Plant Genetic Resources, Inventory, Collection and Conservation

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: A Checklist of Some Economically Important Philippine Ferns (Eupolypod I)
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials and Methodology
1.3 Results and Discussion
1.4 Conclusion and Recommendation
References
2: On-Farm Conservation of Traditional Rice Varieties in the Provinces of Quirino, Iloilo, Antique, and Davao Oriental, Philip...
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Securing Resources for Food and Agriculture in the Face of Insecurity
2.1.2 In Situ On-Farm Conservation
2.2 In Situ On-Farm Conservation of Traditional Rice Varieties
2.2.1 Communities of TRV Conservation
2.2.2 The Conservation Field School (CFS): Setting the Stage for On-Site Conservation
2.2.2.1 Inventories of Traditional Rice Varieties
2.2.2.2 Initial Assessment of Diversity
2.2.2.3 Indications of Genetic Erosion of Traditional Rice Varieties
2.2.2.4 On-Farm Conservation of TRVs
2.2.3 Community-Led Design of On-Farm TRV Conservation
2.3 Drivers of Conservation
2.4 Policy Recommendations to Support On-Farm Conservation
References
3: Recent Developments in Wild Rice Conservation, Research, and Use
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Current Status of Germplasm Collections
3.3 Priority Species and Collection Gaps
3.4 In Situ Conservation
3.5 Genetic Diversity and Ecogeographic Studies
3.5.1 Population Diversity
3.5.2 Ecogeographic Populations
3.5.3 Gene Flow
3.6 Other Conservation-Related Research
3.6.1 Seed Studies
3.6.2 Molecular Authentication
3.6.3 Tissue Culture
3.6.4 Endophytic Microbiome
3.7 Utilization
References
4: GIS and Its Role in Plant Genetic Resources Use and Conservation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Plant Genetic Resources for Food Security
4.3 PGR Conservation: Strategies and Challenges
4.4 GIS in PGR Conservation
4.5 Prospects of GIS for PGR Conservation
4.6 Concluding Remarks
References
5: Plant Diversity of Mount Makiling Forest Reserve: Implications to Management and Conservation
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Elevational Floral Biodiversity of Mount Makiling Forest Reserve
5.2 Bryophytes
5.3 Ferns and Fern Allies
5.3.1 Fern Zonation Along the Altitudinal Gradient
5.4 Magnoliophytes
5.5 Understory Species
5.6 Vascular Epiphytes
5.6.1 Economic Use
5.6.2 Threats
5.6.3 Way Forward
References
6: Native/Heirloom Rice in the Cordilleras: Status, Conservation, and Utilization
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Framework of the Study
6.2.1 Soil/Pedon
6.2.2 Soil Nutrient Management Practices
6.2.3 Germplasm of Traditional Rice Varieties
6.3 Phenotypic Diversity of Traditional Rice Varieties
6.4 Glutinous and Non-glutinous Traditional Rice Varieties
6.5 Conservation
6.5.1 Traditional Rice Conservation Practices
6.6 Utilization
6.7 Conclusion and Implications
References
7: Identification and Conservation of Culturally Important Trees Used for Traditional Houses in Ifugao, Philippines
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Review of Related Literature
7.2.1 Origin and History of the Ifugao Traditional House
7.2.2 The Ifugao Traditional House
7.2.2.1 Types of Ifugao Traditional House
7.2.2.2 Parts of the Traditional House
7.2.3 Wood Species Used in Ifugao Traditional Houses
7.2.4 Sustainable Forest Management in Woodlots and Communal Forests
7.3 Materials and Methods
7.3.1 Study Area
7.3.2 Identification of Wood Species
7.4 Results and Discussion
7.4.1 Status of Traditional Houses in Ifugao
7.5 Identification of Wood Species Used for Ifugao Traditional Houses
7.6 Wood Species Identification of House Components of the Traditional House
7.7 Conservation of Trees Used for the Traditional Houses in Ifugao
7.8 Summary and Conclusion
References
8: Pteridophyte Diversity in the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park (PPSRNP), Palawan Island, Philippines
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Methodology
8.2.1 Study Area
8.2.2 Fern Flora Assessment
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.3.1 Notable Fern Flora
8.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
9: Situating Plant Genetic Resource in the K-12 Curriculum: A Critical Review
9.1 Plant Genetic Resource in the Philippine K-12 Curriculum
9.2 The Need for a Critical Perspective in the K-12 Curriculum
9.3 Situating Plant Genetic Resource in the K-12 Secondary-Level Curriculum
9.3.1 The K-12 Secondary Education
9.3.2 Parts of the K-12 Curriculum Where PGR Is Situated
9.3.2.1 As Part of Learning Competencies
9.3.2.2 As Part of Content Standard and Performance Standard
9.3.2.3 As Part of Content
9.3.2.4 As Part of Core Area Learning Standard and Spiraling of Concepts
9.3.2.5 As Part of Course Description
9.3.3 Themes Wherein PGR Can Be Further Situated in the K-12 Curriculum
9.3.3.1 Cultural
9.3.3.2 Biodiversity
9.3.3.3 Agriculture/Food Security
9.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
10: An Inventory of Commonly Cultivated Plant Species in Permaculture Farms in the Philippines
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and Methods
10.2.1 Study Areas
10.2.2 Data Collection
10.3 Results and Discussion
10.4 Conclusion
References
11: Conservation of Musa Diversity and Germplasm Management at the National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory in the Philippi...
