Plasmasphere by Means of Whistler-Mode Signals
4.4.2. Latitudinal Changes of Polar Hiss and Plasmapause Hiss Associated with Magnetospheric Processes
4.4.3. Multipoint Observation of Fast Mode Waves Trapped in the Dayside Plasmasphere
4.4.4. The Relations between Magnetospheric Chorus and Hiss Inside and Outside the Plasmasphere
4.4.5. Modeling the Evolution of Chorus Waves into Plasmaspheric Hiss
4.4.6. Characteristics of Field Line Resonance Type Geomagnetic Pulsations and Variations of Plasmaspheric Plasma Density Distribution
4.4.7. Global Statistical Evidence for Chorus as the Embryonic Source of Plasmaspheric Hiss
4.4.8. Resonant Scattering and Resultant Pitch Angle Evolution of Relativistic Electrons by Plasmaspheric Hiss
4.4.9. Fine Structure of Plasmaspheric Hiss
4.4.10. In Situ Signatures of Residual Plasmaspheric Plumes: Observations and Simulation
4.4.11. Long-Lived Plasmaspheric Drainage Plumes
4.4.12. The Trapping of Equatorial Magnetosonic Waves in the Earth’s Outer Plasmasphere
4.4.13. Externally Driven Plasmaspheric ULF Waves Observed by the Van Allen Probes
4.4.14. Plasmaspheric Hiss Properties: Observations from Polar
4.4.15. A Case Study of Electron Precipitation Fluxes due to Plasmaspheric Hiss
4.4.16. Identifying the Source Region of Plasmaspheric Hiss
4.4.17. Penetration of Magnetosonic Waves into the Plasmasphere Observed by the Van Allen Probes
4.5. Plasmaspheric Dynamics, Erosion and Refilling; Behavior during Geomagnetic Storms
4.5.1. Dynamics of the Plasmasphere and Plasmapause under the Action of Geomagnetic Storms
4.5.2. Simultaneous Entry of Oxygen Ions Originating from the Sun and Earth into the Inner Magnetosphere during Magnetic Storms
4.5.3. Plasmaspheric Dynamics Resulting from the Hallowe’en 2003 Geomagnetic Storms
4.5.4. Model of the Evolution of the Plasmasphere during a Geomagnetic Storm
4.5.5. Ion Drift in the Earth’s Inner Plasmasphere during Magnetospheric Disturbances and Proton Temperature Dynamics
4.5.6. Observations and Modeling of Magnetic Flux Tube Refilling of the Plasmasphere at Geosynchronous Orbit
4.5.7. Storm Time Observations of Plasmasphere Erosion Flux in the Magnetosphere and Ionosphere
4.6. The Coupling of Plasmasphere with Ionosphere and Upper Atmosphere
4.6.1. On the Causes of the Annual Variation in the Plasmaspheric Electron Density
4.6.2. A Dynamic Diffusive Equilibrium Model of the Ion Densities along Plasmaspheric Magnetic Flux Tubes
4.6.3. The Formation of the Light Ions in the Plasmasphere
4.6.4. The 3D Model of the Plasmasphere Coupled to the Ionosphere
4.6.5. Modeling of Properties of the Plasmasphere under Quiet and Disturbed Conditions
4.6.6. The Anomaly of Plasmapause and Ionospheric trough Positions from DEMETER Data
4.6.7. Postmidnight Depletion of the High-Energy Tail of the Quiet Plasmasphere
4.7. Models of Plasmasphere, Composition and Refilling, Stability and Instabilities
4.7.1. A Dynamic Global Model of the Plasmasphere
4.7.2. Convective Instabilities in the Plasmasphere
4.7.3. Plasmasphere Response: Tutorial and Review of Recent Imaging Results
4.7.4. The Earth’s Plasmasphere: State of Studies
4.7.5. Mode Trapping in the Plasmasphere
4.7.6. Composition of the Plasmasphere and Implications for Refilling
4.7.7. The Dynamics of the Plasmasphere: Recent Results
4.7.8. Exploring the Efficacy of Different Electric Field Models in Driving a Model of the Plasmasphere
4.7.9. Relativistic Electron Precipitation Induced by EMIC-Triggered Emissions in a Dipole Magnetosphere
4.7.10. Physics-Based Reconstruction of the 3-D Density Distribution in the Entire Quiet Time Plasmasphere from Measurements along a Single Pass of an Orbiter
