Pharmacology: Connections to Nursing Practice

Cover
Inside Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Authors
Preface
Contents
Unit 1 Fundamental Principles of Pharmacology
1 Introduction to Pharmacology: Concepts and Connections
Brief History of Pharmacology
Pharmacology: The Study of Medicines
Characteristics of an Ideal Drug
Classification of Drugs
Prototype Drugs
Naming Drugs
Connecting Pharmacology to Clinical Nursing Practice
2 Drug Regulations
Patent Medicines
Brief History of Drug Legislation
Drug Standards
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Drug Approval
Changes to the Drug Approval Process
Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs
Drug Schedules
Prescriptive Authority for Nurses
3 Pharmacokinetics
Introduction to Pharmacokinetics
Primary Processes of Pharmacokinetics
Route of Administration
Drug Concentration and Dose
GI Tract Environment
Blood Flow to the Absorption Site
Drug Ionization
Drug Interactions
Surface Area
Time–Response Relationships
4 Pharmacodynamics
Interpatient Variability
Therapeutic Index
Dose–Response Relationship
Potency and Efficacy
Receptor Theory
Agonists and Antagonists
Pharmacogenetics
5 Adverse Drug Effects and Drug Interactions
Adverse Drug Effects
Drug Interactions
6 Medication Errors and Risk Reduction
Medication Errors and Their Impact on Healthcare
Factors Contributing to Medication Errors
Drug Names and Medication Errors
Reporting Medication Errors
Strategies for Reducing Medication Errors
7 The Role of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Pharmacotherapy
Types of Complementary and Alternative Therapies
History of Herbal Therapies
Standardization of Herbal Products
Dietary Supplement Regulation
Herb–Drug Interactions
Specialty Supplements
Unit 2 Pharmacology and the Nurse–Patient Relationship
8 Pharmacotherapy During Pregnancy and Lactation
Rationale for Drug Use During Pregnancy and Lactation
Pharmacotherapy During Pregnancy
Pharmacotherapy During Lactation
9 Pharmacotherapy of the Pediatric Patient
Testing and Labeling of Pediatric Drugs
Pharmacokinetic Variables in Pediatric Patients
Pharmacologic Implications Associated with Growth and Development
Medication Safety for Pediatric Patients
Determining Pediatric Drug Dosages
Adverse Drug Reactions in Children and Promoting Adherence
10 Pharmacotherapy of the Geriatric Patient
Polypharmacy
Physiologic Changes Related to Aging
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Changes in Older Adults
Adherence and Drug Misuse Among Older Adults
Adverse Drug Reactions in Older Adults
11 Individual Variations in Drug Responses
Psychosocial Influences
Cultural and Ethnic Variables
Genetic Influences
Gender Influences
Unit 3 Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System
12 Review of Neurotransmitters and the Autonomic Nervous System
Overview of the Nervous System
Structure and Function of the Autonomic Nervous System
Synaptic Transmission
Cholinergic Transmission
Cholinergic Receptors and Neurotransmitters
Termination of Acetylcholine Action
Adrenergic Transmission
Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors
Beta-Adrenergic Receptors
Termination of Norepinephrine Action
Regulation of Autonomic Functions
Classifying Autonomic Drugs
13 Cholinergic Agonists
Cholinergic Receptors
Muscarinic Agonists
PROTOTYPE DRUGS: Bethanechol (Urecholine)
Cholinergic Crisis
Pharmacotherapy of Myasthenia Gravis
PROTOTYPE DRUGS: Pyridostigmine (Mestinon, Regonol)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Cholinergic Agonists
Nicotinic Agonists
14 Cholinergic Antagonists
Classification of Cholinergic Antagonists
Muscarinic Antagonists
PROTOTYPE DRUGS: Atropine (Atropen)
Nicotinic Antagonists: Ganglionic Blockers
Nicotinic Antagonists: Neuromuscular Blockers
PROTOTYPE DRUGS: Succinylcholine (Anectine, Quelicin)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Cholinergic (Muscarinic) Antagonists
15 Adrenergic Agonists
Actions of Adrenergic Agonists
Mechanisms of Action of Adrenergic Agonists
Classification of Adrenergic Agonists
Nonselective Adrenergic Agonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Isoproterenol (Isuprel)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Adrenergic Agonists
16 Adrenergic Antagonists
Actions of Adrenergic Antagonists
Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Prazosin (Minipress)
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Propranolol (Inderal, InnoPran XL)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Adrenergic Antagonists
Unit 4 Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System
17 Review of the Central Nervous System
Scope of Central Nervous System Pharmacology
Neurons and Neurotransmission
Structural Divisions of the Central Nervous System
Functional Systems of the Central Nervous System
18 Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety and Sleep Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Sleep Disorders
Management of Anxiety and Sleep Disorders
Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety and Insomnia
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lorazepam (Ativan)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Zolpidem (Ambien, Edluar, Others)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenobarbital (Luminal)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Anxiety or Sleep Disorders
19 Pharmacotherapy of Mood Disorders
Categories of Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Pathophysiology of Depression
Assessment of Depression
Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Depression
Pharmacotherapy of Depression
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Atypical Antidepressants
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Venlafaxine (Effexor)
Tricyclic Antidepressants
