An understanding of phonological analysis has been considered a basic part of education and training in linguistics for nearly a century. This book attempts to provide detailed information on one important part of this field of study. This kind of training is useful for anyone who is teaching language because it is so foundational. It is useful for native speakers who are thinking about their own languages as well as for outsiders who are attempting to analyze (or reanalyze) a language. It is useful for people who are working only in a classroom situation as well as for those who are “on the field,” for those who are teaching as well as for those who are publishing results of their investigation. This training provides a broad understanding that is important for consultants and editors. It is considered foundational for anyone who is looking at the linguistic factors that are relevant for the development of a writing system (orthography) for an unwritten language or for evaluating existing or proposed systems. Various chapters include short exercises that are an integral part of them. The reader should do them at that point (or after having read the whole chapter), write out an explicit answer, and then see the discussion in the appendix indicated to compare his or her answer with the one given there.
Author(s): Stephen A. Marlett
Publisher: SIL International
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 402
City: Dalls
Tags: Phonology, Phonetics
Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I Overview & key ideas
1 Introduction
1.1 Some characteristics of M-phonology
1.2 Some characteristics of P-phonology
1.3 Our goal: understanding of the system
1.4 Why study P-phonology?
1.5 Suggested additional reading
1.6 Key terms
1.7 Reading questions
1.8 Exercises
2 Object of study
2.1 What are phonological descriptions about?
2.2 Language variation
2.3 Examples
2.4 A checklist for the opening section of a write-up
2.5 Key terms and ideas
2.6 Reading questions
2.7 Exercises
3 Key ideas
3.1 Phoneme
3.2 Distinctive feature
3.3 Syllable
3.4 Some other useful concepts
3.5 Key terms
3.6 Reading questions
3.7 Exercises
Part II The syllable
4 The basic notion of the syllable
4.1 Poetry
4.2 Edge phenomena
4.3 Possible word
4.4 Word games and hidden languages
4.5 Suggested additional reading
4.6 Key terms
4.7 Reading questions
4.8 Exercises
5 Syllable templates
5.1 What the template CVmax allows for
5.2 Other maximal syllable templates
5.3 Caveat about word edges
5.4 Obligatory Onset Parameter
5.5 Syllabification
5.6 Syllables and sounds
5.7 Minor patterns
5.8 Syllabic nasals
5.9 Syllables for general audiences
5.10 Summary and example
5.11 Key terms
5.12 Reading questions
5.13 Exercises
6 Word edges and extrametricality
6.1 When the syllable is not enough
6.2 The special nature of word-initial position
6.3 The special nature of word-final position
6.4 Extrametrical consonants and word edges
6.5 Extrametrical consonants and morphemes
6.6 Two examples
6.7 Suggested additional reading
6.8 Key term and ideas
6.9 Reading questions
6.10 Exercises
7 Internal structure of syllables
7.1 Constituency issues
7.2 Heavy and light syllables
7.3 Syllable weight and moras
7.4 Syllabic consonants
7.5 Other special syllables
7.6 Practical tips
7.7 Checklist for syllable structure write-ups
7.8 Suggested additional reading
7.9 Key terms
7.10 Reading questions
8 Constraints with respect to syllables
8.1 Language-specific constraints
8.2 Universal constraints
8.3 Special nuclei