4.7.11. A Novel Data Assimilation Technique for the Plasmasphere
4.7.12. A New Dynamic Fluid-Kinetic Model for Plasma Transport within the Plasmasphere
4.7.13. Modeling the Plasmasphere to Topside Ionosphere Scale Height Ratio
4.8. The Plasmasphere Variations and Rotation
4.8.1. The Annual and Longitudinal Variations in Plasmaspheric Ion Density
4.8.2. Plasmaspheric Filament: An Isolated Magnetic Flux Tube Filled with Dense Plasmas
4.8.3. SAMI3 Simulation of Plasmasphere Refilling
4.8.4. Rotation of the Earth’s Plasmasphere at Different Radial Distances
4.8.5. Local time variations of high-energy plasmaspheric ion pitch angle distributions.
4.9. Plasmasphere Processes and Radiation Belts, Motion of Submicron Charged Particles
4.9.1. On Correctness of Canonical Formulation of the Problem of Motion of Submicron Particles in the Earth’s Plasmasphere
4.9.2. Specification of the Earth’s Plasmasphere with Data Assimilation
4.9.3. Activity-Dependent Global Model of Electron Loss Inside the Plasmasphere
4.9.4. Electron Lifetimes from Narrowband Wave-Particle Interactions within the Plasmasphere
References
Cusps
5.1. Main Properties of the Magnetospheric Cusps
5.1.1. Coupling process causes both momentum and energy from the solar wind to enter into the near-Earth region.
5.2. Cusps Observations by Cluster, Polar, Interball, and Many Other Satellites
5.2.1. Fine Structure of the Polar Cusp as Deduced from the Plasma Wave and Plasma Measurements
5.2.2. Magnetic Field Disturbances in the Mid-Altitude Cusp
5.2.3. Plasma Characteristics of High-Altitude Cusp for Steady Southward-Dawnward IMF
5.2.4. The Role of the Cusp as a Source for Magnetospheric Energetic Particles
5.2.5 Magnetospheric Cusp Observations using the IMAGE Satellite Radio Plasma Imager
5.2.6. High-Altitude Cusp: Interball Observation
5.2.7. The Distant Cusp and the Surrounding Magnetopause: A View in Snapshots from Polar
5.2.8 Plasma Flow across the Cusp Magnetosheath Boundary under Northward IMF
5.2.9. Cusp and Cleft Results from INTERBALL
5.2.10. Multi-Spacecraft Tracing of Turbulent Boundary Layer
5.2.11. Identification of Spacecraft Conjunctions in the Cusps
5.2.12. Cusps as Sources for Oxygen in the Plasma Sheet during Geomagnetic Storms
5.2.14. Extended SuperDARN and IMAGE Observations for Northward IMF: Evidence for Dual Lobe Reconnection
5.2.15. Magnetospheric Cusps under Extreme Conditions: Cluster Observations and MHD Simulations Compared
5.2.16. Structure of a Reconnection Layer Poleward of the Cusp: Extreme Density Asymmetry and a Guide Field
5.2.17. Temporal and Spatial Scales of a High-Flux Electron Disturbance in the Cusp Region: Cluster Observations
5.2.18. Magnetic Turbulence in the Cusp Region According to Cluster Measurements
5.3. Low-Altitude Particle Cusp Latitude and the Optimal IMF–Magnetosphere Coupling Function
5.4. Multiple Cusps during an Extended Northward IMF Period with a Significant BY Component
5.5. Cusps Models and Predictions, Outflows and Influence on Thermosphere, Signatures of the Low-Altitude Cusp
5.5.1. Magnetopause Poleward of the Cusp: Comparison of Plasma and Magnetic Signature of the Boundary for Southward and Northward Directed IMF
5.5.2. Empirical Model of Poynting Flux Derived from FAST Data and a Cusp Signature
5.5.3. Predicting the Location of Polar Cusp in the Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry Global Magnetosphere Simulation