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Imipramine (Tofranil)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenelzine (Nardil)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antidepressants
Bipolar Disorder
Drugs for Bipolar Disorder
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lithium Carbonate (Eskalith, Lithobid)
20 Pharmacotherapy of Psychoses
Characteristics of Psychoses
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Etiology of Schizophrenia
Management of Psychoses
Antipsychotic Drugs
First-Generation Antipsychotics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Chlorpromazine
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Haloperidol (Haldol)
Second-Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Risperidone (Risperdal)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aripiprazole (Abilify)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antipsychotics
21 Pharmacotherapy of Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Parkinson’s Disease
Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson’s Disease
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Levodopa and Carbidopa (Sinemet, Parcopa)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pramipexole (Mirapex)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Benztropine (Cogentin)
Alzheimer’s Disease
Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Donepezil (Aricept)
Multiple Sclerosis
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Interferon Beta-1b (Betaseron, Extavia)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Neurodegenerative Disorders
22 Pharmacotherapy of Seizures
Characteristics of Seizure Disorders
Classification of Seizure Disorders
Generalized Seizures
Partial Seizures
Antiepileptic Drugs
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Diazepam (Valium)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Tegretol, Others)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Gabapentin (Neurontin)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Valproic Acid (Depacon, Depakene, Depakote)
Other Miscellaneous Drugs
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Seizures
23 Pharmacotherapy of Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
Pharmacotherapy of Muscle Spasms
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyclobenzaprine (Amrix)
Pharmacotherapy of Muscle Spasticity
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dantrolene (Dantrium, Revonto)
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants as Surgical Adjuncts
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
24 Central Nervous System Stimulants and Drugs for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Characteristics of Central Nervous System Stimulants
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Pharmacotherapy of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amphetamine and Dextroamphetamine (Adderall, Adderall XR)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Atomoxetine (Strattera)
Pharmacotherapy of Narcolepsy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Modafinil (Provigil)
Methylxanthines
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Caffeine
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Central Nervous System Stimulants
25 Pharmacotherapy of Severe Pain and Migraines
General Principles of Pain Management
Pain Management with Opioids
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Morphine Sulfate (Astramorph PF, Duramorph RF, Roxanol, Others)
Pain Management with Nonopioids
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tramadol (Ultram, Others)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Pain
Pharmacotherapy with Opioid Antagonists
Pharmacotherapy of Migraines
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sumatriptan (Imitrex, Onzetra)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Migraines
26 Anesthetics and Anesthesia Adjuncts
Types of Anesthesia
Principles of General Anesthesia
Intravenous Anesthetics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Midazolam (Versed)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Propofol (Diprivan)
Inhalation Anesthetics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitrous Oxide
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Isoflurane (Forane)
Local Anesthetics
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving General Anesthesia
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Procaine (Novocaine)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lidocaine (Anestacon, Xylocaine, Zingo, Others)
Adjuncts to Anesthesia
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Local Anesthesia
27 Pharmacology of Substance Abuse
Fundamental Concepts of Substance Abuse
Legislation of Controlled Substances
Addiction and Dependence
Tolerance
Central Nervous System Depressants
Sedatives and Antianxiety Drugs
Opioids
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Buprenorphine with Naloxone (Suboxone, Zubsolv, Others)
Alcohol (Ethanol)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Disulfiram (Antabuse)
Marijuana and Related Substances
Hallucinogens
LSD and Similar Hallucinogens
Club Drugs and Miscellaneous Hallucinogens
Central Nervous System Stimulants
Amphetamines and Methylphenidate
Cocaine
Caffeine
Nicotine
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Varenicline (Chantix)
Inhalants
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Substance Abuse Disorders
Anabolic Steroids
Unit 5 Pharmacology of the Cardiovascular System
28 Review of the Cardiovascular System
Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System
Functions and Properties of Blood
Cardiac Structure and Function
Hemodynamics and Blood Pressure
29 Pharmacotherapy of Hyperlipidemia
Types of Lipids and Lipoproteins
Measurement and Control of Serum Lipids
