Phytoremediation for Environmental Sustainability

Contents
Editor and Contributors
1: Metal Hyperaccumulator Plants and Their Role in Phytoremediation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Advancing Phytoremediation Potential to Clean up the Environmental Pollution
1.3 Use of Hyperaccumulator Plants for Phytoremediation of Metals from the Polluted Soils
1.3.1 Selection of Plant Species for Phytoextraction
1.3.2 Hyperaccumulator Plant Species in Brassicaceae
1.4 Subcellular Localization of Metals in Hyperaccumulator Plants
1.5 Metal Transporters and Their Function in the Plant Cell
1.6 Function of Heavy Metal ATPases (HMAs) in Plants
1.7 Conclusion
References
2: Role of Soil Microflora in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Heavy Metal Pollution and Microbe-Assisted Phytoremediation
2.2.1 Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Phytoremediation
2.2.2 Role of P-Solubilizing Bacteria in Phytoremediation
2.2.3 Role of Mycorrhizal-Helping Bacteria in Phytoremediation
2.2.4 Role of Endophytic Bacteria in Phytoremediation
2.2.5 Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Phytoremediation
2.2.6 Role of Fungi in Phytoremediation
2.2.7 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms and Phytoremediation
2.3 Mechanisms of Soil Microorganism Induced Phytoremediation
2.3.1 Microbial Secretion
2.3.2 Fixation and Solubilization of Minerals
2.3.3 Sequestration and Transformation of Toxic Heavy Metals
2.3.4 Inhibition of Plant Pathogens
2.4 Role of Resistant Microbes in Heavy Metal Accumulation
2.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
3: Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil and Water
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phytoremediation and Its Mechanisms
3.3 Different Strategies of Phytoremediation Mechanism
3.3.1 Rhizofiltration
3.3.2 Phytostabilization
3.3.3 Phytoextraction
3.3.4 Phytovolatilization
3.3.5 Phytodegradation
3.4 Plant Response to Heavy Metals
3.4.1 Metal Excluders
3.4.2 Metal Indicators
3.4.3 Metal Accumulator Plant Species
3.5 Plants Heavy Metals Uptake and Responses
3.5.1 Ex Situ Method
3.5.2 In Situ Method
3.6 Advantages of Phytoremediation
3.7 Limitations of Phytoremediation Technology
3.8 Implementation of Knowledge for Application
3.8.1 Constructed Wetlands
3.8.2 Short Rotation Coppice Forestry
3.8.3 Interactions with Microorganisms
3.8.4 Atmosphere Contaminants
3.9 Recent Trends
3.9.1 Natural Remediation
3.9.2 Biofortification
3.9.3 Glucosinolates and Biofumigation
3.9.4 Uptake and Transport
3.9.5 Accumulation and Sequestration
3.9.6 Genetic Bases of Tolerance
3.9.7 New Contaminants
3.10 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
4: Effective Removal of Radioactive Waste from Environment Using Plants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Removal of Radionuclides by Plants
4.2.1 Accumulation and Uptake of Radionuclides by Plants
4.2.2 Mechanism of Radionuclide Accumulation in Plants
4.2.3 Effect of Radionuclide Accumulation on Plant Growth
4.3 Conclusions
References
5: Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides: Sustainable Approach to Environmental Management
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Heavy Metals (HMs) and Radionuclides
5.3 Phytoremediation: An Environmental Tool for the Reclamation of Contaminated Sites
5.3.1 Phytoextraction
5.3.2 Phytostabilization
5.3.3 Phytovolatilization
5.3.4 Phytodegradation
5.3.5 Rhizodegradation
5.4 Plants Strategies Towards Metals
5.5 Phytoremediation by Transgenic Plants
5.6 Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) Facilitated Phytoremediation
5.7 Microbial Facilitated Phytoremediation
5.8 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Facilitated Phytoremediation
5.9 Nanoparticles (NPs) Facilitated Phytoremediation
5.10 Conclusion
References
6: Remediation Technologies, from Incineration to Phytoremediation: The Rediscovery of the Essential Role of Soil Quality
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Remediation Technologies
6.2.1 Thermal Technologies
6.2.1.1 Effects on Soil Functions
6.2.2 Physical Treatments
6.2.2.1 Soil Washing
6.2.2.2 Effects on Soil Functions
6.3 Electrokinetic Remediation
6.3.1 Effects on Soil Functions