5.5.4. Observation of a Retreating x Line and Magnetic Islands Poleward of the Cusp during Northward IMF Conditions
5.5.5. Which Cusp Upflow Events can Possibly Turn into Outflows?
5.5.6. Thermospheric Density Enhancements in the Dayside Cusp Region during Strong By Conditions
5.5.7. Small-Scale field-Aligned Currents and Magnetosheath-Like Particle Precipitation as Signatures of the Same Low-Altitude Cusp
5.5.8. Magnetic and Optical Measurements and Signatures of Reconnection in the Cusp and Vicinity
5.5.9. Relation between Cusp Ion Structures and Dayside Reconnection for four IMF Clock Angles: OpenGGCM-LTPT Results
5.5.10 Cusp Dynamics under Northward IMF Using Three-Dimensional Global Particle-in-Cell Simulations
5.6. Cusp as Tracer and Generator of Energetic Particles
5.6.1. The Electron Mixing and Acceleration Signatures as Seen near the Cusp and on the Flank
5.6.2. Energetic Ion Observations of the Earth’s Magnetic Cusps during an Extended Geomagnetically Quiescent Period in April 2001 Using Detectors on S/C ISTP/Polar
5.6.3. Cusp Energetic Ions as Tracers for Particle Transport into the Magnetosphere
5.6.4. Oxygen Energization by Localized Perpendicular Electric Fields at the Cusp Boundary
5.7. Cusp Confinement Zones on Quiet and Disturbed Dayside Magnetosphere
5.8. Analysis of the Turbulence Observed in the Outer Cusp Turbulent Boundary Layer
5.9. The Cusp as a Source of Plasma for the Magnetosphere
5.10. Configuration of the Outer Cusp after an IMF Rotation
5.11. Structure of the High-Altitude Cusp Formed by the Horizontal IMF
References
Magnetotail
6.1. Main Properties of the Magnetotail
6.1.1. Magnetotails in the Solar System
6.1.2. Tail Configuration during Storms
6.1.3. Size and Shape of the Distant Magnetotail
6.1.4. Identifying the electron diffusion region in a realistic simulation of Earth’s magnetotail
6.1.5. Electron dynamics in the reconnection ion diffusion region
6.2. Instabilities and Stabilities in the Magnetotail
6.2.1 Nonlinear Ballooning Instability in the Near-Earth Magnetotail: Possible Role in Substorms
6.2.2. Cluster Observations Showing the Indication of the Formation of a Modified-Two-Stream Instability in the Magnetotail
6.2.3. Kelvin-Helmholtz Unstable Magnetotail Flow Channels: Deceleration and Radiation of MHD Waves
6.2.4. Tearing Stability of a Multiscale Magnetotail Current Sheet
6.2.5. Geomagnetotail Dynamics: Different Types of Equilibriums and Transitions between Them
6.2.6. Evolution of Generalized Two-Dimensional Magnetotail Equilibria in Ideal and Resistive MHD
6.3. Cluster Observations of Magnetotail: MFR, Current Sheet, and Reconnection
6.3.1. Internal Structure of MFR in the Magnetotail from Cluster Observations
6.3.2. Multi-Point Study of the Magnetotail Current Sheet
6.3.3. A reconstruction Method for the Reconnection Rate Applied to Cluster Magnetotail Measurements
6.3.4. Study of Waves in the Magnetotail Region with Cluster and DSP
6.3.5. Structure and Kinetic Properties of Slow-Mode Shocks Associated with Magnetic Reconnection in the Near-Earth Magnetotail
6.3.6. Current Sheets in the Earth Magnetotail: Plasma and Magnetic Field Structure with Cluster Project Observations
