Planetary Exploration Horizon 2061: A Long-Term Perspective for Planetary Exploration

Front Cover
PLANETARY EXPLORATION HORIZON 2061
PLANETARY EXPLORATION HORIZON 2061
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Editors and lead authors
Foreword to Planetary Exploration, Horizon 2061
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 - Introduction to the “Planetary Exploration, Horizon 2061” foresight exercise
1. Objectives and methods of the foresight exercise
2. Introduction to the scientific exploration of planetary systems
2.1 Planetary systems: a new class of astrophysical objects
2.2 A working definition of planetary systems
2.3 An overarching goal for the scientific study of planetary systems
2.4 Six key science questions
2.5 Observational techniques for planetary systems
3. Building the four pillars of the Horizon 2061 foresight exercise
3.1 Pillar 1: from science questions to measurement requirements
3.2 Pillar 2: from measurement requirements to mission requirements
3.3 From representative missions to enabling technologies and supporting infrastructures
3.4 Enabling technologies for future planetary missions (pillar 3)
3.5 Infrastructures and services for future planetary missions (pillar 4)
4. The enabling power of international collaboration
References
2 - Solar System/Exoplanet Science Synergies in a multidecadal perspective
1. Solar System/Exoplanet Science Synergies: a major asset to properly address the key science questions about planetary systems
2. Overview of planetary missions in the current space program
2.1 Solar System missions
2.1.1 Missions to the inner solar System
2.1.2 Missions to small bodies
2.1.3 Missions to the outer Solar System
2.2 Exoplanet missions
3. Diversity of planetary systems objects (Q1)
3.1 Inventory of known exoplanets
3.2 A summary of what we know of Solar System objects
3.3 Solar System-exoplanets synergies for the decades to come
4. Diversity of planetary systems architectures (Q2)
4.1 Comparing Solar System and extrasolar systems architectures
4.2 Solar System-exoplanets synergies for the decades to come
5. Origins and formation of planetary systems (Q3)
5.1 Overview of planet formation
5.2 Open questions and challenges
5.3 Observational constraints
5.4 Synergies between Solar System and extrasolar planet formation theory
5.5 Lessons learned from planet formation theory
5.6 Formation and evolution of giant planets
5.7 Observing planet formation as it happens
6. How do planetary systems work? (Q4)
6.1 Role of star–planet interactions in atmospheric escape and evolution
6.2 Prospects for the detection of exomagnetospheres via their radio emissions
6.3 Role of resonances, tidal heating, and magnetospheric particle irradiation: the example of Galilean satellites
7. Do planetary systems host potential habitats? (Q6)
7.1 Environmental conditions on early Earth
7.2 Origin of the organic building blocks
7.3 The role of the interplay between surface and atmospheric environment and chemistry
7.4 Atmospheric conditions for the emergence of macroscopic life
7.5 Summary
8. Strategies to search for life on exoplanets with future large space telescopes (Q6)
8.1 Searching for habitable conditions and biosignatures from the ground
8.2 Searching for habitable conditions and biosignatures in space
8.2.1 UV/optical/near-IR spectra versus thermal infrared
8.2.2 “Small black shadows”
8.2.3 “Pale blue dots”