Drugs for Dyslipidemias
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cholestyramine (Questran)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
Miscellaneous Drugs for Dyslipidemias
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Hyperlipidemia
30 Pharmacotherapy with Calcium Channel Blockers
Physiologic Role of Calcium Channels in Muscle Contraction
Types of Calcium Channels
Consequences of Calcium Channel Blockade
Classification of Calcium Channel Blockers
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nifedipine (Adalat CC, Procardia XL)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verelan)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Calcium Channel Blockers
31 Drugs Affecting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Components of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Physiologic Actions of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Drugs Affecting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Losartan (Cozaar)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
32 Diuretic Therapy and the Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Kidney Disease
Review of Renal Physiology
Pharmacotherapy for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Diuretic Therapy
Loop (High-Ceiling) Diuretics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Furosemide (Lasix)
Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Osmotic Diuretics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Mannitol (Osmitrol)
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acetazolamide (Diamox)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Diuretics
33 Pharmacotherapy of Fluid Imbalance, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Disorders
Principles of Fluid Balance
Fluid Replacement Agents
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Normal Serum Albumin (Albuminar, Plasbumin, Others)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: 5% Dextrose in Water (D5 W)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dextran 40 (Gentran 40, Others)
Physiology of Electrolytes
Pharmacotherapy of Electrolyte Imbalances
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Potassium Chloride (KCl)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4 )
Pharmacotherapy of Acid–Base Imbalances
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sodium Bicarbonate
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ammonium Chloride
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
34 Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hypertension
Nonpharmacologic Management of Hypertension
Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension
Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension
Drugs for Initial Hypertension Therapy
Adding Drugs to the Antihypertensive Regimen
Enhancing Patient Adherence
Antihypertensives in African Americans
Drug Classes for Hypertension
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hydralazine
Management of Hypertensive Emergency
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitroprusside Sodium (Nitropress)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Direct Vasodilators
35 Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction
Pathophysiology of Myocardial Ischemia
Myocardial Oxygen Supply
Myocardial Oxygen Demand
Etiology of Coronary Artery Disease
Pathophysiology of Angina Pectoris
Nonpharmacologic Therapy of Coronary Artery Disease
Pharmacologic Management of Angina Pectoris
Drug Classes for Angina Pectoris
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro-Bid, Nitro-Dur, Others)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Atenolol (Tenormin)
Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction
Pharmacologic Management of Myocardial Infarction
Aspirin
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Drugs
Nitrates
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Pain Management
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Organic Nitrates for Angina and Myocardial Infarction
36 Pharmacotherapy of Heart Failure
Etiology of Heart Failure
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
Ventricular Hypertrophy
Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Increased Plasma Volume and Preload
Natriuretic Peptides and Neurohumoral Factors
Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure
Drugs for Heart Failure
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Digoxin (Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Milrinone (Primacor)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Heart Failure
37 Pharmacotherapy of Dysrhythmias
Etiology of Dysrhythmias
Phases and Measurement of the Cardiac Action Potential
Classification of Dysrhythmias
General Principles of Dysrhythmia Management
Drugs for Dysrhythmias
Sodium Channel Blockers: Class I
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Procainamide
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists: Class II
Potassium Channel Blockers: Class III
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amiodarone (Pacerone)
Calcium Channel Blockers: Class IV
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Dysrhythmias
Miscellaneous Antidysrhythmics
38 Pharmacotherapy of Coagulation Disorders
Disorders of Hemostasis
Overview of Coagulation Modifiers
Anticoagulants
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Heparin
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Warfarin (Coumadin)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dabigatran (Pradaxa)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Anticoagulants
Antiplatelet Drugs
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Clopidogrel (Plavix)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Abciximab (ReoPro)
Drugs for Intermittent Claudication