8.4 High vowels in onsets
8.5 Nucleus, onset, or coda?
8.6 Suggested additional reading
8.7 Key terms and ideas
8.8 Reading questions
8.9 Exercises
9 Linking features to the syllables
9.1 Contour segments and the skeletal tier
9.2 Alternative analyses reviewed
9.3 Multiple possibilities
9.4 Long vowels and consonants
9.5 Unrelatedness to phonemic analysis
9.6 These issues for general audiences
9.7 Contour segments and alphabets
9.8 Suggested additional reading
9.9 Key terms and ideas
9.10 Reading questions
9.11 Exercises
Part III Phonemes & features: methodology
10 Basic methodology: data
10.1 Keeping control of morphological complexity
10.2 Not all words in the language count the same
10.3 Loanwords
10.4 Suggested additional reading
10.5 Key terms and ideas
10.6 Reading questions
10.7 Exercises
11 Basic methodology: transcriptions
11.1 Orthographic representation
11.2 Narrow transcriptions
11.3 Broad and phonemic transcriptions
11.4 Avoiding ambiguity
11.5 Practical notes
11.6 Different traditions
11.7 Key terms
11.8 Reading questions
12 Basic methodology: presentation of contrasting elements
12.1 Presentation of the inventory of phonemes
12.2 Presentation of supporting data
12.3 Expectations
12.4 A checklist for the presentation of data in write-ups
12.5 A note on sources
12.6 Phonemes for general audiences
12.7 Suggested additional reading
12.8 Key terms and ideas
12.9 Reading questions
12.10 Exercises
13 Basic methodology: presentation of phonetic detail
13.1 The effect of adjacent sounds
13.2 The effect of stress
13.3 The effect of position
13.4 Variation
13.5 Phonetic detail in phonological write-ups
13.6 Descriptions of phonetic detail in the real world
13.7 Key terms and ideas
13.8 Reading questions
Part IV Phonemes & features: typology
14 Voice
14.1 Some tips
14.2 Alternation evidence (allomorphy) pointing to an analysis
14.3 Voicing across word boundaries
14.4 Expectations
14.5 Limited distribution
14.6 Change over time
14.7 Narrowing the focus of study
14.8 Seeing voicing in spectrograms
14.9 Typology
14.10 Key terms
14.11 Wording
14.12 Checklist for presenting phonetic details in the Convention section
14.13 Reading questions
14.14 Exercises
15 Manner of articulation
15.1 Stop vs. continuant in contrast
15.2 Lack of contrast: Manner assimilation
15.3 Seeing the difference between fricatives and approximants in spectrograms
15.4 Rhotics and laterals: contrast and lack of contrast
15.5 Examples of some phonetic details
15.6 Key terms
15.7 Wording
15.8 Reading questions
15.9 Exercises
16 Nasalization
16.1 Distinctive feature
16.2 Loss of a distinctive feature
16.3 Non-distinctive feature
16.4 Typology
16.5 Some phonetic detail rules
16.6 Nasalization in real life
16.7 Key terms
16.8 Wording
16.9 Reading questions
16.10 Exercises
17 Place of articulation: nasals
17.1 Contrast
17.2 Allophones
17.3 Formalism
17.4 Some phonetic detail rules
17.5 Suggested additional reading
17.6 Wording
17.7 Key terms
17.8 Reading questions
17.9 Exercises
18 Place of articulation: non-nasal consonants
18.1 Contrast
18.2 Allophones
18.3 Key terms
18.4 Wording
18.5 Reading questions
18.6 Exercises
19 Secondary labialization, palatalization or velarization
19.1 Contrast
19.2 Allophones and phonetic details
19.3 Sequences of consonants
19.4 Key terms and ideas
19.5 Reading questions
19.6 Exercises
20 States of the glottis
20.1 Contrast: glottalization and laryngealization
20.2 Contrast: aspiration
20.3 Allophones
20.4 Sequences of consonants
20.5 Key terms
