Physeo Physiology

GENERAL PRINCIPLES ......................................................................................................1
Section I - Cell Transport .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
Section II - Signaling Pathways .................................................................................................................................................... 5
Section III - Receptors .................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Section IV - Gradients and Action Potentials ............................................................................................................................. 13
CARDIOLOGY .....................................................................................................................15
Section I - Introduction to Cardiology ....................................................................................................................................... 15
Section II - Cardiology Equations ............................................................................................................................................... 18
Section III - Electrophysiology ................................................................................................................................................... 24
Section IV - Pressure-Volume Loops and Cardiac Cycle ........................................................................................................... 30
Section V - Heart Pressures ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
Section VI - Starling Curve and Cardiac/Vascular Function Curves .......................................................................................... 36
Section VII - Cardiac Pressure Tracings ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Section VIII - Baroreflex and Cardiovascular Changes.............................................................................................................. 42
Section IX - Heart Sounds and Murmurs .................................................................................................................................... 47
PULMONOLOGY ................................................................................................................52
Section I - Introduction to Pulmonology .................................................................................................................................... 52
Section II - Lung Volumes .......................................................................................................................................................... 56
Section III - Pulmonology Equations .......................................................................................................................................... 61
Section IV - Breathing Mechanics .............................................................................................................................................. 67
Section V - Gas Exchange .......................................................................................................................................................... 71
Section VI - V/Q Mismatch and Integrated Respiration ............................................................................................................. 77
NEPHROLOGY ....................................................................................................................81
Section I - Introduction to Nephrology ....................................................................................................................................... 81
Section II - Nephrology Equations ............................................................................................................................................. 85
Section III - The Nephron ........................................................................................................................................................... 91
Section IV - Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System .............................................................................................................. 103
Section V - Acid-Base ............................................................................................................................................................... 106
GASTROENTEROLOGY ................................................................................................. 113
Section I - Gastrointestinal Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 113
Section II - Exocrine Pancreas and Metabolism....................................................................................................................... 117
Section III - Liver and Bilirubin Metabolism ........................................................................................................................... 122
Section IV - Gallbladder ........................................................................................................................................................... 127
Section V - GI Hormones .......................................................................................................................................................... 129
Section VI - Satiety and Hunger ............................................................................................................................................... 133
ENDOCRINOLOGY ..........................................................................................................134
Section I - Introduction to Endocrinology ................................................................................................................................ 134
Section II - The Pituitary Gland ................................................................................................................................................ 137
Section III - The Thyroid Gland ............................................................................................................................................... 141
Section IV - Calcium Homeostasis ........................................................................................................................................... 145
Section V - Insulin and Glucagon ............................................................................................................................................. 148
Section VI - Diabetes ................................................................................................................................................................ 151
Section VII - The Kidneys, Adrenal Medulla and Adrenal Cortex........................................................................................... 153REPRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................159
Section I - Male Anatomy Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 159
Section II - Androgens .............................................................................................................................................................. 164
Section III - Menstrual Cycle and Oogenesis ........................................................................................................................... 166
Section IV - Pregnancy ............................................................................................................................................................. 172
Section V - Integrated Female Physiology ............................................................................................................................... 177
NEUROLOGY ....................................................................................................................179
Section I - Cerebral Hemispheres ............................................................................................................................................. 179
Section II - Spinal Cord, Spinal Tracts, and UMN and LMN ................................................................................................... 185
Section III - Cranial Nerves ...................................................................................................................................................... 192
Section IV - Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Limbic System.................................................................................................... 201
Section V - Cerebellum............................................................................................................................................................. 203
Section VI - Basal Ganglia and Dopaminergic Pathways ......................................................................................................... 207
Section VII - Audiology and the Vestibular System ................................................................................................................. 210
Section VIII - Ophthalmology .................................................................................................................................................. 215
Section IX - Neurovasculature .................................................................................................................................................. 223
Section X - Ventricular System ................................................................................................................................................. 231
Section XI - Aphasia ................................................................................................................................................................. 234
Section XII - Dermatomes, Myotomes, and Clinical Reflexes................................................................................................. 236
MUSCULOSKELETAL .....................................................................................................240
Section I - Neurotransmission .................................................................................................................................................. 240
Section II - Muscle Anatomy and Contraction ......................................................................................................................... 243
Section III - Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts.................................................................................................................................. 249
Section IV - Endochondral and Intramembranous Ossification................................................................................................ 251
Section V - Skin ........................................................................................................................................................................ 253