This book comprehensively summarizes the biological mechanisms of coloration and pattern formation of animals at molecular and cellular level, offering up-to-date knowledge derived from remarkable progress in the last 10 years.
The brilliant coloration, conspicuous patterns and spectacular color changes displayed by some vertebrates and invertebrates are generally their strategies of the utmost importance for survival. Consists of mainly three parts, starts with introductory chapter, such as Pigments and Pigment Organelles, Developmental Genetics of Pigment Cell Formation, Adult Pigment Patterns, and Color Changes, this book introduces new pigment compounds in addition to classically known pigments and organelles, explains how the generation of multiple types of pigment cell is genetically controlled, describes the mechanisms underlying the zebrafish stripe formation as well as other animals and also summarizes the mechanism of physiological and morphological color changes of teleost, amphibian and cephalopod.
Written by experts in the field, this book will be essential reading for graduate students and researchers in biological fields who are interested in pigmentation mechanisms of animals.
Author(s): Hisashi Hashimoto, Makoto Goda, Ryo Futahashi, Robert Kelsh, Toyoko Akiyama
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 484
City: Singapore
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: Pigments and Pigment Organelles
Chapter 1: Pigments in Insects
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Melanins
1.2.1 Melanin Synthesis Pathway in Insects
1.2.2 Melanin Pigments for Insect Color Pattern
1.2.3 Application of Melanin Synthesis Gene to Transgenic Marker
1.3 Ommochromes
1.3.1 Types and Characteristics of Ommochromes
1.3.2 Color Change by Ommochrome Pigments
1.3.3 Genes Involved in Ommochrome Synthesis and Transport
1.3.4 Novel Ommochrome-Related Genes Discovered from the Silkworm
1.3.5 Ommochrome-Related Genes Involved in Butterfly Wing Patterns
1.4 Pteridines
1.4.1 Characteristics of Pteridines
1.4.2 Pteridine Pigments for Insect Color Pattern
1.4.3 Genes Involved in Pteridine Synthesis and Transport
1.5 Other Pigments
1.5.1 Tetrapyrroles
1.5.2 Carotenoids
1.5.3 Flavonoids
1.5.4 Papiliochromes
1.5.5 Quinones
1.6 Pigment-Associated Structural Coloration
1.7 Genes Involved in the Insect Color Patterning
1.8 Conclusion and Perspective
References
Chapter 2: Melanins in Vertebrates
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biochemical Pathway for the Production of EM, PM, and NM
2.3 Microanalytical Application with the Chemical Degradation of Melanin
2.4 Hair Color
2.5 Human Skin
2.6 Bird Feathers
2.7 Fish, Reptiles, and Amphibians
2.8 Internal Melanin in Vertebrates
2.9 Melanin in Fossil Animals
2.10 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Body Color Expression in Birds
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mechanism of Feather Color Expression
3.2.1 Regulation of the Melanization Disclosed from Genetic Traits
3.2.2 Accumulation of Pigments Other Than Melanin
3.3 The Propositions for the Concept of Pigment Cells
References
Chapter 4: Pigments in Teleosts and their Biosynthesis
4.1 De Novo Purine Synthesis Is Indispensable for Embryonic Pigmentation
4.2 Melanophore Pigment and Mutants
4.3 Iridophore Pigments and Mutants
4.4 Xanthophore/Erythrophores Pigments and Mutants
4.4.1 Pteridine Synthesis
4.4.2 Carotenoids
4.4.3 Pigment Shift from Pteridines to Carotenoids
4.5 Leucophore Pigments and Mutant
4.6 Genetic Ablation of Pigment Cells from the Body Wall in Medaka and Zebrafish
References
Chapter 5: Bioluminescence and Pigments
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pigments in Bioluminescent Tissues
5.2.1 Light Shields
5.2.2 Colored Filters
5.2.3 Reflection
5.2.4 Fluorescence
5.3 Perspectives
References
Part II: Pigment Cell and Patterned Pigmentation
Chapter 6: Development of Melanin-Bearing Pigment Cells in Birds and Mammals
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Development of Melanoblasts from the Neural Crest
6.3 The Development of Melanocytes and Colonization of the Skin and Hair Follicles
6.4 The Development of Melanocytes in Feather Buds and Follicles
6.5 The Interplay Between Signaling Pathways and Transcription Regulation During Development of Neural Crest-Derived Melanocyt...