6.4 The New Vision of Soil in Remediation
6.4.1 Bioavailability
6.4.2 Phytoextraction Based on Bioavailability Processes
6.4.3 Further Phytoremediation Improvement
6.4.3.1 Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)
6.4.3.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB)
6.4.3.3 Biomass Valorization
6.4.3.4 Effects on Soil Functions
6.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
7: Morphology and Physiology of Plants Growing on Highly Polluted Mining Wastes
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Plants Growing on Highly Polluted Substrates
7.2.1 Pot Experiments
7.2.2 Field Experiments
7.3 Physicochemical Properties of Mining Wastes: Implication for Phytoextraction
7.4 The Role of Microorganisms in the Disposal of Energy Waste (Furnace Waste)
7.5 Physiological Aspects of Plant Survival on Heavily Polluted Sites
7.5.1 Plant Selection for Phytoremediation of Mine Tailings
7.5.2 Physiological Determinants of Plant Tolerance to Mining Waste Materials
7.5.3 Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza on Plant Condition During Phytoremediation
7.6 Alterations in Root Architecture as an Indicator of Plant Ability to Cope with Toxic Trace Elements
7.6.1 Morphological Alterations in Root Architecture
7.6.2 Alterations in Root Anatomy
7.6.3 Alterations in Root Architecture at the Cellular Level
7.7 Conclusions
References
8: Potential Impacts of Climatic Stress on the Performance of Phyto-bioremediation Techniques
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Bioremediation Techniques
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Types of Bioremediation
8.2.3 Plant-Microbe-Based Bioremediation
8.2.3.1 Phytoremediation
8.2.3.2 Constructed Wetlands
8.3 Impacts of Climatic Change on the Bioremediation Performance
8.3.1 Effects on Fate and Behavior of Pollutants
8.3.2 Effects on Microorganism Communities
8.3.2.1 Temperature
8.3.2.2 Elevated Ambient CO2 Levels
8.3.2.3 Changes in Soil Moisture Content
8.3.3 Effects on Soil
8.3.3.1 Temperature
8.3.3.2 Extreme Precipitation
8.3.4 Effects on Plants
8.3.4.1 Elevated Ambient CO2 Levels
8.3.4.2 Temperature/Drought
8.4 Conclusion and Implications
References
9: Invasive Alien Plant Species: An Exploration of Social Aspect and Phytoremediation Acceptability
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Social Aspects of Invasive Alien Species
9.2.1 In Herbal Medicines
9.2.2 Livelihood Benefits: Utilized as Fodder
9.2.3 Chances and Opportunities in Biofuels Production
9.2.4 Potential Use of Invasive Plant Species for Biochar Generation
9.2.5 Biocontrol Agent: Green Herbicides
9.2.6 Phytoremediation Acceptability of Invasive Alien Species
9.3 Response of Invasive Alien Species Under Abiotic Stress
9.3.1 Morphological Response
9.3.2 Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses
9.3.3 Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals
9.4 Mechanism of Heavy Metal Uptake and Accumulation
9.5 Potential Risks and Challenges in Applications of Invasive Alien Species
9.6 Conclusion
References
10: Phytotechnologies for Bioremediation of Textile Dye Wastewater
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Traditional Phytotechnologies for Remediation of Textile Wastewater
10.2.1 Constructed Wetland Systems
10.2.1.1 Different Types of Constructed Wetlands (CWs)
10.2.1.2 Current Status of Application of CWs in Textile Wastewater Treatment
10.2.1.3 Pilot Scale Studies
10.2.2 Floating Treatment Wetland System
10.3 Emerging Hybrid Phytotechnologies
10.4 Enhancement of Phytoremediation Processes
10.4.1 Bacterial Bioaugmentation Strategy
10.4.2 Application of Transgenic Plants
10.5 Factors Affecting the Phytotechnology
10.5.1 Effluent Composition, Dye Concentration, and Hydraulics
10.5.2 Plant Species
10.5.3 Weathering
10.6 Advantages and Limitations of Phytotechnologies
10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
11: Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Water Systems: Sustainable Phytoremediation Strategies
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Characteristics, Sources, and Fate
11.3 Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Treatment Plants
11.3.1 Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Sewage Sludge and Biosolids
