Plant Fibers, their Composites, and Applications

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Full title
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Acknowledgment
1 - Introduction to plant fibers and their composites
1.1 Overview of plant fibers and its composites
Conclusion
References
2 - Extraction and modification of natural plant fibers—A comprehensive review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fiber extraction methods/techniques
2.2.1 Mechanical extraction
2.2.2 Retting process
2.2.2.1 Water retting
2.2.2.2 Dew retting
2.2.2.3 Stand retting
2.2.2.4 Controlled enzymatic retting
2.2.2.5 Retting by heat treatment
2.3 Extraction procedures for various plant fibers
2.4 Influence of extraction methods on fiber properties
2.5 Raw fiber characterization and their drawbacks
2.5.1 Characterization approaches
2.5.2 Constraints of raw or untreated natural plant fibers
2.6 Modification of natural fibers
2.6.1 Physical modifications
2.6.1.1 Plasma treatment
2.6.2 Chemical modifications
2.6.2.1 NaOH treatment
2.6.2.2 Acetylation/benzoylation
2.6.2.3 Silane treatment
2.6.2.4 Graft copolymerization
2.6.3 Biological modifications
2.6.3.1 Coating with bacterial nanocellulose
2.6.3.2 Fungal treatment on plant fibers
2.6.3.3 Enzymatic treatment on plant fibers
2.7 Effects of fiber modification on various fibers
Conclusion
References
3 - Alfa fibers, their composites and applications
3.1 Introduction and background
3.2 Alfa fibers and its derivatives
3.2.1 Modification of alfa fibers
3.3 Alfa fibers based polymer composites
3.3.1 Processing of the alfa fiber polymer composites
3.3.2 Properties of alfa fibers reinforced polymer composites
3.4 Application of alfa fibers composites
3.4.1 Alfa fiber composites in the packaging materials manufacturing
3.4.2 Alfa fiber composites in the automotive and aerospace engineering
3.4.3 Alfa fiber composites in the construction applications
Conclusions and future trends
References
4 - Areca sheath fibers, their composites and applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and methods
4.2.1 Areca leaf sheath(s) and leaf sheath fibers
4.2.2 Matrix material and chemical reagents
4.2.3 Fiber extraction
4.2.4 Composite preparation
4.2.5 Mechanical characterization
4.2.5.1 Tensile test
4.2.5.2 Flexural test
4.3 Results and discussions
4.3.1 Physical characterization
4.3.1.1 Fiber length
4.3.1.2 Fiber diameter
4.3.1.3 Fibers weight distribution
4.3.1.4 Fiber density
4.3.1.5 Chemical composition of areca leaf sheath fibers
4.3.2 Morphological studies on single areca leaf sheath fibers
4.3.2.1 Untreated areca leaf sheath fibers
4.3.2.2 Alkali (NaOH) treated ALS fibers
4.3.2.3 Benzoylated ALS fibers
4.3.2.4 Acrylated ALS fibers
4.3.2.5 Permanganate treated ALS fibers
4.3.3 Morphological studies on areca leaf sheath lamina (as untreated, 5% and 10% alkali treated ALS)
4.3.4 Morphological studies on areca leaf sheath reinforced composite
4.3.5 Tensile behavior of single ALS fiber, ALS as a lamina and its composites
4.3.5.1 Single areca leaf sheath fiber
4.3.5.2 Areca leaf sheath as a lamina (effect of different surface modifications on tensile behavior of ALS)
4.3.5.3 Effect of age of areca palm and surface modification on tensile behavior of ALS lamina
4.3.5.4 Areca leaf sheath reinforced composites
4.3.6 Flexural behavior of areca leaf sheath as lamina and its composites
4.3.6.1 Areca leaf sheath as lamina
4.3.6.2 Areca leaf sheath reinforced composites
4.4 Potential applications of areca fiber composites
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Funding information
References
5 - Bagasse fibers, their composites and applications
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Properties of Bagasse fibers
5.1.2 Extraction of bagasse fiber and effect on properties
5.2 Surface treatment of Bagasse fiber
5.2.1 Physical treatment
5.2.2 Chemical treatment methods
5.2.3 Biological treatment methods
5.3 Fabrication techniques for Baggse fiber based composites
5.4 Bagasse fiber based composites
5.4.1 Integration of bagasse fiber into naturally occuring polymer matrix
5.4.2 Integration of bagasse fiber into synthetic biodegradable polymer matrix
5.4.3 Integration of bagasse fiber into synthetic nonbiodegradable thermoset and thermopolymer matrix
5.5 Applications of bagasse fiber based composites
5.5.1 Semi-structural and structural applications
5.5.2 Food packaging applications
5.5.3 Ballistic resistant applications
Conclusion
References
6 - Bamboo fibers, their composites and applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of bamboo
6.3 Extraction, composition, and properties of bamboo fiber
6.3.1 Extraction
6.3.2 Chemical composition
6.3.3 Physical properties
6.3.4 Mechanical properties
6.3.5 Thermal properties
6.3.6 Morphological properties
6.4 Fabrication process of bamboo fiber reinforced composites
6.5 Properties of bamboo fiber reinforced thermoset composites
