Plant Metal and Metalloid Transporters

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Plant Metal and Metalloid Transporters
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Metals and Their Significance in Plants
1.3 Metalloids and Their Significance in Plants
1.4 Metal Transporters
1.4.1 NRAMP Transporters
1.4.2 CDF Transporters
1.4.3 ZIP Transporters
1.4.4 ABC Transporters
1.4.5 Heavy Metal ATPases (HMAs)
1.5 Metalloid Transporters
1.5.1 Diversity of Plant Metalloid Transporters
1.5.2 Metalloid Absorption Channels
1.5.3 Metalloid Channel Transporters and Their Specificity
1.6 Metalloid Transporter Types
1.6.1 Aquaporin Transporters
1.6.1.1 NIP Transporters
1.6.2 Metalloid Efflux Transporters in Plants
1.6.2.1 BOR Transporters
1.6.2.2 Lsi2 Transporters
1.7 Directional Transport Systems for Metalloid Uptake
1.7.1 Polar Localization of Metalloid Transporters in Plants
1.8 Distribution of Metalloids by Transporters
1.8.1 Transporters for B Distribution
1.8.2 Transporters for Si Distribution
1.8.3 Transporters for As Distribution
1.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
2: Heavy Metals: Transport in Plants and Their Physiological and Toxicological Effects
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Different Sources of Heavy Metal Pollution
2.3 Properties of Heavy Metal
2.4 Effects and Transport of Metal Pollutants into the Ecosystem
2.4.1 Translocation of Metals in Soil
2.4.2 Translocation of Metals in Water
2.4.3 Translocation of Metals in Air
2.5 Heavy Metal Pollution in the Atmosphere: A Need for Great Attention
2.6 Heavy Metals and Their Translocation in Plants
2.6.1 Chromium
2.6.2 Toxicology Processes
2.6.3 Fluoride
2.6.4 Toxicological Processes
2.6.5 Manganese
2.6.6 Cobalt
2.6.7 Nickel
2.6.8 Copper
2.6.9 Zinc
2.6.10 Mercury
2.6.11 Lead
2.7 Conclusion
References
3: The Role of ABC Transporters in Metal Transport in Plants
3.1 Introduction
3.2 ABC Transporter Family
3.3 Molecular Structure of ABC Transporters
3.4 Primary Superfamilies of Plant ABC Transporters
3.4.1 MDR Superfamily
3.4.2 MRP Superfamily
3.5 Classes of Plant ABC Transporters
3.6 Role of ABC Transporters
3.6.1 Role in Growth and Development: Transport of Hormones, Fatty Acids, and Phytate
3.6.2 Role in Pathogen Defense
3.7 ABC Transporters in Metal Transport and Sequestration
3.8 Future Prospects
References
4: Cadmium, a Nonessential Heavy Metal: Uptake, Translocation, Signaling, Detoxification, and Impact on Amino Acid Metabolism
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Cadmium Transporters: Uptake and Translocation
4.3 NRAMP Transporters
4.4 ZIP Transporters
4.5 YSL Transporters
4.6 Transporters Involved in Shoot Uptake of Cadmium
4.7 Cadmium Stress Signaling
4.8 Phytochelatins and Metallothioneins: Role in Cd Detoxification
4.9 Cadmium Toxicity and Amino Acid Metabolism
4.10 Conclusion
References
5: Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Proteins (NRAMPs): Functional Significance of Metal Transport in Plants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Genomic Analysis
5.3 Structural Analysis
5.4 Functional Characterization
5.5 Expression Pattern and Regulation
5.6 Conclusion
References
6: Role of Heavy Metal ATPases in Transport of Cadmium and Zinc in Plants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Heavy Metal ATPases in Alleviating Heavy Metal Toxicity
6.3 Cadmium Toxicity in Plants
6.3.1 Transporters in Alleviating Cadmium Stress
6.3.2 Activities of HMA Within the Roots in Response to Cadmium Stress
6.3.3 Heavy Metal ATPase Associated with Cadmium Translocation
6.3.4 Heavy Metal ATPase Associated with Xylem Unloading and Cadmium Distribution
6.4 Zinc Toxicity in Plants
6.4.1 Heavy Metal ATPases in Zinc Homeostasis
6.5 Expression of Heavy Metal ATPases
6.6 Prospects and Conclusion
References
7: The Versatile Role of Plant Aquaglyceroporins in Metalloid Transport
7.1 Introduction
7.2 PIP Members as Metalloid Transporters