6.6 The Development of RPE Cells
6.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 7: Pigment Cell Development in Teleosts
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pigment Cell-Types Identified in Fish
7.2.1 Diversity of Pigment Cells in Poikilotherms (see Sect. 13.1.1)
7.2.2 Melanophore
7.2.3 Xanthophore and Erythrophore
7.2.4 Iridophore and Leucophore: Light Reflecting Chromatophores
7.2.5 Cyanophore
7.2.6 Dichromatic Chromatophores (Mosaic Pigment Cells)
7.3 Embryonic/Larval Pigment Cells and Adult Pigment Stem Cells
7.3.1 Development of Embryonic/Larval Pigment Cells
7.4 Origin of Skin Pigment Cells
7.4.1 Concepts of Stem Cells
7.4.2 Cell Migration of Embryonic/Larval Pigment Cells
7.5 Genetic Regulation of Pigment Cell Development from NC
7.5.1 Intrinsic and Extracellular Factors
7.5.2 The Genetics of Embryonic/Larval Pigment Cell Development
Chromatoblast (Cbl) Formation
Melanophore Lineage
Iridophore Lineage
Xanthophore Lineage
7.5.3 Roles of Intrinsic Factors
Tfap2a, Tfap2c and Tfap2e
Foxd3
Tfec
Mitfa
Sox10, Sox9b
Sox5
Pax3/7
Hdac1
Gbx2
7.5.4 Extrinsic Signals
Wnt Signaling
Kit Signaling
fms/panther Signalling
Ltk Signaling
7.5.5 Pigmentation Genes (see Chap. 4 for detailed function)
dct, tyr, tyrp1: Melanophore Markers
gch, xdh: Xanthophore Markers
pnp4a: An Iridophore Marker
7.5.6 Modeling of the Pigment Cell Gene Regulatory Network
7.6 Pigment Cells as an Evolutionary Novelty
7.6.1 Medaka Leucophore
7.6.2 Zebrafish Leucophores
7.6.3 Arabian Killifish Leucophores
References
Chapter 8: Pigment Patterning in Teleosts
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pigment Pattern Formation of Adult Zebrafish
8.2.1 The Composition of the Adult Striped Pattern
8.2.2 Adult Zebrafish Pattern Development
Developmental Staging
8.2.3 Adult Zebrafish Pigment Stem Cells and their Niche
Adult Pattern Development
8.3 Genetics of Pigment Pattern Formation in Zebrafish
8.3.1 The Initial Iridophore Interstripe Provides a Morphological Landmark for Pattern Development
8.3.2 All Three Pigment Cell-Types Are Required to Generate the Adult Pigment Pattern
No Iridophores (ltk/shady)
No Xanthophores (csf1a/c-fms/fms/panther/pfeffer/salz)
No Melanophores (mitfa/nacre)
Double Mutants of shd, nac, and pfe
8.3.3 Regulation of Cellular Processes
Thyroid Hormone
8.3.4 Reduced Iridophores in the Adult
Alkal2a; Alkal2b
Ednrb1/Ednrb1a/Rse
Edn3
Mpv17/Tra/tra
8.3.5 Genes Affecting the Pigment Cell Environment
Bnc2
Ece2/Kar
Somatolactin
8.3.6 Genes Required for Early Metamorphic Melanophores
kit/spa and kitla/slk
8.3.7 Genes Required for Metamorphic Chromatophore Development
tuba8l3/puma
erbb3b/picasso
8.3.8 Genes Relating to Cell Shape
bace2/wanderlust
8.4 Cell Communication During Pattern Development
8.4.1 Cell-Studies into Cell Communication
Melanophore-Melanophore Interactions
Xanthophore-Xanthophore Interactions
Xanthophore-Melanophore Interactions
Xanthoblast-Melanophore Interaction
Iridophore-Melanophore Interactions
Iridophore-Xanthophore Interactions
8.4.2 Ablation Studies to Assess Cell-Cell Communication
Melanophore-Melanophore Interactions
Melanophore-Xanthophore Interactions
Iridophore-Xanthophore Interactions
8.4.3 Genetic Studies into Cell Communication
cx41.8/leo
Ccx39.4/luc
igsf11/utr15e1/seu
tjp1a/sbr
kir 7.1/jag/obe
tspan3c/dali
srm/idefix
Potential Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Pigment Cell Interactions
8.5 Pigment Pattern Formation in the Zebrafish Fins
8.5.1 Dhrsx/Pyewacket
8.6 Dorsal Ventral Countershading
8.6.1 Scale Development
8.6.2 Genes Relating to Dorso-Ventral Countershading (DVC)
Agouti Signaling
Melanocortin Receptors
MSH and MCH
Suggested Molecular Mechanisms
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Theoretical Studies of Pigment Pattern Formation
9.1 Turing´s Reaction-Diffusion System
9.2 Activator-Inhibitor Model