6.6 Properties of bamboo fiber reinforced thermoplastics composites
6.7 Properties of bamboo fiber with biodegradable polymer
6.8 Properties of bamboo nanocomposites
6.9 Applications of bamboo, bamboo fiber, & reinforced composites
Conclusions
References
7 - Banana fibers, their composites and applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Banana fiber
7.3 Banana fiber reinforced composites
7.3.1 Processing of banana fiber reinforced composites
7.3.2 Properties of banana fiber reinforced composites
7.3.2.1 Mechanical properties
7.3.2.2 Thermal properties
7.3.2.3 FTIR analysis
7.3.2.4 Water absorption properties
7.3.2.5 Dielectric studies
7.3.2.6 Fire resistance properties
7.3.3 Morphological properties
Conclusion
References
8 - Coconut/coir fibers, their composites and applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Coconut/coir tree and fruit, fiber extraction and application
8.2.1 Effect of surface modification on coir fiber application as reinforcement material
8.3 Composites
8.3.1 Polymer-based composites
8.3.1.1 Coir fiber as a major reinforcement material in polyester
8.3.1.2 Ceramic-based composites
8.4 Application of coir fiber based composites
Conclusion
References
9 - Flax fibers, their composites and application
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Flax fibers
9.2.1 Structure, composition, and properties
9.2.1.1 Structure
9.2.2 Chemical composition and properties
9.3 Moisture sensitivity
9.4 Flax fiber reinforced polymer composites
9.4.1 Flax fiber interfacial adhesion to polymer matrix
9.4.2 Hybridization and effect of stacking sequence
9.4.3 Flax fiber nanocomposites
9.4.4 Three-dimensionally (3D) printed flax fiber composites
9.5 Applications of flax fiber composites
Conclusion
References
10 - Hemp fibers, their composites and applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Hemp fibers
10.2.1 Chemical composition
10.2.1.1 Cellulose
10.2.1.2 Hemicelluloses
10.2.1.3 Lignin
10.2.1.4 Pectin
10.2.1.5 Wax
10.2.2 Surface modifications
10.2.3 Physical methods
10.2.3.1 Corona treatment
10.2.3.2 Plasma treatment
10.2.3.3 Laser treatment
10.2.3.4 Ultraviolet treatment
10.2.3.5 γ-Ray treatment
10.2.3.6 Fiber beating
10.2.3.7 Heat treatment
10.2.4 Chemical treatment methods
10.2.4.1 Alkaline treatment
10.2.4.2 Silane treatment
10.2.4.3 Acetylation treatment
10.2.4.4 Benzoylation treatment
10.2.4.5 Peroxide treatment
10.2.4.6 Maleated coupling agents
10.2.4.7 Sodium chlorite treatment
10.2.4.8 Acrylation and acrylonitrile grafting
10.2.4.9 Isocyanate treatment
10.2.4.10 Stearic acid treatment
10.2.4.11 Oleoyl chloride treatment
10.2.4.12 Permanganate treatment
10.2.4.13 Triazine treatment
10.2.4.14 Fungal treatment
10.3 Fabrication methods
10.3.1 Hand-lay process
10.3.2 Compression molding process
10.3.3 Extrusion molding process
10.3.4 Injection molding process
10.3.5 Resin transfer molding
10.4 Properties
Conclusion
References
11 - Jute fibers, their composites and applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Preparation of jute fiber composites
11.3 Mechanical properties
11.3.1 Jute fiber composites
11.3.2 Jute/and other natural fiber hybrid composites
11.3.3 Jute/glass fiber hybrid composites
11.3.4 Jute/other synthetic fiber hybrid composites
11.4 Dynamics properties
11.5 Thermal stability
11.6 Water absorption
11.7 Application of jute fiber composites
Conclusion
References
12 - Kenaf fibers, their composites and applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Extraction of fibers
12.3 Properties of fibers
12.4 Surface modification of Kenaf fibers
12.4.1 Alkaline treatment
12.4.2 Silane treatment
12.4.3 Alkaline-silane treatment
12.4.4 Steam-alkali treatment
12.4.5 Alkaline-bleaching treatment
12.4.6 Alkaline-electron beam irradiation treatment
12.5 Reinforcement in composites
12.6 Hybrid composite
12.7 Manufacturing of composite
12.8 Properties of composite
12.8.1 Mechanical properties
12.8.1.1 Tensile properties
12.8.1.2 Flexural properties
12.8.1.3 Specific properties
12.8.1.4 Impact properties
12.8.2 Thermal properties
12.8.3 Water absorption properties
12.8.4 Flame retardant properties
12.8.5 Dynamic mechanical properties
12.9 Applications of composite
Conclusions
References
13 - Thermal and mechanical characterization of composite building material based on clay and date palm fibers
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Used basic building materials
13.3 Thermal characterization techniques
13.3.1 Sample preparation
13.3.2 Measurement and theoretical approach
13.3.2.1 Asymmetric hot plate method
13.3.2.2 Flash method
13.3.2.3 Asymmetric hot plate transient method
13.4 Study of mechanical behavior
13.4.1 Sample preparation
13.4.2 Experimental measurement devices
13.4.2.1 Compressive strength
13.4.2.2 Flexural tensile strength
13.5 Results and discussion
13.5.1 Density of samples
13.5.2 Thermal diffusivity