7.3 NIP Members as Metalloid Transporters
7.4 XIP Members as Metalloid Transporters
7.5 Role of TIPs in Metalloid Transport and Tolerance
7.6 Future Perspectives
References
8: The Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion (MATE) Family in Plants and Their Significance in Metal Transport
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Structure of MATEs
8.3 Function of MATE Transporters in Metal Toxicity Tolerance
8.3.1 Role of MATE Transporters in Xenobiotic Toxicity Tolerance
8.3.2 Effect of Aluminum on Plants
8.3.2.1 MATE Transporters Exude Citrate in Response to Aluminum Toxicity
8.3.3 Role of MATE Transporters in Iron Homeostasis
8.4 Other Functions of MATE Transporters in Plants
8.4.1 Secondary Metabolite Transport
8.4.2 Developmental Roles
8.4.3 Biotic Stress
8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
9: Molecular Mechanism of Aluminum Tolerance in Plants: An Overview
9.1 Aluminum Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants: An Introduction
9.2 Effect of Aluminum Stress in Plants
9.3 Aluminum Tolerance Mechanism
9.3.1 External Tolerance Mechanism
9.3.2 Internal Tolerance Mechanism
9.3.3 Transcription Factors Involved in Combatting Aluminum Stress
9.3.4 Plant Hormones Involved in Aluminum Stress Adaptation
9.4 Manipulation of Aluminum-Tolerant Genes Using Transgenic Approaches
9.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
10: Functional, Structural, and Transport Aspects of ZIP in Plants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Role of Zn in Plants
10.3 Zn Transport Protein in Plants
10.3.1 Zn Uptake and Transport in Plants
10.4 ZIP in Plants
10.4.1 Structural and Functional Aspect of ZIP in Plants
10.4.2 Regulation of ZIP in Plants
10.5 Conclusion and Future Prospectus
References
11: The Function of HAK as K+ Transporter and AKT as Inward-Rectifying Agent in the K+ Channel
11.1 Introduction
11.2 HAK-AKT Transporters Present in Various Plants
11.3 K+ Channels and Transporters
11.4 Adaptive Responses of Plants to Salinity Stress
11.5 Mechanism of Action of HAK and AKT
11.6 Conclusion
References
12: The Mechanism of Silicon Transport in Plants
12.1 Silicon
12.2 Silicon in Plants
12.3 Silicon in Soil
12.4 Silicon and Abiotic Stresses
12.4.1 Water-Deficit Stress
12.4.2 Temperature Stress
12.4.3 Ultraviolet Stress
12.4.4 Mechanical Injury
12.4.5 Heavy Metal Stress
12.4.6 Excessive Mineral Nutrient Stress
12.4.7 Saline Stress
12.5 Silicon and Biotic Stress Mitigation
12.6 Omics Studies on Silicon Application on Crops
12.7 Reactive Oxygen Species Regulation
12.8 Silicon and Phytohormone Cross Talk
12.9 Si Accumulation and Transporters in the Plant Kingdom
12.10 Silicon Accumulation and Uptake
12.11 Silicon Transport in Xylem
12.12 Elements Effecting Silicon Uptake and Distribution
12.13 Silicon Uptake Mechanism: Influx and Efflux Transporters (Table 12.2)
12.14 Silicon Transport
12.14.1 Channel-Type Transporters
12.15 Silicon Uptake in Major Crops
12.15.1 Silicon Uptake in Rice
12.15.2 Silicon Uptake in Sugarcane
12.15.3 Silicon Uptake in Pepper
12.15.4 Silicon Uptake in Tomato
12.15.5 Silicon Uptake in Wheat
12.15.6 Silicon Uptake in Maize
12.15.7 Silicon Uptake in Cucumber
12.15.8 Silicon Uptake in Barley
12.15.9 Silicon Uptake in Arabidopsis
12.15.10 Silicon Uptake in Cannabis
12.16 Silicon Controversy
12.17 Conclusion
12.18 Future Recommendation
References
13: The Copper Transport Mechanism in Plants
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Mechanism of Copper (Cu) Transport in Plants
13.3 P-Type ATPase Copper Transporters
13.4 COPT Copper Transporters
13.5 Copper Chaperones
13.6 Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein (NRAMP)
13.7 Relating the Biosynthetic and Homeostatic Roles of Cu Transport Systems
13.8 Conclusion
References
14: Plant Metal Tolerance Proteins: Insight into Their Roles in Metal Transport and Homeostasis for Future Biotechnological Ap...