Thrombolytics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Alteplase (Activase)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Thrombolytics
Hemostatics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aminocaproic Acid (Amicar)
Drugs for Hemophilia
39 Pharmacotherapy of Hematopoietic Disorders
Physiology of Hematopoiesis
Hematopoietic Growth Factors
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Epoetin Alfa (Epogen, Procrit)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Erythropoietin
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Filgrastim (Granix, Neupogen, Zarxio)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Colony-Stimulating Factors
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Oprelvekin (Neumega)
Classification of Anemias
Antianemic Drugs
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ferrous Sulfate (Feosol, Feostat, Others)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyanocobalamin (Nascobal)
Unit 6 Pharmacology of Body Defenses
40 Review of Body Defenses and the Immune System
Organization of the Lymphatic System
Innate (Nonspecific) Body Defenses
Inflammation
Specific (Adaptive) Body Defenses
Humoral Immune Response
Cell-Mediated Immune Response
41 Pharmacotherapy of Inflammation and Fever
Pathophysiology of Inflammation and Fever
Pharmacotherapy of Inflammation
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Salicylates
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
Ibuprofen-Like Drugs
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Others)
Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Celecoxib (Celebrex)
Antipyretic and Analgesic Drugs
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Inflammation and Fever
42 Immunostimulants and Immunosuppressants
Immunostimulants
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Interferon Alfa-2b (Intron A)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aldesleukin (Proleukin)
Immunosuppressants
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyclosporine (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Basiliximab (Simulect)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Immunomodulators
43 Immunizing Agents
Discovery of Vaccines
Vaccines and the Immune System
Types of Vaccines
General Principles of Vaccine Administration
Active Immunity: Bacterial Immunizations
Diphtheria
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Tetanus
Pneumococcus
Meningococcus
Active Immunity: Viral Immunizations
Hepatitis B
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hepatitis B Vaccine (Engerix-B, Recombivax HB)
Hepatitis A
Influenza
Rabies
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella
Polio
Varicella Zoster
Human Papillomavirus
Rotavirus
Passive Immunity
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Rho(D) Immune Globulin (RhoGAM)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Immunizations
Unit 7 Pharmacology of the Respiratory System and Allergy
44 Pharmacotherapy of Asthma and Other Pulmonary Disorders
Physiology of the Lower Respiratory Tract
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Administration of Pulmonary Drugs via Inhalation
Principles of Asthma Pharmacotherapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Albuterol (Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA, VoSpire ER)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ipratropium (Atrovent)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Beclomethasone (Beconase AQ, Qvar)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cromolyn
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Montelukast (Singulair)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Theophylline
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Asthma and COPD
45 Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis and the Common Cold
Physiology of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Pathophysiology of Allergic Rhinitis
Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fexofenadine (Allegra)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fluticasone (Flonase, Veramyst)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antihistamines
Decongestants
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
Drugs for the Common Cold
Antitussives
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dextromethorphan (Delsym, Robitussin DM, Others)
Expectorants and Mucolytics
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Symptomatic Cough and Cold Relief
Unit 8 Pharmacology of Infectious and Neoplastic Diseases
46 Basic Principles of Anti-Infective Pharmacotherapy
Pathogenicity and Virulence
Describing and Classifying Bacteria
Classification of Anti-Infectives
Mechanisms of Action of Anti-Infectives
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Disruption of the Plasma Cell Membrane
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways (Antimetabolites)
Other Mechanisms of Action
Acquired Resistance
Mechanisms of Resistance
Promotion of Resistance
Prevention of Resistant Strains
Indications and Selection of Specific Anti-Infectives
Host Factors Affecting Anti-Infective Selection
Host Defenses
Local Tissue Conditions
Allergy History
Other Host Factors
Superinfections
47 Antibiotics Affecting the Bacterial Cell Wall
Structure of Bacterial Cell Walls
Penicillins
Natural Penicillins
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Penicillin G
Broad-Spectrum Penicillins (Aminopenicillins)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ampicillin
Extended-Spectrum (Antipseudomonal) Penicillins
Penicillinase-Resistant (Antistaphylococcal) Penicillins
Cephalosporins
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol)
Carbapenems
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Imipenem-Cilastatin (Primaxin)
Miscellaneous Cell Wall Inhibitors