8.3 Planning for the future
8.4 Required technology developments
9. Conclusions and recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
3 - From science questions to Solar System exploration
1. Introduction
2. Diversity of Solar System objects (Q1)
2.1 Planets
2.1.1 Diversity in internal structure, chemical composition, magnetic fields
2.1.2 Diversity in surface morphology and geology of terrestrial planets and the Moon
2.1.2.1 The Moon
2.1.2.2 Mercury
2.1.2.3 Mars
2.1.2.4 Venus
2.1.3 Diversity in Solar System atmospheres
2.1.3.1 Terrestrial planets
2.1.3.2 Giant planets
2.2 Dwarf planets, regular moons, and ocean worlds
2.3 Small bodies
2.3.1 Diversity in surface composition
2.3.2 Diversity in bulk composition, shape and cratering history
2.4 Cosmic dust particles
3. Diversity of planetary system architectures within the Solar System (Q2)
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Regular moon systems
3.3 Irregular moon systems
3.4 Ring-moon systems
3.5 Diversity of planetary magnetospheres
4. Origin of planetary systems
4.1 Chronology of Solar System formation
4.2 Formation and chemical differentiation of the disk
4.2.1 Reading the messages of primitive meteorites and asteroids
4.2.2 Reading the messages of comets
4.3 Formation of planetesimals
4.4 Formation of planets
4.4.1 Giant planets and their systems
4.4.2 Terrestrial planets
4.5 Characteristics and distribution of small bodies and captured moons
5. How does the Solar System work?
5.1 Exploration of terrestrial planets and the Moon
5.2 Interior processes in rocky planetary bodies
5.3 Interior processes in giant planets
5.4 The Solar System as a fluid dynamics laboratory: studying superrotation in slow and fast rotating planets
5.4.1 Introduction to atmospheric superrotation
5.4.2 Venus superrotation
5.4.3 Gas giant superrotation
5.4.4 Key observations for the future
5.4.5 Terrestrial planet atmospheric and climate evolution
5.5 The Solar System as a plasma physics laboratory: studying universal processes in planetary magnetospheres
5.6 The local interstellar medium, the heliosphere, and the heliosheath as an interaction region
5.6.1 Major open questions
5.6.2 Future missions
5.7 Small body hazards and space awareness
6. Potential habitats in the Solar System
7. Detection of life – strategies for the detection of biosignatures in the Solar System
8. Summary
8.1 Detailed scientific objectives of the exploration of Solar System objects
Question 1: how well do we understand the diversity of planetary systems objects?
Question 2: how well do we understand the diversity of planetary system architectures?
Question 3: What are the origins and formation scenarios for planetary systems?
Question 4: how do planetary systems work?
Question 5: do planetary systems host potential habitats?
Question 6: where and how to search for life?
8.2 A diversity of measurement techniques and types of missions to address the key science questions
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
4 - From planetary exploration goals to technology requirements
1. Introduction: from Earth-based telescopes to sample return and human exploration
2. Exploring the Solar System with Earth or space-based telescopes
2.1 Outstanding niches for observation of Solar System objects by Earth-based telescopes
2.1.1 Small bodies
2.1.2 Planets and their moons
2.1.3 Planetary atmospheres
2.1.4 Moons, ocean worlds, dwarf planets
2.2 Facilities with expected implementation by 2035
2.3 Facilities and capabilities under study for operations beyond 2035
2.4 Summary
3. In situ space missions to the different provinces of the Solar System
3.1 The Earth-Moon system
3.1.1 Main scientific objectives of moon exploration
3.1.2 Current and future missions up to 2035: preparing human missions to the Moon
3.1.3 Representative missions for 2035–61: A gateway for deep space exploration
3.2 Venus: towards sample return
3.2.1 Main scientific questions
3.2.2 Measurement requirements and mission types
3.2.3 Technology challenges and synergies with existing or planned space missions
3.3 Mars: sample return and beyond
3.3.1 Main scientific objectives
3.3.2 Missions for the coming decade and the Mars sample return
3.3.3 Toward human exploration of Mars
3.3.3.1 Case 1: MSR finds traces of life
3.3.3.2 Case 2: MSR results are not fully conclusive
3.3.3.3 Case 3: MSR convincingly concludes that life is and has been absent from Mars
3.3.3.4 The perspective of human exploration
3.4 Mercury
3.4.1 Main scientific objectives of Mercury's exploration
3.4.2 Challenges for Mercury's exploration from 2030 to 2061
3.5 Small bodies: asteroids, comets, TNOs
3.5.1 Key scientific objectives of future missions to small bodies
3.5.2 Currently planned exploration missions to 2040
3.5.2.1 AIDA mission
3.5.2.2 NEOSM mission
3.5.2.3 Psyche mission
3.5.2.4 Comet interceptor
3.5.2.5 Lucy mission
3.5.3 Representative missions for 2041–61
Sample return of primitive matter from the outer Solar System
3.6 Giant planets and their systems