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Regulation of Cellular Metal Homeostasis
14.2.1 Role of MTPs in Vacuolar Compartmentalization for Metal Homeostasis
14.2.2 Plasma Membrane-Localized MTP Transporter Responsible for Distal Transport of Mn
14.2.3 MTP Transporter as Manganese Transport Proteins in Endomembranes
14.2.4 MTP Member Assures Mn Homeostasis During Seed Development and Germination
14.3 Potential of MTP in Biotechnological Application
14.4 Future Prospects
References
15: Co-Transport Mechanism in Plants for Metals and Metalloids
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Cation Diffusion Facilitators (CDF) Transporter
15.3 Lsi Transporter
15.4 Yellow Stripe-Like Proteins (YSL) Transporter
15.5 Heavy Metal ATPases (HMAs) Transporters
15.6 ZIP Transporter
15.7 NRAMP (Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein) Transporters
15.8 ABC Transporter
15.9 Aquaglyceroporin Transporter
15.10 Conclusions
References
16: Metal Nanoparticle Implication, Transport, and Detection in Plants
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Metal NPs Implications on Plants
16.2.1 Metal NPs Implications on Seed Germination
16.2.2 Metal NPs Implications on Plant Growth and Root Elongation
16.2.3 Metal NP Implications on Photosynthetic Pigments
16.2.4 Metal NP Implications on Oxidative Stress and Plant Hormones
16.2.5 Metal NP Implications on Plant Enzymes
16.2.6 Metal NP Implications on Plant Morphology
16.2.7 Metal NP Implications on Plant Physiology
16.3 Transport of Metal NPs in Plants
16.3.1 Foliar Uptake and Translocation of Metal NPs
16.3.2 Root Uptake and Translocation of Metal NPs
16.4 Detection Methods of Metal NPs
16.4.1 Imaging Analysis
16.4.2 Quantitative Analysis
16.5 Molecular Analysis of Metal NPs
16.5.1 Plant-NP Interactions: Genomic and Transcriptomic Approaches
16.5.2 Plant-NP Interactions: Proteomic Approach
16.6 Conclusion
References
17: Transcription Factors and Metal Stress Signalling in Plants
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants
17.3 Signal Transduction Pathway in Response to Heavy Metal Stress
17.4 Role of MYB, NAC, and WRKY Transcription Factors in Response to Heavy Metal Stress
17.5 MYB Transcription Factors
17.6 NAC Transcription Factors
17.7 WRKY Transcription Factors
17.8 Conclusion
References
18: Heavy Metal Transporters, Phytoremediation Potential, and Biofortification
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Metal Transporters and Their Importance
18.3 Health Impacts of Heavy Metals
18.3.1 Heavy Metal Transporting ATPases: CPx-Type ATPases
18.3.1.1 Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Proteins (NRAMP)
18.3.1.2 Copper Transporters (COPT)
18.3.1.3 Cation Diffusion Facilitators (CDF)
18.3.1.4 ZIP Transporters (Zinc Resistance Transporter, Iron-Resistance Transporter-Like Proteins)
18.3.1.5 YSL Transporters (Yellow Stripe-Like Proteins)
18.3.1.6 MOT1 (Molybdate Transporter Type 1)
18.4 Phytoremediation
18.5 Different Ways of Phytoremediation
18.5.1 Phytostabilization/Phytoimmobilization
18.5.2 Phytovolatilization
18.5.3 Phytoextraction
18.5.4 Rhizodegradation
18.5.5 Rhizofiltration
18.6 Phytoremediation Potential
18.6.1 Translocation Index
18.6.2 Tolerance Index
18.6.3 Bioconcentration Factor (BCF)
18.7 Biofortification
18.7.1 Types of Biofortification
18.7.1.1 Agronomic Biofortification
18.7.1.2 Traditional Breeding
18.7.1.3 Biotechnological Approach
18.8 Use of Phytoremediation Plant Materials for Biofortification
18.9 Conclusion
References
19: Phytoremediation and Biofortification: Contrasting yet Similar Approaches of Manipulating Plant Metal(loid) Homeostasis fo...
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Metal(loid)s and Their Toxic Effects on Living Systems
19.3 Plant Metal Transporters Regulating the Uptake, Transport, and Accumulation of Metals in the Plant System
19.4 Remediation of Soil Metal(loid) Contamination
19.4.1 Phytoremediation
19.4.2 Methods to Enhance Phytoremediation
19.4.2.1 Chemical Induced Enhancement of Phytoremediation
19.4.2.2 Genetic Engineering Mediated Enhancement of Phytotechnologies
19.4.2.3 Microbe-Mediated Enhancement of Phytotechnologies
19.5 Biofortification
19.5.1 Different Approaches Adapted for Plant Biofortification
19.5.2 Application of Genetic Engineering in Biofortification
19.5.2.1 Mineral Biofortification in Plants
Iron-Fortified Crops
Zinc-Fortified Crops
Iodine-Fortified Crops
Selenium-Fortified Crops
19.5.2.2 Vitamin Biofortification in Plants
Vitamin A-Biofortified Plants
Vitamin B-Biofortified Plants
Vitamin C-Biofortified Plants
Vitamin E-Biofortified Plants
19.5.3 Challenges of Biofortification Methods
19.6 Utilizing Omics Technologies to Accelerate Phytoremediation and Biofortification
19.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References