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Diversity of Musa Genetic Resources in the Philippines
11.1.2 Conservation of Musa Genetic Resources in the Philippines
11.1.3 Status of Musa Genetic Resources Conserved at NPGRL
11.1.3.1 Conservation Strategies of Musa Accessions at NPGRL
11.1.3.2 Genomic Composition of Musa Accessions at NPGRL
11.2 Conclusion
References
12: Diversity and Management of Indoor Plants at Urban Dwellings in Bangladesh: A Case Study from Halishahar of Chattogram Met...
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials and Methods
12.2.1 Study Area
12.2.2 Study Design
12.2.3 Field Data Collection
12.2.4 Identification of the Indoor Plants
12.2.5 Calculating Diversity Indices
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Species Composition of Indoor Plants
12.3.1.1 Diversity of the Indoor Plant Species
12.3.1.2 Distribution of Indoor Plant Species per Household
12.3.2 Problems in Managing Indoor Plants
12.3.3 Potting Media and Nutrition Supplement
12.4 Conclusion
References
13: Exploration, Identification, Multiplication, and Conservation of Rare Forest Genetic Resources in Chittagong University Ca...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Materials and Methods
13.2.1 Study Area
13.2.2 Study Design
13.2.3 Exploring the Status of FGR and Selection of Species
13.2.4 Studying the Selected Species
13.2.5 Seedling Raising
13.2.6 Care and Maintenance of the Seedlings
13.2.7 Conservation Stand Establishment
13.2.8 Seedling Data Collection
13.2.9 Data Analysis
13.3 Results and Discussion
13.3.1 Status of the Selected Rare Species
13.3.2 Status of the Selected Species
13.3.3 Growth Performance
13.4 Conclusion
References
14: The Chemistry of Antidiabetic Plants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Past
14.3 Current Observations
14.4 Specific Compounds and Their Characteristics
14.5 Alkaloids
14.6 Flavonoids
14.7 Terpenoids
14.8 Conclusion
References
15: Conservation of Medicinal Plant Genetic Resources in Southern Africa
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Botanical Description and Distribution of Plants
15.2.1 Carpobrotus edulis
15.2.2 Cotyledon orbiculata
15.2.3 Tulbaghia violacea
15.3 Ethnomedicinal Uses of the Plants
15.3.1 Carpobrotus edulis
15.3.2 Cotyledon orbiculata
15.3.3 Tulbaghia violacea
15.4 Review of the Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Carpobrotus edulis, Cotyledon orbiculata, and Tulbaghia vi...
15.4.1 Carpobrotus edulis
15.4.2 Cotyledon orbiculata
15.4.3 Tulbaghia violacea
15.5 Recent Findings on the Biological Activities of Carpobrotus edulis, Cotyledon orbiculata, and Tulbaghia violacea
15.5.1 Carpobrotus edulis and Cotyledon orbiculata
15.5.2 Tulbaghia violacea
15.6 Conservation of Medicinal Plants
15.7 In Situ Conservation
15.8 Nature Reserves
15.9 Wild Nurseries
15.10 Ex Situ Conservation
15.11 Botanic Gardens
15.12 Seed Banks
15.13 Cultivation of Medicinal Plants
15.14 Conclusion
References
16: Chloroplast DNA Haplotype Specific to Genetic Resources of Dalbergia oliveri in Thailand
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials and Methods
16.3 Results and Discussion
16.4 Conclusion
References
17: Status, Conservation, and Sustainability on Medicinal Plant Resources of India
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Significant Biodiversity of India
17.3 Promising Medicinal Plants Among Ethnic Communities
17.3.1 Utilization of Medicinal Plants Among Traditional Medicinal Systems
17.3.1.1 Ayurveda
17.3.1.2 Siddha
17.3.1.3 Unani
17.3.1.4 Homeopathic
17.3.1.5 Western
17.4 Various Threats to Traditional Medicinal Plants
17.4.1 Habitat Destruction
17.4.2 Bioprospecting
17.4.3 Overharvesting by Local Tribes
17.5 Endangered Medicinal Plants and Their Therapeutic Applications
17.6 Current Biotechnological Approaches in Conservation of Endangered Medicinal Plants
17.6.1 In Vitro Propagation
17.6.2 Cryopreservation
17.6.3 Genetic Transformation
17.6.4 Acclimatization and Adaptation to Open Field
17.7 Alternative Medicines to Overcome Exploitation of Medicinal Plants
17.8 Future Prospective and Challenges
17.9 Conclusion
References
18: Plant Genetic Resources Management in the Framework of Policy Developments
18.1 Policy Developments and Their Implications on Germplasm Ownership and IPR
18.1.1 Intellectual Property Rights
18.2 National
18.3 Registration of Genetic Resources
