Phosphate and Borate Bioactive Glasses

Cover
Phosphate and Borate Bioactive Glasses
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1 - Unique Nature of Phosphate and Borate Bioactive Glasses
1.1 Phosphate Glasses for Biomedical Applications
1.1.1 Invert Glasses
1.1.2 Phosphate Glasses Containing 6-
fold Coordinated Silicon Structure
1.2 Borate Glasses for Biomedical Applications
1.3 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2 - Structure and Thermal Properties of Phosphate Glasses
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Phosphate Glass Structure
2.2.1 Ultraphosphate Glasses
2.2.2 Metaphosphate Glasses
2.2.3 Polyphosphate Glasses
2.2.4 Network Modifier Coordination Numbers
2.3 Relationship Between Glass Structure and Thermal Behaviour and Crystallisation
2.4 Summary
References
Chapter 3 - Dissolution Behaviour of Phosphate Glasses
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phosphate Glass Solubility
3.2.1 Effect of Phosphate Content
3.2.2 Effect of Modifiers
3.2.3 Changes in Solution pH
3.2.4 Surface Changes
3.3 Mechanisms of Hydrolysis in Solution
3.4 Phosphate Glass Solubility and Biological Response
3.5 Applications of Soluble Phosphate Glasses
3.6 Summary
References
Chapter 4 - The Role of Phosphate Glasses in Bone Regeneration Remedies
4.1 Influence of Inorganic Ions on Cell Functions
4.2 Phosphate Ions
4.2.1 Investigations of Cell Responses to Phosphate Ions
4.2.2 Influences of β-­glycerophosphate on Cells
4.2.3 Influences of Inorganic Phosphate Ions on Cells
4.2.4 Other Effects of Phosphate Ions on Cells and Relationship to Calcium Phosphate Deposits
4.2.5 Mechanisms Through Which Phosphate Ions Stimulate Cell Functions
4.2.6 Phosphate Compounds with Different Structures
4.3 Phosphate and Silicate Ions
4.3.1 Comparison of the Influences of Phosphate and Silicate Ions on Cells
4.3.2 Differences in Osteoblast-
like Cell Responses to Phosphate and Silicate Ions
4.4 Summary
References
Chapter 5 - Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preparation of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses
5.3 Structure of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses
5.3.1 Glass Network Structure of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses
5.3.2 Thermal Properties of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses
5.3.3 Spectroscopic Analysis of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glass Structure
5.4 Ion-
releasing properties of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses
5.5 Effect of MgO Substitution on Calcium Phosphate Invert Glass Structure
5.6 Phosphate Invert Glass with Orthophosphate Region
5.7 Bioactivity of Calcium Phosphate Invert Glasses
5.8 Applications
5.8.1 Antibacterial Ability for Phosphate Invert Glasses
5.8.2 Phosphate Invert Glass Containing Anisotropic Fibrous Scaffold for Bone Regeneration
5.9 Summary
References
Chapter 6 - Phosphate-
based Glasses Prepared via Sol–Gel and Coacervation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Phosphate-
based Glasses Prepared via the Sol–Gel Method
6.2.1 Structure of Phosphate-
based Sol–Gel Glasses
6.2.1.1 31P Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS NMR)
6.2.1.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-
IR)
6.2.1.3 High-
energy X-Łray Diffraction (HEXRD)
6.2.2 Mesoporous Phosphate-
based Glasses Prepared via Sol–Gel
6.2.3 Controlled Release of Phosphate-
based Sol–Gel Glasses
6.2.4 Cytocompatibility of Phosphate-
based Sol–Gel Glasses
6.2.5 Antibacterial Activity of Sol–Gel Phosphate-
based Glasses
6.3 Phosphate-
based Glasses Prepared via Coacervation
6.3.1 Structure of Phosphate-
based Glasses Prepared via Coacervation
6.3.1.1 HEXRD
6.3.1.2 31P MAS NMR
6.3.1.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
6.3.2 Antibacterial Activity of Coacervate Phosphate-
based Glasses
6.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7 - Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Coatings
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fabrication Process of ACP Coating Films
7.3 ACP Coating Films Fabricated by RF Magnetron Sputtering
7.3.1 Fabrication of Calcium Phosphate Coating Films by RF Magnetron Sputtering
7.3.2 Composition of ACP Coating Films
7.3.3 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of ACP Coating Film
7.3.4 Ag Addition to ACP Coating Film
7.4 Conclusions
List of Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8 - Phosphate Glasses for Biophotonic Applications
8.1 Biophotonics
8.1.1 Clinical Applications: Diagnostic
8.1.2 Clinical Applications: Therapeutic
8.1.2.1 Light-