11.3.2 Why Are Pharmaceuticals Not Efficiently Removed in Conventional WWTPs?
11.4 Phytoremediation Strategies for Pharmaceuticals Clean-up: Constructed Wetlands
11.5 Conclusion and Final Remarks
References
12: Fluoride (F) Remediation Using Phytoremediation and Nanomaterials
12.1 Introduction
12.2 F Sources in Environment
12.3 Effects of F Contamination on Life Forms
12.4 Techniques Available for F Remediation
12.4.1 Phytoremediation
12.4.1.1 Mechanisms of Phytoremediation
12.4.1.1.1 Phytoaccumulation
12.4.1.1.2 Phytostabilization
12.4.1.1.3 Phytovolatilization
12.4.1.1.4 Phytodegradation
12.4.1.1.5 Rhizodegradation
12.4.1.1.6 Limitations
12.4.1.1.7 Selection Criteria of Plant for Phytoremediation
12.4.2 Nanomaterials
12.4.2.1 Roles of Nanomaterials in Phytoremediation
12.4.2.1.1 Direct Pollutant Removal by Nanomaterials
12.4.2.1.2 Promoting Plant Growth
12.4.2.1.3 Increasing Phytoavailability of Pollutants
12.4.2.2 Impact of Nanomaterials on Plants
12.5 Nano-Phytoremediation
12.6 Nano-Phytoremediation of Pollutants in Soil
12.7 NPs Selection for Phytoremediation
12.8 Conclusion
References
13: Sustainable Use of African Palm Shell Waste Applied to Paraben Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions
13.1 Introduction: Water and Pollution
13.2 Parabens: What Are They?
13.2.1 Environmental Impact of Parabens
13.2.2 Remotion Treatments of PCPs from Water
13.3 Activated Carbon: Properties and Production
13.3.1 Properties of Activated Carbon
13.3.2 Agroindustrial Waste
13.3.3 Activation with Metallic Salts
13.4 Parabens Adsorption on Activated Carbon from African Palm Shell
13.5 Conclusions
References
14: Removal of Indoor Pollutants (VOCs): Phytoremediation Applications and Adsorption Studies Using Immersion Calorimetry
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Use and Harmful Effects
14.2.1 Benzene
14.2.2 Toluene
14.2.3 Cyclohexane
14.2.4 Hexane
14.3 Phytoremediation for Decreasing the VOCs Concentration from Indoors
14.4 Adsorption on Activated Carbon and Its Application in the Removal of VOCs
14.4.1 Isothermal Immersion Calorimetry
14.4.2 Influence of the Adsorbents and Adsorbates Properties in Their Interaction: Enthalpic Determination
14.5 Conclusions
References
15: Phytoremediation: A Tool for Environmental Sustainability
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Phytoremediation
15.3 Mechanisms of Phytoremediation
15.3.1 Phytoextraction
15.3.2 Rhizofiltration
15.3.3 Phytovolatilization
15.3.4 Phytostabilization
15.3.5 Phytodegradation
15.3.6 Rhizodegradation
15.4 Environmental Sustainability
15.5 The Sustainable Phytoremediation
15.5.1 Ecologically and Economically Useful Species
15.5.2 Plant Species Involved in Phytoremediation
15.6 Conclusions
References
16: Role of Phytoremediation as a Promising Technology to Combat Environmental Pollution
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Environmental Pollution and the Need of Remediation
16.3 Types of Environmental Contaminants
16.3.1 Inorganic Contaminants
16.3.1.1 Chromium
16.3.1.2 Lead
16.3.1.3 Arsenic
16.3.1.4 Cadmium
16.3.2 Organic Contaminants
16.4 In-Practice Strategies to Combat Environmental Pollution
16.4.1 Bioremediation
16.4.2 Phytoremediation
16.5 Types of Phytoremediation
16.5.1 Phytoextraction
16.5.2 Phytovolatilization
16.5.3 Phytotransformation/Phytodegradation
16.5.4 Rhizofiltration
16.5.5 Phytodesalination
16.5.6 Phytostimulation
16.5.7 Phytostabilization
16.5.8 Hydraulic Control
16.6 Factors Affecting Phytoremediation
16.6.1 Plant Species
16.6.2 Soil Amendments
16.6.3 Chelating Agents
16.6.3.1 Organic Chelating Agents
16.6.3.1.1 Citric Acid
16.6.3.1.2 Oxalic Acid
16.6.3.1.3 Gluconic Acid
16.6.3.2 Synthetic Chelating Agents