18.3.1 Implications of PPVFRA
18.3.2 Implications of CBD/BDA
18.3.3 Implications of ITPGRFA
18.4 Conservation
18.5 Genomic Resource Conservation and Information
18.5.1 National Genomic Resources Repository
18.5.2 Promoting Genetic Resource Utilization
18.6 Molecular Approaches
18.7 PGR Conservation in India
18.8 Utilization
18.9 Safe Transboundary Movement
18.10 Public-Private Partnerships
18.10.1 International Scenario
18.10.2 National Scenario
18.11 Major Issues and Future Thrusts
References
19: Dynamics of Agricultural Livelihoods in Peripheral Villages of a Protected Area in South India
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Materials and Methods
19.2.1 Study Area
19.2.2 Data Collection and Analyses
19.3 Results
19.3.1 Significance of Agriculture as a Means of Livelihood
19.3.2 Cultivation in General
19.3.3 Trends in Crop Cultivation
19.3.4 Dominant Crops
19.4 Discussion
19.5 Conclusion
References
20: Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources: A Special Reference to Dye-Yielding Plants
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Plant Genetic Resources and Their Conservation
20.2.1 Framework of PGR Conservation Systems
20.2.2 Different Approaches in Conservation of PGRs
20.3 Biotechnology-Oriented Conservation Strategies
20.3.1 Markers in Assessing Genetic Diversity
20.3.1.1 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) Markers
20.3.1.2 AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) Markers
20.3.1.3 Microsatellite Markers
20.3.1.4 EST-SSR (Expressed Sequence Tags-Simple sequence repeats) Markers
20.3.1.5 SRAP (Sequence related amplified Polymorphism) Markers
20.3.1.6 Plastid-Coding Sequence Markers
20.3.1.7 Other Markers
20.3.2 Role of Bioinformatics in Accelerating Plant Genomic Conservation
20.3.2.1 Gene Banks
20.3.3 In Vitro Propagation for Conservation of PGRs
20.3.3.1 Elicitation for Pigment Production
20.4 Metabolic Engineering Strategies in Germplasm Conservation
20.4.1 Synthetic Seed for Germplasm Storage
20.5 Other Conventional Approaches
20.6 Case Studies
20.6.1 Bai People and Their Traditional Dyeing Knowledge
20.6.2 Dong Community and Dye-Synthesizing Plants
20.6.3 Case of Central Himachal Pradesh
20.7 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
21: Perception of Advanced Techniques in Conservation and Utilization of Wild Genetic Resources of Rice
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The Concept of the Gene Pool
21.2.1 Primary Gene Pool
21.2.2 Secondary Gene Pool
21.2.3 Tertiary Gene Pool
21.2.4 Gene Pool Classification of Genus Oryza
21.2.5 Rice Genetic Resources in Sri Lanka
21.3 Genomics of Crop Wild Relatives of Rice
21.3.1 Model Plant Genome Sequencing and Their Crop Wild Relatives
21.3.2 Nuclear Genome Resequencing of Crop Wild Relatives
21.3.3 Sequencing Crop Wild Relatives That Contribute to Polyploid Genomes
21.3.4 Chloroplast Sequencing of Crop Wild Relatives
21.3.5 Sequencing the Transcriptomes of Crop Wild Relatives
21.4 Allele Mining in Rice
21.4.1 EcoTilling
21.4.2 Sequencing-Based Allele Mining
21.5 A Potential Avenue for Utilization of Genetic Resources of Rice
21.6 Trait Improvement
21.7 Utilization of CWRs in Crop Improvement for Plant Stresses
21.7.1 Abiotic Resistance of Rice
21.7.2 Biotic Resistance of Rice
21.8 Conservation of Wild Genetic Resources
21.8.1 Ex Situ Conservation
21.8.2 In Situ Conservation
21.8.3 On-Farm Conservation
21.9 Future Perspectives
References
22: Conservation and Determination of Nutritional Composition of Mondia whitei In Vitro
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Materials and Methods
22.2.1 Micropropagation from Stored Synthetic Seeds
22.2.2 Acclimatization
22.2.3 Nutritional Evaluation
22.2.4 Statistical Analysis
22.3 Results
22.3.1 Production of Adventitious Shoots
22.3.2 Rooting of Shoots and Acclimatization
22.3.3 Nutritional Composition in Regenerated Shoots of M. whitei
22.4 Discussion
22.5 Conclusions
References
23: Social Benefits, Development, and the Pertinence of Laws: The Case of Commercialization of Plant Genetic Resources in the ...
23.1 Introduction to PGR in India
23.2 Social Benefits of PGR
23.3 Case Studies: I
23.3.1 Access and Benefit Sharing
23.4 Case Study: II
23.5 Case Studies: III
23.5.1 Nagoya Protocol
23.6 Case Studies: IV (NBA 2012)
23.7 Challenges in ABS
23.8 Scope of Development
23.9 Conclusion
References