based Therapies
8.1.2.2 Drug Delivery Systems
8.2 Materials in Biophotonics
8.2.1 Nanomaterials
8.2.2 Advantages of Glasses in Biophotonics
8.3 Phosphate Glasses
8.3.1 Bioactive and Optically Active Phosphate Glasses
8.3.2 Optical Phosphate Glass Fiber
8.3.3 Surface Functionalization of Phosphate Glasses
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 - Structure and Properties of Borate Glasses
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Boron Oxide Glass
9.2.1 General Properties of Pure Vitreous B2O3
9.2.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy
9.2.3 NMR Spectroscopy
9.3 Modified Borate Glasses
9.3.1 The Boron Oxide Anomaly
9.3.2 Depolymerization of the Borate Network
9.4 Binary Glass-
forming Borates
9.4.1 Monovalent Modifier, M2O
9.4.2 Divalent Modifier, MO
9.4.3 Trivalent Modifier, M2O3 (M = Al, Bi, RE)
9.5 Temperature Dependence of the Borate Melt Structure
9.6 The Metal Cation Environment
9.7 Non-
oxygen Anions in Borate Glasses
9.8 Second Boron Anomaly
9.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10 - Reactions of Borate Glasses in Aqueous Solutions
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Aqueous Dissolution Studies
10.3 Borate-glass Dissolution and the Precipitation of Phosphate Phases
10.4 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11 - Sol–Gel Borate Glasses
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sol–Gel Borate Chemistry
11.2.1 Classic Sol–Gel Chemistry
11.2.2 Aqueous Borate Chemistry
11.2.3 Alkoxide Borate Sol–Gel Formation
11.2.4 Other Borate Sol–Gel Mechanisms
11.3 The First Sol–Gel Borate Glasses
11.3.1 Sol–Gel Borate Thin Films
11.4 Bioactive Sol–Gel Borate Glasses
11.4.1 Other Bioactive Sol–Gel Glasses with Borate
11.5 Hybrid and Composite Sol–Gel Borate Glasses
11.6 Conclusions and Outlook
References
Chapter 12 - Recent Advances in the Development and Applications of Phosphate and Borate Glass Microspheres
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Manufacturing Glass Microspheres
12.2.1 Phosphate Glass Microspheres
12.2.1.1 Solid (Non-
porous) PBG Microspheres
12.2.1.2 Porous PBG Microspheres
12.2.1.2.1 PGMS-
forming Mechanism.The proposed mechanism to produce the PGMS is presented in Figure 12.1. In essence, glass particles were...
12.2.1.2.2
Effect of Starting Glass Particle Size and Porogen Ratios.The yield in terms of porosity and pore sizes of the porous glass micr...
12.2.1.2.3
Effect of Viscosity.It should be noted that applying the same parameters to other phosphate glass formulations or other material...
12.2.1.2.4
Effect of Glass Formulations and Compositional Analysis.A study conducted by Islam et al.46 reported on the manufacture of PBG f...
12.2.1.2.5
Dissolution Behaviour (SGMS vs. PGMS).The degradation and ion release profiles of a material can depend not only on its composit...
12.2.1.2.6
Biocompatibility Evaluation of PBG Microspheres.To evaluate in vitro bioactivity, studies using SBF were conducted for both SGMS...
12.2.1.2.7
Evaluation of Injectability of Microspheres.The delivery of materials to the target site is very important and should be achieve...
12.2.2 Borate Glass Microspheres
12.2.2.1 SGMS and PGMS of BBG via Flame Spheroidisation
12.2.2.1.1
Mass Loss and Conversion of BBG Microspheres into HA.The mechanism for the formation of HA from borate glasses has been reported...
12.2.2.1.2
Biocompatibility Evaluation of BBG Microspheres.It has also been reported that both SGMS and PGMS from all three BBG (45B5, B53P...
12.3 Summary
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13 - Borophosphate Glasses and Their Potential Use in Medical Devices
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Structure of Borophosphate Glasses
13.3 BP Glass Compositions
13.3.1 BP Glass with a B/P Ratio <1
13.3.2 BP Glass with a B/P Ratio ≥1
13.4 BP Glass Products and Possible Medical Applications
13.4.1 BP Glass Fibres
13.4.2 Scaffolds Containing BP Glasses
13.4.3 BP Glasses as Composite Components
13.5 Conclusions
List of Abbreviations
References
Chapter 14 - Clinical Products and Further Devices of Phosphates and Borates
14.1 Phosphate Glasses
14.1.1 Nerve Regeneration
14.1.2 Muscle and Tendon Regeneration
14.1.3 Bone Regeneration
14.1.4 Antibacterial Effects
14.1.5 Sol–Gel Phosphate Glasses
14.1.6 Biosensing and Optical Devices
14.1.7 Commercial Applications
14.2 Borate Glasses
14.2.1 Angiogenesis and Wound Healing
14.2.2 Nerve Regeneration
14.2.3 Bone Regeneration
14.2.4 Sol–Gel Borate Glasses
14.2.5 Further Applications
14.3 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
Subject Index