9.3 Application to Pattern Formation in Real Organisms
9.4 The Kernel-Based Turing Model
9.5 The Agent-Based Model
9.6 Connecting Mathematical Models and Molecular Biology
9.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Evolution of Pigment Pattern Formation in Teleosts
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Pigment Pattern Function
10.3 Chromatophores: Development and Pattern Formation
10.3.1 Chromatophores and Pigmentation of Early Larvae
10.3.2 Adult Pigment Pattern Formation and Developmental Features that May Contribute to Evolutionary Lability of Pattern
10.4 Evolution of Teleost Pigment Cells and Patterns
10.4.1 Changes Within Pigment Cell Lineages Underlying Adult Pattern Evolution
10.4.2 Role of Tissue Environment in Pattern Evolution
10.4.3 Heterochrony and Heterotopy as Factors in Diversification
10.4.4 Convergence and Parallelism in Phenotype Evolutions
10.4.5 Breaking Phenotypes by Regressive Evolution
10.4.6 Genome Duplication and the Evolution of Novelty
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Mechanisms of Feather Structural Coloration and Pattern Formation in Birds
11.1 Mechanisms of Structural Coloration in Birds
11.1.1 Introduction
11.1.2 Basic Mechanisms of Structural Coloration
11.1.3 Color-Causing Microstructures in Bird Feathers
Thin-Layer Interference Microstructures
Melanin Granule Microstructures
Amorphous Network Microstructures
11.1.4 Other Important Factors in Avian Feather Coloration
11.1.5 Concluding Remarks
11.2 Feather Pattern Formation in Birds
11.2.1 Examples of Complicated Feather Patterns: Pheasant
11.2.2 Another Example of Complicated Feather Patterns: Jaybird
11.2.3 Mechanism of Feather and Body Pattern Formation with Dietary Pigments and Structural Color
11.2.4 Body Colors and Patterns in Birds as a Survival Strategy
11.2.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 12: Mechanism of Color Pattern Formation in Insects
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Genes That Control Color Patterns of Drosophila
12.3 Color Pattern Formation on Butterfly Wings
12.4 Cis-Regulatory Elements That Control Color Pattern Formation
12.5 Theoretical Models for Insect Color Pattern Formation
12.6 The Future Directions of the Study of Insect Color Pattern Formation
References
Part III: Color Changes
Chapter 13: Physiological and Morphological Color Changes in Teleosts and in Reptiles
13.1 Color Changes in Teleosts
13.1.1 Varieties of Chromatophores
13.1.2 Motile Mechanisms of Chromatophores
13.1.3 Physiological Color Changes
Effects of Hormonal Substances
Effects of Neuronal Substances
Direct Effects of Light
13.1.4 Morphological Color Changes
13.2 Chromatophores of Reptiles
13.2.1 Chromatophore-Based Understanding of Color and Pattern Formation
13.2.2 Blue Tail Coloration and Stripes of Lizards
13.2.3 Stripe Pattern Formation in Snakes
13.2.4 Green and Brown Colors for Background Color Matching
13.2.5 Genetic Mechanisms of Color Pattern Formation in Reptiles
References
Chapter 14: Color Change in Cephalopods
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Elements and Underlining Mechanisms of Color Change
14.3 Function and Ecological Significance of Color Change
14.4 Mystery of Color Change
References
Chapter 15: Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Insect Color Change Towards Understanding Molecular Links
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Ontogenic Color Changes
15.2.1 Color Pattern Switching During Larval Development
15.2.2 Color Changes on Maturation
15.2.3 Involvement of Symbiotic Microbes
15.3 Developmental Plasticity of Color Forms
15.3.1 Seasonal Forms
15.3.2 Background Matching
15.3.3 Density-Dependent Phase Change
15.4 Reversible Color Changes
15.4.1 Physiological Color Changes
15.4.2 Morphological Color Changes
15.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