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Vancomycin (Vancocin)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with a Penicillin, Cephalosporin, or Vancomycin Antibiotic
48 Antibiotics Affecting Bacterial Protein Synthesis
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
Tetracyclines
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tetracycline (Sumycin, Others)
Macrolides
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Erythromycin (EryC, Erythrocin, Others)
Aminoglycosides
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Gentamicin (Garamycin, Others)
Miscellaneous Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with a Tetracycline, Macrolide, or Aminoglycoside Antibiotic
49 Fluoroquinolones and Miscellaneous Antibacterials
Bacterial DNA Replication
Inhibition of DNA Replication
Fluoroquinolones
Adverse Effects
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
Miscellaneous Antibacterials
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Fluoroquinolones
50 Sulfonamides and the Pharmacotherapy of Urinary Tract Infections
Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Infections
Pharmacotherapy of Urinary Tract Infections
Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis
Complicated Urinary Tract Infection
Infants and Children
Pregnancy
Older Adults
Patients with Recurring Urinary Tract Infections
Sulfonamides
Adverse Effects
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)
Urinary Antiseptics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin) and Nitrofurantoin Macrocrystals (Macrobid, Macrodantin)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Urinary Tract Infection
51 Pharmacotherapy of Mycobacterial Infections
Types of Mycobacterial Infections
Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis
Standard Regimen
Patients Who Are HIV Positive
Pregnant Patients
Chemoprophylaxis Patients
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Isoniazid (INH)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Tuberculosis
Drugs for Leprosy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dapsone (DDS)
Drugs for Mycobacterium avium Complex Infections
52 Pharmacotherapy of Fungal Infections
Characteristics of Fungi and Fungal Infections
Drugs for Systemic Fungal Infections
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amphotericin B Deoxycholate (Fungizone)
Drugs for Both Systemic and Superficial Fungal Infections
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fluconazole (Diflucan)
Drugs for Superficial Fungal Infections
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nystatin (Nystop)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antifungals
53 Pharmacotherapy of Protozoan and Helminthic Infections
Classification and Pathogenesis of Protozoan Infections
Drugs for Malaria
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Chloroquine (Aralen)
Drugs for Nonmalarial Protozoan Infections
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Metronidazole (Flagyl)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pyrimethamine (Daraprim)
Classification and Pathogenesis of Helminthic Infections
Drugs for Helminthic Infections
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Mebendazole (Vermox)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Protozoan and Helminthic Infections
54 Pharmacotherapy of Non-HIV Viral Infections
Characteristics of Viruses
Pharmacotherapy of Non-HIV Viral Infections
Drugs for Herpesviruses
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Drugs for Influenza Viruses
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amantadine (Symmetrel)
Drugs for Hepatitis Viruses
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tenofovir (Vemlidy, Viread)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antivirals for Non-HIV Viral Infections
55 Pharmacotherapy of HIV Infection and AIDS
Pathogenesis of HIV Infection
General Principles of HIV Pharmacotherapy
Classification of Antiretroviral Drugs
Antiretroviral Drugs
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Efavirenz (Sustiva)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lopinavir with Ritonavir (Kaletra)
Prophylaxis of HIV Infections
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antiretrovirals
Pharmacotherapy of Opportunistic Infections Associated with HIV and AIDS
56 Basic Principles of Antineoplastic Therapy
Characteristics of Cancer
Etiology of Cancer
Detection and Prevention of Cancer
Goals of Chemotherapy
Staging and Grading of Cancer
The Cell Cycle and Growth Fraction
Cell Kill Hypothesis
Improving the Success of Chemotherapy
Combination Chemotherapy
Dosing Schedules
Route of Administration
Toxicity of Antineoplastic Drugs
Hematologic System
Gastrointestinal Tract
Cardiopulmonary System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Nervous System
Skin and Soft Tissue
Other Effects
57 Pharmacotherapy of Neoplasia
Classification of Antineoplastic Drugs
Antineoplastic Medications
Alkylating Agents
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Antimetabolites
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Methotrexate (MTX, Rheumatrex, Trexall)
Antitumor Antibiotics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
Hormones and Hormone Antagonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tamoxifen
Natural Products
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Vincristine (Marqibo, Oncovin)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Cancer Chemotherapy
Biologic Response Modifiers and Targeted Therapies
Miscellaneous Antineoplastics
Drugs for Reducing Adverse Effects
Preparing and Administering Antineoplastics
Unit 9 Pharmacology of the Gastrointestinal System
58 Review of the Gastrointestinal System
Overview of the Digestive System
Physiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Physiology of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Physiology of the Accessory Organs of Digestion
Regulation of Digestive Processes
Nutrient Categories and Metabolism
59 Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease
Physiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer Disease
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Pharmacotherapy with Proton Pump Inhibitors
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Omeprazole (Prilosec)
Pharmacotherapy with H2-Receptor Antagonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ranitidine (Zantac)
Pharmacotherapy with Antacids
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aluminum Hydroxide (AlternaGEL, Others)
Pharmacotherapy of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Miscellaneous Drugs Used for Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Peptic Ulcer Disease
60 Pharmacotherapy of Bowel Disorders and Other Gastrointestinal Conditions
Pathophysiology of Constipation
Pharmacotherapy with Laxatives
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Psyllium Mucilloid (Metamucil, Naturacil, Others)
Pathophysiology of Diarrhea
Pharmacotherapy of Diarrhea
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Diphenoxylate with Atropine (Lomotil)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Laxatives or Antidiarrheals
Pharmacotherapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
Pharmacotherapy of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Pathophysiology of Nausea and Vomiting
Pharmacotherapy of Nausea and Vomiting
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ondansetron (Zofran, Zuplenz)
Pharmacotherapy of Pancreatitis
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antiemetics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pancrelipase (Creon, Pancreaze, Zenpep)
61 Vitamins and Minerals
Role of Vitamins in Health and Disease
Regulation of Vitamins
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A (Aquasol A)
Vitamin D (Calcijex, Rocaltrol)
Vitamin E (Aquasol E, Vita-Plus E, Others)
Vitamin K (AquaMEPHYTON)
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Thiamine: Vitamin B1
Riboflavin: Vitamin B2
Niacin: Vitamin B3
Pyridoxine: Vitamin B6
Folic Acid (Folate): Vitamin B9
Cyanocobalamin: Vitamin B12
Vitamin C: Ascorbic Acid
Minerals
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Vitamin or Mineral Supplements
62 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
Enteral Nutrition
Enteral Formulations
Elements of Enteral Nutrition
Complications of Enteral Therapy
Drug and Food Interactions
Parenteral Nutrition
Components of Total Parenteral Nutrition Solutions
Complications of Parenteral Therapy
Drug and Food Interactions
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
63 Weight Reduction Strategies and the Pharmacotherapy of Obesity
Etiology of Obesity
Pathogenesis of Obesity
Measurement of Obesity
Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Obesity
Pharmacotherapy of Obesity
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Orlistat (Alli, Xenical)
Adjuncts to Obesity Therapy
Unit 10 Pharmacology of the Endocrine System
64 Review of the Endocrine System
Overview of the Endocrine System
Hormone Receptors
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Hormone Pharmacotherapy
65 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Drugs
Functions of the Hypothalamus
Functions of the Pituitary Gland
Pharmacotherapy of Growth Hormone Disorders
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Somatropin (Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, Nutropin, Saizen, Serostim, Zorbtive)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Octreotide (Sandostatin)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Growth Hormone
Pharmacotherapy of Antidiuretic Hormone Disorders
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Desmopressin (DDAVP, Noctiva, Stimate)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antidiuretic Hormone
66 Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus
Physiology of Serum Glucose Control
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus: Types of Diabetes
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Diabetes
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Glucagon (GlucaGen)
Insulin Therapy
Insulin Adjunct
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Human Regular Insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Antidiabetic Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Insulin
Sulfonylureas
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase)
Biguanides
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, Others)
Meglitinides
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Repaglinide (Prandin)
Thiazolidinediones
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acarbose (Precose)
Incretin Therapies
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sitagliptin (Januvia)
Miscellaneous Antidiabetic Drugs
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes
67 Pharmacotherapy of Thyroid Disorders
Physiology of the Thyroid Gland
Diagnosis of Thyroid Disorders
Pathophysiology of Hypothyroid Disorders
Pharmacotherapy of Hypothyroid Disorders
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Levothyroxine (Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Unithroid)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Thyroid Hormone Replacements
Pathophysiology of Hyperthyroid Disorders
Pharmacotherapy of Hyperthyroid Disorders
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Propylthiouracil (PTU)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Antithyroid Drugs
68 Corticosteroids and Drugs Affecting the Adrenal Cortex
Physiology of the Adrenal Gland
Overview of Corticosteroid Pharmacotherapy
Adverse Effects of Corticosteroids