6.3.7. Dawn-Dusk Scale of Dipolarization Front in the Earth’s Magnetotail: Multi-Cases Study
6.3.8. Magnetic Forces Associated with Bursty Bulk Flows in Earth’s Magnetotail
6.4. Magnetic Reconnection in the Earth’s Magnetotail
6.4.1. Velocity of Magnetic Neutral Lines in the Magnetotail
6.4.2. Waves in the Whistler Frequency Range Associated with Magnetic Reconnection in the Earth’s Magnetotail
6.4.3. Evidence for Quasi-Steady Near-Earth Magnetotail Reconnection during Magnetic Storms Using Global MHD Simulation Results and Magnetotail Magnetic Field Observations
6.4.4. Electron Flat-Top Distributions around the Magnetic Reconnection Region
6.4.5. Electrostatic Solitary Waves Associated with Reconnection: Geotail Observations
6.4.6. Multispacecraft Observation of Electron Pitch Angle Distributions in Magnetotail Reconnection
6.4.7. Average Properties of the Magnetic Reconnection Ion Diffusion Region in the Earth’s Magnetotail
6.4.8. Characteristic Distribution and Possible Roles of Waves around the Lower Hybrid Frequency in the Magnetotail Reconnection Region
6.4.9. An Empirical Model for the Location and Occurrence Rate of Near-Earth Magnetotail Reconnection
6.4.10 Separator Reconnection with Antiparallel/Component Features Observed in Magnetotail Plasmas
6.4.11. Forced Reconnection in the near Magnetotail: Onset and Energy Conversion in PIC and MHD Simulations
6.4.12. Geotail Observation of Counter Directed ESWs Associated with the Separatrix of Magnetic Reconnection in the Near-Earth Magnetotail
6.4.13. Highly Structured Electron Anisotropy in Collisionless Reconnection Exhausts
6.4.14. Ion Reflection and Acceleration near Magnetotail Dipolarization Fronts Associated with Magnetic Reconnection
6.4.15. Ion Temperature Anisotropy across a Magnetotail Reconnection Jet
6.4.16. Multiscale Study of Ion Heating in Earth’s Magnetotail
6.5. Braking of Frozen-in Condition and Flow Bursts in the Earth’s Magnetotail
6.5.1. Breakdown of the Frozen-in Condition in the Earth’s Magnetotail
6.5.2. Evidence for the Braking of Flow Bursts as They Propagate toward the Earth
6.6. AlfvÉn and other Waves, Blobs and Bubbles in the magnetotail
6.6.1. Simulations of Alfvén Waves in the Geomagnetic Tail and Their Auroral Signatures
6.6.2. Ion Dynamics Associated with Alfven Wave in the Near-Earth Magnetotail: Two-Dimensional Global Hybrid Simulation
6.6.3. Alfvén Waves and Their Roles in the Dynamics of the Earth’s Magnetotail
6.6.4. Coherent Transmission of Upstream Waves to Polar Latitudes through Magnetotail Lobes
6.6.5. On the Propagation of Blobs in the Magnetotail: MHD Simulations
6.6.6. Effect of Chorus Normal Angle on Dynamic Evolution of Radiation belt Energetic Electrons
6.6.7. EMHD Theory and Observations of Electron Solitary Waves in Magnetotail Plasmas
6.6.8. Fast Transport of Resonant Electrons in Phase Space due to Nonlinear Trapping by Whistler Waves
6.6.9. Generation of Unusually Low Frequency Plasmaspheric Hiss
6.6.10. Modulation of Auroras by Pc5 Pulsations in the Dawn Sector in Association with Reappearance of Energetic Particles at Geosynchronous orbit