16.6.3.3 Combined Effect of Organic and Inorganic Chemical Agents
16.6.4 Microorganisms
16.6.5 Combination of Chelating Agents and Microorganisms
16.6.6 Combined Effect of Organic and Synthetic Chelating Agents
16.6.7 Plant Growth Regulators
16.6.8 Intercropping Different Plant Species
16.6.9 Alterations in Plant Genome
16.6.9.1 Introduction of Mutations in Plant Genome
16.6.9.2 Introduction of Tolerant Genes to Plant Genome
16.6.10 Electrokinetics
16.7 Advantages of Phytoremediation
16.8 Disadvantages/Limitations of Phytoremediation
16.9 Recent Research Trends in Phytoremediation
16.10 Future Prospects and Recommendations
16.11 Conclusion
References
17: Exploring the Potential of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Phytoremediation
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals by PGPR
17.3 Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants Through PGPR
17.4 Strategies Employed by PGPR in Phytoremediation
17.4.1 Plant Growth Promotion
17.4.2 Improved Phytoextraction
17.4.3 Metal Accumulation in Plants (Bioaccumulation)
17.4.4 Biodegradation
17.5 Exploring Rhizosphere Bionetwork by Metagenomics Approach
17.6 Future Prospects
17.7 Conclusion
References
18: Phycoremediation: Treatment of Pollutants and an Initiative Towards Sustainable Environment
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Acid Mine Drainage (AMD)
18.2.1 Sources and Characteristics of Acid Mine Drainage
18.2.2 Methods for Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage
18.2.2.1 Acidophilic Microalgae, Heavy Metal Tolerance and Phycoremediation
18.2.2.2 Microalgae-Bacteria Biofilms and MFCs
18.3 Dairy Wastewater (DWW)
18.3.1 Sources and Characteristics of Dairy Wastewater
18.3.2 Methods for Treatment of Dairy Wastewater
18.3.2.1 Microalgae-Assisted Remediation of DWW
18.4 Alcohol Distillery Wastewater (ADW)
18.4.1 Sources and Characteristics of Alcohol Distillery Wastewater
18.4.2 Methods for Treatment of ADW
18.4.2.1 Microalgae: An Evolving Technique for ADW Treatment
18.5 Domestic Wastewater
18.5.1 Sources and Characteristics of Domestic Wastewater
18.5.2 Methods for Treatment of Domestic Wastewater
18.5.2.1 Phycoremediation for Nutrient Removal from Domestic Wastewater
18.6 Greywater
18.6.1 Sources and Characteristics of Greywater
18.6.2 Methods for Treatment of Greywater
18.6.2.1 Recycle of Greywater for Production of Microalgal Biomass
18.7 Heavy Metals (HMs)
18.7.1 Sources and Characteristics of Heavy Metals
18.7.2 Methods for Treatment of Heavy Metal Wastewater
18.7.2.1 Phycoremediation and the Underlying Mechanisms for Removal of HMs
18.8 Textile Wastewater (TWW)
18.8.1 Sources and Characteristics of Textile Wastewater
18.8.2 Methods for Treatment of Textile Wastewater
18.8.2.1 Physical and Chemical Treatment Methods for TWW
18.8.2.2 Microalgae-Assisted TWW Remediation
18.9 Limitations and Future Prospects of Phycoremediation of Wastewater
References
19: Phytoremediation: Mechanistic Approach for Eliminating Heavy Metal Toxicity from Environment
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Plants´ Responses to Heavy Metal Toxicity
19.3 Mechanism of Uptake, Translocation, and Detoxification of Heavy Metals in Plants
19.3.1 Heavy Metal Uptake and Translocation
19.3.2 Heavy Metal Detoxification
19.3.3 Transporters for Heavy Metal Uptake, Translocation, and Detoxification
19.4 About Phytoremediation
19.4.1 Phytoextraction
19.4.2 Phytostabilization
19.4.3 Phytovolatilization
19.4.4 Phytofiltration
19.4.5 Phytodegradation
19.5 Phytoremediation of Different Heavy Metals
19.5.1 Aluminum
19.5.2 Arsenic
19.5.3 Cadmium
19.5.4 Chromium
19.5.5 Copper
19.5.6 Lead
19.5.7 Lithium
19.5.8 Mercury
19.5.9 Zinc
19.6 Improvement of Phytoremediation Ability of Plants
19.7 Conclusion
References