Replacement Therapy with Corticosteroids
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hydrocortisone (Cortef, Solu-Cortef, Others)
Corticosteroids for Nonendocrine Conditions
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Systemic Corticosteroids
Mineralocorticoids
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fludrocortisone
Antiadrenal Drugs
69 Estrogens, Progestins, and Drugs Modifying Uterine Function
Hormonal Regulation of Female Reproductive Function
Estrogens
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Conjugated Estrogens (Cenestin, Enjuvia, Premarin)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Estrogen
Progestins
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera, Depo-SubQ-Provera, Provera)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Progestin
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Uterine Stimulants: Oxytocics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Oxytocin (Pitocin)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Oxytocin (Pitocin)
Uterine Relaxants: Tocolytics
Pharmacotherapy of Female Infertility and Female Sexual Desire Disorder
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene)
70 Drugs for Modifying Conception
Options and Choices for Birth Control
Combination Oral Contraceptives
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Estradiol and Norethindrone (Ortho-Novum, Others)
Adverse Effects of Combination Oral Contraceptives
Progestin-Only Oral Contraceptives
Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives
Spermicides
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nonoxynol-9
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Hormonal Contraceptives
Emergency Contraception
Drugs for Pharmacologic Abortion
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Mifepristone (Mifeprex)
71 Drugs for Disorders and Conditions of the Male Reproductive System
Regulation of Male Reproductive Function
Pharmacotherapy with Androgens
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Testosterone
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy with Androgens
Anabolic Steroids
Etiology of Male Sexual Dysfunction
Pharmacotherapy of Male Infertility
Pharmacotherapy of Erectile Dysfunction
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sildenafil (Viagra)
Pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Pharmacotherapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Finasteride (Proscar)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Unit 11 Additional Drug Classes
72 Pharmacotherapy of Bone and Joint Disorders
Role of Calcium in Body Homeostasis
Regulation of Calcium Balance
Pharmacotherapy of Calcium Imbalances
Treatment of Hypocalcemia
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Calcium Salts
Treatment of Hypercalcemia
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Osteoporosis
Pathophysiology of Metabolic Bone Disease
Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Bone Disease
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Calcitriol (Calcijex, Rocaltrol)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Alendronate (Fosamax)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Raloxifene (Evista)
Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Joint Disorders
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Adalimumab (Humira)
Other DMARDS for Rheumatoid Arthritis
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
Pharmacotherapy of Gout and Hyperuricemia
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Colchicine (Colcrys)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Allopurinol (Lopurin, Zyloprim)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Gout
73 Pharmacotherapy of Dermatologic Disorders
Anatomy of the Integumentary System
Classification of Skin Disorders
Pharmacotherapy of Skin Infections
Scabicides and Pediculicides
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Permethrin (Acticin, Elimite, Nix)
Pharmacotherapy of Acne and Rosacea
Acne Vulgaris
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Lice or Mite Infestation
Rosacea
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tretinoin (Avita, Retin-A, Others)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Acne and Related Skin Conditions
Pharmacotherapy of Dermatitis
Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis
Topical Drugs
Systemic Drugs
Pharmacotherapy of Minor Skin Burns
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Benzocaine (Americaine, Anbesol, Others)
Pharmacotherapy of Alopecia
74 Pharmacotherapy of Eye and Ear Disorders
Anatomy of the Eye
Pathophysiology of Glaucoma
Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Latanoprost (Xalatan)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Timolol (Betimol, Timoptic, Others)
Miscellaneous Drugs for Treating Glaucoma
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Glaucoma
Pharmacotherapy for Eye Examinations
Pharmacotherapy for Other Eye Conditions
Anatomy of the Ear
Pharmacotherapy with Otic Preparations
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Otitis
75 Emergency Preparedness: Bioterrorism and Management of Poisoning
Emergency Preparedness, Bioterrorism, and Nursing
Biologic Agents
Chemical and Physical Agents
Management of Poisoning
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Activated Charcoal (CharcoAid)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Edetate Calcium Disodium (Calcium EDTA)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dimercaprol (BAL in Oil)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Poisoning or Overdose
Appendices
A Answers to Chapter Review
B ISMP List of High-Alert Medications in Acute Care Settings
Glossary
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Credits
Index
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