20.6 Reading questions
20.7 Exercises
21 Length
21.1 Length due to stress
21.2 Loss of length related to loss of stress
21.3 Length related to voicing
21.4 Contrast
21.5 Sequences of identical sounds: false geminates
21.6 Examples of true geminates
21.7 Formal representation
21.8 Some phonetic detail rules
21.9 Length in real life
21.10 Key terms and ideas
21.11 Reading questions
21.12 Exercises
22 Edge phenomena
22.1 Final position
22.2 Initial position
22.3 Theoretical questions about boundaries
22.4 Phonetic detail rules
22.5 The text in an IPA illustration
22.6 Key ideas
22.7 Reading questions
22.8 Exercises
23 Vowels
23.1 Contrast
23.2 Features for vowels
23.3 Allophones
23.4 Diphthongs
23.5 Vowels in descriptions and in real life
23.6 Key terms
23.7 Reading questions
23.8 Exercises
24 Epenthesis
24.1 Epenthetic consonants
24.2 Prevowels and epenthetic vowels
24.3 Some postlexical rules
24.4 Suggested additional reading
24.5 Key terms
24.6 Reading questions
24.7 Exercises
25 Deletion and coalescence
25.1 Consonants
25.2 Vowels
25.3 Interaction of deletion and other processes
25.4 Some postlexical rules
25.5 Deletion in the real world
25.6 Coalescence
25.7 Key ideas
25.8 Reading questions
25.9 Exercises
26 Pitch
26.1 Stress
26.2 Tone
26.3 Intonation
26.4 Relative pitch
26.5 Key terms
26.6 Reading questions
27 Intonation
27.1 Functions of intonation
27.2 Domain
27.3 Transcription
27.4 Communicative functions
27.5 Key terms
27.6 Reading questions
28 Tone
28.1 Allophonic variation
28.2 Transcription issues
28.3 Methodological strategies
28.4 Mismatches
28.5 Key terms
28.6 Suggested additional reading
28.7 Reading questions
28.8 Exercises
29 Stress
29.1 Phonetic correlates of stress
29.2 Stress placement
29.3 Morphological information
29.4 Reference to word boundary
29.5 Foot
29.6 Alignment
29.7 Headedness
29.8 Quantity sensitivity or insensitivity
29.9 Extrametricality
29.10 Stress in the real world
29.11 Phonemic vs. non-phonemic stress
29.12 More than words
29.13 Key terms
29.14 Reading questions
29.15 Exercises
30 Phonemic analysis and the question of abstraction
30.1 Suggested reading
A. Helpful information and resources available on-line
A.1 Ethnologue site
A.2 Glottolog site
A.3 International Phonetic Association (IPA)
A.4 The World Atlas of Language Structures Online (WALS)
A.5 PRAAT
A.6 Speech Analyzer
A.7 Fonts and keyboards
B. Glossary
C. Review of formalization
D. Sample write-ups
D.1 Sample introductions
D.2 Sample syllable descriptions (basic)
D.3 Sample extrametricality descriptions
D.4 Sample phoneme presentation (limited, as for exercises)
D.5 Summary checklist for write-ups of homework assignments
E. Discussion of short exercises
E.1 Discussion of Lowland Oaxaca Chontal (§5.4.1)
E.2 Discussion of Marinahua (§5.5.1)
E.3 Discussion of Hixkaryana onsets (§6.2.1)
E.4 Discussion of Tainae syllables (§6.5.2)
E.5 Discussion of Hupa syllables (§6.5.3)
E.6 Discussion of Tewa syllables
E.7 Discussion of Quioquitani Zapotec onsets (§8.2.1)
E.8 Discussion of syllabification exercise (§8.2.3)
E.9 Discussion of English exercise (§9.2.1)
E.10 Discussion of Salasaca Quichua (§9.2.2)
E.11 Discussion of Seri kw (§9.1.6.1)
E.12 Discussion of Highland Oaxaca Chontal (§10.2.1)
E.13 Discussion of Pigafetta’s transcription (§11.6.1)
E.14 Discussion of consonant inventory exercise (§12.1.1)
E.15 Discussion of vowel inventory exercise (§12.1.2)
E.16 Discussion of Galician fricatives (§14.2.1)
E.17 Discussion of the sibilants in Fa d'Ambu
E.18 Discussion of Wayana stops (§15.2.1)