6.6.11. Nonlinear Evolution of 3D-Inertial Alfvén Wave and Turbulent Spectra in Auroral Region
6.6.12. Toroidal Quarter Waves in the Earth’s Magnetosphere: Theoretical Studies
6.6.13. Ion Temperature Effects on Magnetotail Alfvén Wave Propagation and Electron Energization
6.6.14. Slow electron Phase Space Holes: Magnetotail Observations
6.7. Dipolarization Fronts in the Magnetotail
6.7.1. Dipolarization Fronts as a Signature of Transient Reconnection in the Magnetotail
6.7.2. THEMIS Observations of an Earthward-Propagating Dipolarization Front
6.7.3. Accelerated Ions Ahead of Earthward Propagating Dipolarization Fronts
6.7.4. Wave and Particle Characteristics of Earthward Electron Injections Associated with Dipolarization Fronts
6.7.5. Electric Structure of Dipolarization Fronts Associated with Interchange Instability in the Magnetotail
6.7.6. Energetic Electrons in Dipolarization Events: Spatial Properties and Anisotropy
6.7.7. Magnetic Flux Transport by Dipolarizing Flux Bundles
6.7.8. Open Boundary Particle-in-Cell Simulation of Dipolarization Front Propagation
6.7.9. Pitch Angle Distributions of Electrons at Dipolarization Sites during Geomagnetic Activity: THEMIS Observations
6.7.10. Proton Acceleration at Two-Dimensional Depolarization Fronts in the Magnetotail
6.7.11. Average Thermodynamic and Spectral Properties of Plasma in and around Dipolarizing Flux Bundles
6.7.12. Cross-Tail Expansion of Dipolarizing Flux Bundles
6.7.13. Electromagnetic Energy Conversion at Dipolarization Fronts: Multispacecraft Results
6.7.14. A comparative study of dipolarization fronts at MMS and Cluster.
6.8. Electric Fields and Acceleration Processes in the Magnetotail
6.8.1. Statistical Properties of Beamlets in the Earth’s Magnetotail
6.8.2. Particle Acceleration in the Magnetotail
6.8.3. Imprints of Non-Adiabatic Ion Acceleration in the Earth’s Magnetotail: Interball Observations and Statistical Analysis
6.8.4. Influence of the Electric Field Perpendicular to the Current Sheet on Ion Beamlets in the Magnetotail
6.8.5. On the Generation of Ion Beamlets in the Magnetotail: Resonant Acceleration versus Stochastic Acceleration
6.8.6. Sources of Electron Pitch Angle Anisotropy in the Magnetotail Plasma Sheet
6.8.7. Dynamics of Fluxes of Protons with Energies 30–80 keV during Geomagnetic Storms on January 21–22, 2005, and December 14–15, 2006, According to Data from Low Orbit Satellites
6.8.8. Electron Energization and Transport in the Magnetotail during Substorms
6.8.9. Evidence of Strong Energetic Ion Acceleration in the Near-Earth Magnetotail
6.8.10. Low-Altitude Electron Acceleration due to Multiple Flow Bursts in the Magnetotail
6.8.11. Night Side Lunar Surface Potential in the Earth’s Magnetosphere
6.8.12. Nonlinear Electric Field Structures in the Inner Magnetosphere
6.8.13. Generation of High-Frequency Electric Field Activity by Turbulence in the Earth’s Magnetotail
6.8.14. Electron Acceleration by Parallel and Perpendicular Electric Fields during Magnetic Reconnection without Guide Field
6.9. Processes in Magnetotail and Geomagnetic Activity
6.9.1. The Magnetotail Dynamics before a Substorm
6.9.2. The Response of the near Earth Magnetotail to Substorm Activity
6.9.3. Geomagnetic Activity as a Reflection of Processes in the Magnetotail: Source of Diurnal and Semiannual Variations in Geomagnetic Activity and Plasma Convection Model
6.9.4. Cluster Observations of ∂BZ/∂x during Growth Phase Magnetotail Stretching Intervals
6.9.5. On the Conditions Preceding sudden Magnetotail Magnetic Flux Unloading
6.9.6. Source and Structure of Bursty Hot Electron Enhancements in the Tail Magnetosheath: Simultaneous Two-Probe Observation by ARTEMIS
6.9.7. The Influence of Magnetic Flux Depletion on the Magnetotail and Auroral Morphology during the Substorm Growth Phase
6.9.8. Equatorial Plasma Depletions Observed by the DMSP F13 Satellite near Dawn during Geomagnetic Disturbances in a Solar Minimum
6.10. Influence of Solar Wind Pressure and IMF on Processes in Magnetotail
6.10.1. Magnetotail Effects of Slanted Solar Wind Pressure Discontinuities
6.10.2. Unexpected Vertical Current Sheets in the Magnetotail Associated with Northward IMF
6.10.3. Influences of the IMF Clock Angle and Cone Angle on the Field-Aligned Currents in the Magnetotail
6.10.4. IMF Dependence of the Azimuthal Direction of Earthward Magnetotail Fast Flows
6.10.5. Response of magnetotail twisting to variations in IMF By: A THEMIS case study 1–2 January 2009
6.11. Current Sheets in the Earth’s Magnetotail
6.11.1. Kinetic Structure of Current Sheets in the Earth’s Magnetotail
6.11.2. Flapping Motions of the Magnetotail Current Sheet Excited by Nonadiabatic Ions
6.11.3. Properties of Magnetic Field Fluctuations in the Earth’s Magnetotail and Implications for the General Problem of Structure formation in Hot Plasmas
6.11.4. Earth’s Distant Magnetotail Current Sheet near and beyond Lunar Orbit
References
References for Monographs and Books
Subject Index
Author Index