3.6.1 Main scientific objectives of giant planet systems exploration
3.6.2 Future missions to giant planet systems
3.6.2.1 Comprehensive missions to giant planets systems
3.6.2.2 In situ exploration of giant planets atmospheres
3.6.2.3 Missions to giant planet moons
Missions to the Galilean moons
Missions to ocean worlds
3.6.2.4 Missions to giant planet rings
Science questions and measurement requirements
Types of ring missions
Saturn Ring Skimmer
Saturn Ring Observer
Orbiter studies of ice giant rings
3.6.2.5 Missions to giant planet magnetospheres
Science drivers for the exploration of giant planets magnetospheres
Types of missions required to perform the key measurements
Missions in flight or in preparation up to 2040
Missions to be flown between 2040 and 2061
3.6.3 Technology challenges for future missions
3.6.4 New infrastructures and services needed
3.7 From the Trans-Neptunian Solar System to the interstellar medium
3.7.1 A new frontier of space exploration
3.7.2 Exploring the Trans-Neptunian Solar System
3.7.2.1 2021–40
3.7.2.2 2041–61
3.7.3 Exploring heliospheric boundaries and the VLISM
3.7.3.1 2021–40
3.7.3.2 2041–61
3.7.4 Technology and methodology challenges of trans-Neptunian exploration
4. Conclusions: from future missions to infrastructure and technology requirements
4.1 Introduction
4.2 A new generation of missions beyond the current programmatic horizon
4.3 New technology requirements for a new wave of missions
4.4 Advanced infrastructures for future planetary missions
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
5 - Enabling technologies for planetary exploration
1. Introduction
2. Advanced instrumentation for the future
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Remote sensing instruments
2.1.2 In situ instruments
2.1.3 Sample return
2.1.4 Disruptive technologies
2.2 Advanced sensors and scientific investigations for the characterization of planetary environments, surfaces and interiors
2.2.1 Planetary gravimetry, geodesy and interior structure
2.2.2 Radar instruments
2.2.3 Radio and optical link techniques
2.2.3.1 The future of radio and optical link science
2.2.3.2 Future mission and experiment concepts
2.2.3.3 Current status and future capabilities needed
2.2.3.4 Recommendations for coming decades
2.3 In situ investigations of dust and gas
2.3.1 Dust investigations
2.3.1.1 Cosmic dust measurements: major motivation and types of dust
2.3.1.2 Dust measurement methods
2.3.1.3 Goals and challenges
2.3.1.4 Future instruments tailored for these goals and challenges
2.3.2 Mass spectrometry
2.3.2.1 Enabling technologies: current status and future capacities needed
2.3.2.2 Main conclusions and suggestions for future developments
2.4 Life detection devices
3. Mission architectures for the future
3.1 Pathways and distances to the different known solar system destinations
3.1.1 Articulation between interplanetary carriers and science platforms
3.2 Missions and functions of science platforms
3.3 The role of small and multiple platforms
3.4 Architecture of missions “on alert”
4. System-level technologies to fly there and return
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Spacecraft system design and analysis
4.3 Advanced electric propulsion
4.4 Advanced power
4.4.1 Introduction
4.4.2 Conventional solar power generation
4.4.3 Nuclear power in space
4.4.4 Isotopes suitable for space use
4.4.5 Conclusions
4.5 Deep space navigation and communications for the future
4.5.1 Introduction
4.5.2 Representative missions
4.5.3 Enabling technologies: current status and future capacities needed
4.5.4 Main conclusions and suggestions concerning future developments
4.6 Autonomy control and health management
4.6.1 Introduction
4.6.2 Requirements from representative missions
4.6.3 Current status and future capacities needed
4.6.4 Main conclusions and suggestions concerning future developments
5. Science platforms
5.1 Introduction
5.2 EDLA, surface platforms, ascent in solid, liquid, and gas planetary environments
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Requirements induced by representative missions
5.2.3 Current status and future capacities needed
5.2.4 Conclusions and suggestions concerning future developments
5.3 Planetary surface mobile elements
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Requirements induced by representative missions
5.3.3 Current status and future capacities needed
5.4 Robotic exploration agents, smart instruments, and human-robot teaming
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Requirements from representative missions
5.4.3 Current status and future capacities needed
6. How to stay there and how to return
6.1 Introduction
6.2 In situ resource utilization
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Requirements induced by representative missions
6.2.3 Current status and future capacities needed
6.2.4 Conclusions and suggestions concerning future developments
6.3 In-space assembly and manufacturing
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Requirements from representative missions