E.19 Discussion of Tlacoapa Mi'phaa consonants (§15.2.2)
E.20 Discussion of allomorphs of a Seri article (§17.3.2)
E.21 Discussion of the nasal consonants in Pangutaran Sama
E.22 Discussion of Salasaca Quichua (§19.1.2.1)
E.23 Discussion of English sibilants (§18.1.3.1)
E.24 Discussion of Cashinahua ʃ and ʂ (§18.2.2.1)
E.25 Discussion of Seri phrases (§19.2.1)
E.26 Discussion of Seri o and oː (§21.4.1.1)
E.27 Discussion of Awara aspiration (§20.3.1.1)
E.28 Discussion of Mangseng rː (§21.5.2)
E.29 Discussion of allomorphs of a Seri article (part 2, §22.1.6)
E.30 Discussion of Quioquitani Zapotec stops (§22.1.7)
E.31 Discussion of Tucano (§22.2.7)
E.32 Discussion of Albanian ə and a (§23.1.1)
E.33 Discussion of Mangseng (§24.1.1.1)
E.34 Discussion of Quioquitani Zapotec i (§24.2.3.2)
E.35 Discussion of Awara prenasalization (§25.3.1)
E.36 Discussion of Awara play language (§25.3.1)
E.37 Discussion of Seri secondary labialization (at beginning of chapter §19)
E.38 Discussion of Cashinahua (§9.1.2)
E.39 Discussion of Gabri de Darbé (§9.1.3)
E.40 Discussion of Gor (§9.1.3)
E.41 Discussion of Tainae (§18.1.2.1)
E.42 Discussion of Arabela velars (§29.1.5.1)
E.43 Discussion of Jalapa de Díaz Mazatec vowels (§23.4.1)
F. Answers to reading questions in the indicated chapters
F.1 Answers to reading questions for chapter §1
F.2 Answers to reading questions for chapter §2
F.3 Answers to reading questions for chapter §3
F.4 Answers to reading questions for chapter §4
F.5 Answers to reading questions for chapter §5
F.6 Answers to reading questions for chapter §6
F.7 Answers to reading questions for chapter §7
F.8 Answers to reading questions for chapter §8
F.9 Answers to reading questions for chapter §9
F.10 Answers to reading questions for chapter §10
F.11 Answers to reading questions for chapter §11
F.12 Answers to reading questions for chapter §12
F.13 Answers to reading questions for chapter §13
F.14 Answers to reading questions for chapter §14
F.15 Answers to reading questions for chapter §15
F.16 Answers to reading questions for chapter §16
F.17 Answers to reading questions for chapter §17
F.18 Answers to reading questions for chapter §18
F.19 Answers to reading questions for chapter §19
F.20 Answers to reading questions for chapter §20
F.21 Answers to reading questions for chapter §21
F.22 Answers to reading questions for chapter §22
F.23 Answers to reading questions for chapter §23
F.24 Answers to reading questions for chapter §24
F.25 Answers to reading questions for chapter §25
F.26 Answers to reading questions for chapter §26
F.27 Answers to reading questions for chapter §27
F.28 Answers to reading questions for chapter §28
F.29 Answers to reading questions for chapter §29
G. Data for exercises
G.1 Data from the Tlapanecan genus
G.2 Data from the Tequistlatecan genus
G.3 Galician
G.4 Brazilian Portuguese sibilants
G.5 Seri
G.6 Mangseng
G.7 Data from the Zapotecan genus
G.8 Arara of Pará
G.9 Awara
G.10 Albanian
G.11 Cashinahua
G.12 Data from the Semitic genus
G.13 Tucano
G.14 Daga
G.15 Madija
G.16 Data from the Quechuan genus
G.17 Marinahua dialect of Sharanahua
G.18 Korean
G.19 Spanish
G.20 Swampy Cree
G.21 Arabela
G.22 Tainae
G.23 Tewa
G.24 Nabak
G.25 Murui Huitoto
G.26 Tetelcingo Nahuatl
G.27 Gabri de Darbé
G.28 Gor
G.29 Kotoko d’Afade
G.30 Chumburung
G.31 Tabaru
G.32 American English (an East coast dialect)
G.33 Tlachichilco Tepehua
G.34 Pangutaran Sama
G.35 Jalapa de Díaz Mazatec
G.36 Fa d'Ambu
Referencias
Topic index
Language index
