Physical Layer Security for Wireless Sensing and Communication

Cover
Contents
Foreword
About the editors
List of acronyms
1 Wireless communication networks and the need for security
1.1 Introduction to next-generation wireless networks
1.2 The need for security in wireless communication
1.3 Cryptography vs. physical layer security
1.3.1 Cryptography
1.3.2 Physical layer security
References
2 Information theoretic perspective of physical layer security
2.1 History of information theory
2.2 Fundamentals of security and security notions
2.3 Physical layer security performance metrics
2.3.1 SINR-based physical layer security techniques and performance metrics
2.3.2 Complexity-based physical layer security techniques and performance metrics
2.4 Conclusion
References
3 Physical layer security definition and domains
3.1 Physical layer security definition
3.2 Generalized physical layer security framework
3.2.1 Observation plane
3.2.2 Modification plane
3.2.3 From observation plane to modification plane
3.3 Physical layer security domains
3.3.1 Wireless channel
3.3.2 RF front-end
3.3.3 Radio environment/sensing
3.3.4 Data bits
3.3.5 Wireless signal
3.3.6 Network
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Wireless channel from physical layer security perspective
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Preliminaries on channel-based PLS approaches
4.2.1 Channel-based key generation
4.2.2 Channel-based adaptation PLS techniques
4.3 Eligibility requirements of channel parameters for PLS
4.3.1 Randomness
4.3.2 Uniqueness
4.3.3 Reciprocity
4.3.4 Accessibility/observability
4.3.5 Irreproducibility
4.4 Channel parameters beyond 5G: PLS perspective
4.4.1 Large-scale fading
4.4.2 Molecular absorption and scattering
4.4.3 Small-scale fading
4.4.4 Sparsity
4.4.5 Array non-stationarity
4.4.6 Temporal, Doppler and spatial non-stationarity
4.5 Integrity of channel features
4.5.1 Indirect attacks on the integrity
4.5.2 Direct attacks
4.6 Future direction and recommendation
4.6.1 Securing integrity of the channel features
4.6.2 High mobility and non-stationarity issues
4.6.3 Beam squint issue in (mMIMO)
4.6.4 Intelligent security frameworks
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Physical layer authentication in wireless communication systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Physical-layer authentication
5.3 PLA metrics
5.4 RF/hardware-based PLA
5.4.1 Local oscillator
5.4.2 Power amplifier
5.4.3 Device clock
5.4.4 RF modulator/demodulator
5.4.5 Multiple hardware attributes
5.5 PLA in 5G networks and beyond
5.5.1 Beam pattern
5.5.2 Channel sparsity
5.6 Receiver process
5.6.1 Detection process
5.6.2 Attribute extraction
5.6.3 Classification
5.7 Challenges and future discussion
5.7.1 Optimal attribute selection
5.7.2 PLA in multiuser communication networks
5.7.3 Mobility or orientation change
5.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
6 Context-aware physical layer security for future
wireless networks
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The radio environment map and radio environment monitoring
6.2.1 Radio environment monitoring framework
6.3 Context-aware PLS framework
6.3.1 Situational awareness
6.3.2 Risk identification
6.3.3 PLS method selection
6.4 Context-aware security in the literature
6.4.1 Social reputation and trustworthiness
6.4.2 Location, behavior, and mobility-aided authentication
6.5 Research directions
6.5.1 Data/information collection and management
6.5.2 Validating the context or situational awareness
6.5.3 Unified understanding of risk identifiers and QoSec levels
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Signal domain physical modification for PLS
7.1 Waveform & security
7.2 Low modification: waveform’s inherent security
7.2.1 Signal detection
7.2.2 Signal identification/feature extraction
7.3 Moderate modification: control-signal/channel-based PLS
7.4 High modification: modification-based PLS
7.4.1 Adaptation-based PLS
7.4.2 Interference-based PLS
7.4.3 Key-based modification at signal level
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Physical modification plane: cross MAC/PHY scheduling and
resource allocation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Scheduling and resource allocation
8.3 Popular scheduling and resource allocation algorithms
8.4 Performance metrics and basic optimization problems in resource allocation and scheduling for physical layer security
8.4.1 Secrecy rate/capacity
8.4.2 Secrecy outage probability/capacity
8.4.3 Power/energy consumption
8.4.4 Secure energy efficiency
8.5 Resource allocation for physical layer security
8.5.1 Literature on secure resource allocation
8.5.2 Optimization problems in secure resource allocation
8.6 Scheduling for physical layer security
8.6.1 Physical layer security-based scheduling in downlink networks
8.7 Challenges, recommendation and future directions for physical layer security in scheduling
8.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9 Physical layer security in distributed wireless networks
9.1 Cooperative communication for physical layer security
9.1.1 General system model in cooperative communications
9.1.2 Cooperative solutions against eavesdropping
9.1.3 Cooperative solutions against jamming
9.1.4 Cooperative solutions against spoofing
9.1.5 Challenges for physical layer security in cooperative communication