6.3.3 Current status and future capacities needed
6.3.4 Conclusions and suggestions concerning future developments
6.4 Advanced environmental control and life support technology
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Requirements from representative missions
6.4.3 Current status and future capacities needed
7. Disruptive technologies
8. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
6 - Infrastructures and services for planetary exploration: report on pillar 4
1. Introduction
2. Generic infrastructures for planetary mission operations
2.1 Launchers and launch services
2.1.1 Europe's launchers for deep space
2.1.2 Future heavy-lift launchers for deep space
2.2 Communication and navigation infrastructures
2.2.1 Communication via Earth ground stations
2.2.2 Toward an interplanetary communication and navigation system
3. Infrastructures for sample collection, curation, and analysis
3.1 Design characteristics of a curation facility
3.2 Toward nonterrestrial curation of extraterrestrial materials
4. Infrastructures for long-term human exploration
4.1 ILEWG roadmap, IAA Next Steps (2004), Global Exploration Roadmap (2018)
4.2 The Lunar Gateway
4.2.1 Gateway current status
4.2.2 Gateway science and technology
4.3 Future Moon and Mars robotic and human research outposts
4.4 Medical aspects and services for deep space, Moon, and Mars bases
5. Monitoring space weather and near-Earth objects
5.1 Toward solar-system-wide planetary space weather services
5.1.1 Current efforts as precursors of a solar-system-wide space weather service
5.1.2 Toward a solar-system-wide observation system
5.1.3 The key role of scientific models of the space environment
5.1.4 Toward solar-system-wide planetary space weather services
5.2 Toward the monitoring and mitigation of asteroid collision risks
6. Earth-based simulation facilities and laboratory experiments
6.1 The example of Europlanet Transnational Access facilities
6.2 Two other examples of ground-based infrastructures supporting planetary exploration
6.3 Human MoonMars base simulations
7. Data systems and virtual observatories
7.1 Missions and challenges of data systems for planetary sciences
7.2 A few examples of data systems serving planetary sciences
7.2.1 The Planetary Data System
7.2.2 The DARTS database of JAXA
7.2.3 The Planetary Science Archive
7.2.4 The CDPP
7.3 Toward an integrated virtual observatory for planetary sciences
7.4 Perspectives for the 2061 horizon
8. Capacity building and future workforce for planetary science and exploration
8.1 University and knowledge curriculum toward planetary exploration
8.2 Workshops, events, and youth community engagement
8.3 Bridging planetary science, society, and arts
9. Conclusions and perspectives
Annex 1: Planned launches of deep space and planetary missions for the 2021–2030 decade
Annex 2: Extract from ICEUM11 global lunar conference
Arvidson and ICEUM11 participants (Arvidson et al., 2010a,b)
Annex 3: Resource utilization and planetary socioeconomic services
Extract from Vid Beldavs, International Lunar Decade
Annex 4: Extract from report from the Space Renaissance congress 2021
Space Renaissance and social aspects of human robotic expansion in the solar system
Space Renaissance International “Civilian Space Development”: final resolution of 3rd World Congress
Acknowledgments
References
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Further reading
7 - The enabling power of international cooperation
1. Introduction with a historical perspective
2. The international dimension of the four pillars of planetary exploration
2.1 Pillar 1: science
2.1.1 Extra-solar planetary systems
2.1.2 Solar system
2.2 Pillar 2: missions
2.3 Pillar 3: technologies
2.3.1 Scientific payloads
2.3.2 Deep space spacecraft and launch vehicle platforms
2.3.3 Raw materials and stand-alone components
2.4 Pillar 4: infrastructures and services
3. International collaboration working groups toward 2061: ISECG, COSPAR, and ILEWG as examples of fruitful international coll ...
3.1 International space exploration coordination group
3.2 Committee on space research (COSPAR)
3.3 International lunar exploration working group (ILEWG)
4. Examples of national programs implementing international collaboration
4.1 NASA planetary exploration program and international partnership by James Green
4.2 ESA organization and international partnership by Bernard Foing
4.3 Japan's planetary exploration program and international partnership by Onoda Masami and Tokaku Yoshio, Japan aerospace expl ...
4.4 China's deep space exploration and international cooperation by LI Ming and Du Hui, China academy of space technology (CAST)
5. Conclusions
5.1 Forms of international cooperation in planetary exploration
5.2 Objectives of international cooperation on future planetary missions
5.3 Benefits of international cooperation
References
H2061_Participants_list: Horizon 2061 workshops, sessions and book chapters
Index
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