13.5.3 Thermal effusivity
13.5.4 Thermal properties of composite material (clay-FPD)
13.5.5 Practical interest of the material composite (clay-DPF)
13.6 Measurement of mechanical properties
Conclusion
References
14 - Pineapple fibers, their composites and applications
14.1 Introduction: The productive system of pineapple and the role of fibers
14.2 Characteristics of pineapple leaf fibers
14.3 Pineapple fiber (PALF) composites
14.3.1 General considerations and fiber treatment
14.4 Palf composites: production and characterization
14.4.1 Palf hybrid composites with epoxy and other thermosetting resins
14.4.2 Thermosetting palf composites
14.4.3 Thermoplastic palf composites
14.4.4 Palf composites with biobased polymers
14.5 Applications for palf composites
Conclusions
References
15 - Stalk fibers (rice, wheat, barley, etc.) composites and applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Rice stalk fibers
15.2.1 Composites
15.2.2 Applications
15.2.2.1 Protein source
15.2.2.2 Animal feed
15.2.2.3 Medical applications
15.2.2.4 Nonfood Applications includes-
15.3 Wheat stalk fibers
15.3.1 Composites
15.3.2 Applications
15.4 Corn stalk fibers
15.4.1 Applications
15.5 Cotton stalk fiber
15.5.1 Applications
15.6 Rapeseed stalk fibers
15.6.1 Applications
15.7 Sorghum stalk fibers
15.7.1 Applications
15.8 Barley stalk fibers
15.9 Oat stalk fibers
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Conflicts of interest
References
16 - Ramie fibers, their composites and applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Nature of ramie fibers
16.2.1 Structure of ramie fibers
16.2.2 Degumming methods of ramie fibers
16.2.3 Properties of ramie fibers
16.2.4 Advantages of ramie fibers and their composites
16.3 Categories and processing of ramie fiber composites
16.3.1 Categories of ramie fiber composites
16.3.1.1 Cellulose/ramie fiber composites
16.3.1.2 Polyester/ramie fiber composites
16.3.1.3 Polyolefin/ramie fiber composites
16.3.1.4 Epoxy/ramie fiber composites
16.3.2 Processing techniques
16.3.2.1 Processing with thermoplastic polymers
16.3.2.2 Processing with thermoset polymers
16.4 Applications of ramie fiber composites
16.4.1 Bulletproof armor
16.4.2 Catalytic applications of ramie/silver (Ag) nanoparticles
16.4.3 Water treatment application of ramie composites
16.4.4 Sound absorption ramie fiber/PLLA composites
16.4.5 Electric double-layer capacitor applications
Conclusions and perspectives
References
17 - Cotton fibers, their composites and applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Chemical composition and structure
17.3 Physical and chemical properties of cotton
17.3.1 Physical properties of cotton
17.3.2 Chemical properties of cotton
17.4 Polyester/cotton fiber
17.5 Cotton PLA composites
17.6 Cotton polyethylene composites
17.7 Cotton PVC composites
17.8 Other cotton composites
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
18 - Wood fibers, their composites and applications
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Natural fibers
18.2 Natural fibers: Various types and its properties
18.2.1 Fiber surface treatment
18.3 Flax fiber: Its origin, structure and composition
18.4 Environmental impacts of flax fibers
18.5 Epoxy polymer
18.6 Manufacturing methods of natural fiber composites
18.6.1 Filament winding
18.6.2 Injection molding
18.6.3 Hand lay-up technique
18.6.4 Compression molding
18.6.5 Resin transfer molding
18.6.6 Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding
18.6.7 Vacuum bagging technique
18.7 Mechanical properties of natural fiber composites
18.7.1 Tensile properties
18.7.2 Flexural properties
18.7.3 Impact properties
18.7.4 Interlaminar properties
18.8 Dynamic mechanical analysis
18.9 Thermal properties
18.10 Water absorption studies
18.11 Matrix and fiber modification methods
18.11.1 Matrix modification methods
18.11.2 Fiber modification methods
18.12 Applications
18.12.1 Sporting goods
18.12.2 Automotive components
18.12.3 Leisure
18.12.4 Furniture
Conclusions
References
19 - Novel plant, their composites and applications
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conventional plant fibers and their uses
19.3 Novel natural plant fibers and their characteristics
19.3.1 Physical & chemical characterization
19.3.2 Microstructure characterization
19.4 Plant fiber-based composites
19.5 Applications of potential natural fiber composites
Conclusion
References
20 - Life cycle assessment of plant fibers and their composites
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Life cycle assessment methodology
20.2.1 Life cycle assessment methods and software
20.2.2 Environmental impact categories
20.3 Life cycle assessment of plant fiber composites
20.3.1 Life cycle assessment of plant fibers
20.3.2 Life cycle assessment of plant fiber composites
Conclusions
References
Index
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