9.2 CoMP-aided physical layer security
9.2.1 CoMP-assisted solutions against eavesdropping
9.2.2 CoMP-assisted solutions against jamming
9.2.3 CoMP-assisted solutions against spoofing
9.2.4 Technical limitations of CoMP deployment
9.3 RISs for secure and smart environments
9.3.1 RIS-assisted PLS solutions against eavesdropping
9.3.2 RIS-assisted solutions against jamming
9.3.3 RIS-assisted attacks against PLS
9.3.4 Challenges, recommendations, and future research directions
9.4 Conclusion
References
10 Physical layer security for Internet of Things networks
10.1 Introduction
10.2 IoT architecture
10.2.1 Perception layer
10.2.2 Network layer
10.2.3 Application layer
10.3 Different attack types in IoT
10.3.1 Denial of service attacks
10.3.2 Denial of sleep attacks
10.3.3 Routing attacks
10.3.4 Sybil attacks
10.3.5 Man in the middle attacks
10.4 Unique features and challenges of IoT from PLS perspective
10.4.1 Mobility
10.4.2 Low computational capability
10.4.3 Uplink/downlink incompatibility in terms of hardware
10.4.4 Channel state information accuracy
10.4.5 Scalability
10.5 Popular PLS techniques for IoT against eavesdropping, spoofing, and jamming
10.5.1 Beamforming
10.5.2 Compressive sensing
10.5.3 RF fingerprinting
10.5.4 Cooperative jamming
10.5.5 Spread spectrum
10.5.6 Bit flipping
10.5.7 Noise aggregation
10.5.8 Fountain coding
10.5.9 Constellation rotation
10.5.10 Machine learning
10.5.11 Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces
10.6 Recommendation and future directions
10.6.1 Multi-antenna systems in IoT devices
10.6.2 Energy harvesting
10.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
11 Physical layer security for wireless sensing and joint radar and
communications
11.1 Physical layer security for wireless sensing
11.1.1 Introduction to wireless sensing
11.1.2 Exploratory attacks on wireless sensing
11.1.3 Manipulation attacks on wireless sensing
11.1.4 Disruption attacks on wireless sensing
11.2 Physical layer security for joint radar and communication systems
11.2.1 Physical layer security for dual-functional radar communication systems
11.2.2 Physical layer security for radar–communication coexistence
11.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
12 Physical layer security in non-terrestrial networks
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Eavesdropping in RF communication
12.2.1 System model
12.2.2 Secrecy performance analysis
12.3 Eavesdropping in FSO communication
12.3.1 Eavesdropping in space/air
12.3.2 Satellite eavesdropping
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Security in physical layer of cognitive radio networks
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Motivation of physical-layer security
13.1.2 Wiretap channel
13.1.3 Physical layer security metrics
13.2 Cognitive radio networks
13.2.1 Securing cognitive radio networks
13.2.2 Differences in securing CRNs and other conventional networks
13.3 Attacks on the physical layer of cognitive radio networks and countermeasures
13.3.1 Primary user emulation attack
13.3.2 Jamming attack
13.3.3 Eavesdropping
13.4 Energy harvesting for securing cognitive radio networks
13.4.1 Energy harvesting transmit schemes
13.4.2 Energy harvesting receivers
13.4.3 Recent works
13.5 Securing the physical layer of unmanned aerial vehicles-based CRNs
13.5.1 Challenges of UAVs-based CRNs
13.5.2 Attacks on the physical layer of UAVs-based CRNs and countermeasures
13.6 Cascaded fading channels and securing cognitive radio networks
13.6.1 Applications of cascaded fading channels
13.6.2 Cascaded fading channels and PLS in CRNs
13.6.3 Recent works
13.7 Conclusions
13.8 Future directions
13.8.1 Cross-layer attacks
13.8.2 Machine learning algorithms
13.8.3 Reflecting intelligent surfaces
13.8.4 Millimeter wave applications
References
14 Machine learning for physical layer security
14.1 Introduction
14.2 ML algorithms
14.2.1 Supervised learning
14.2.2 Unsupervised learning
14.2.3 Semi-supervised learning
14.2.4 Reinforcement learning
14.3 Deep learning algorithms
14.4 Multi-task learning
14.5 Federated learning
14.6 Generative adversarial network
14.6.1 Generative adversarial networks in security defenses
14.6.2 Generative adversarial networks in security attacks
14.7 Interpretable ML
14.8 Privacy protection in ML
14.8.1 Privacy threats
14.8.2 Privacy protection
14.9 Prediction of security attacks
14.10 Selected use cases of ML for physical layer security
14.10.1 Signal relation-based physical layer authentication
14.10.2 Multiple radio frequency impairments
14.10.3 Cognitive radio security
14.10.4 Internet of Things security
14.11 Performance metrics
14.12 Computation
14.13 Open challenges and future directions
14.14 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
15 Communications network security using quantum physics
15.1 Introduction
15.2 QKD system description and components
15.2.1 QKD photon sources and detectors
15.3 QKDN protocols standardization
15.4 QKDN quantum layer protocols
15.4.1 Performance parameters of QKD
15.4.2 Overview of the information flow
15.4.3 Types of QKD protocols
15.4.4 Security of QKD protocols
15.4.5 QKD protocols
15.5 Quantum random number generators
15.5.1 Types of QRNGs
15.5.2 Steps in quantum random bit generation
15.5.3 QRNG based on vacuum fluctuations
15.6 Conclusion and future direction
References
Index
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