Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
About the Authors
UNIT 1 Fundamental Principles of Pharmacology
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Pharmacology: Concepts and Connections
Brief History of Pharmacology
Pharmacology: The Study of Medicines
Characteristics of an Ideal Drug
Classification of Drugs
Drug Prototypes
Naming Drugs
Connecting Pharmacology to Clinical Nursing Practice
CHAPTER 2 Drug Regulations
Patent Medicines
Brief History of Drug Legislation
Drug Standards
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Drug Approval
Changes to the Drug Approval Process
Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drugs
Drug Schedules
Canadian Drug Standards
CHAPTER 3 Principles of Drug Administration
Drug Administration and Patient Adherence
Drug Storage and Expiration Dates
Prescription Writing
Dosing Intervals
Measurement of Drug Doses
Documenting Drug Administration
Routes of Drug Administration
CHAPTER 4 Pharmacokinetics
Introduction to Pharmacokinetics
Primary Processes of Pharmacokinetics
Time–Response Relationships
CHAPTER 5 Pharmacodynamics
Interpatient Variability
Therapeutic Index
Dose–Response Relationship
Potency and Efficacy
Receptor Theory
Agonists and Antagonists
Pharmacogenetics
CHAPTER 6 Adverse Drug Effects and Drug Interactions
Adverse Drug Effects
Drug Interactions
CHAPTER 7 Medication Errors and Risk Reduction
Medication Errors and Their Impact on Health Care
Factors Contributing to Medication Errors
Drug Names and Medication Errors
Reporting Medication Errors
Strategies for Reducing Medication Errors
CHAPTER 8 Pharmacology of Substance Abuse
Fundamental Concepts of Substance Abuse
Central Nervous System Depressants
Cannabinoids—Marijuana
Hallucinogens
Central Nervous System Stimulants
Nicotine
Inhalants
Anabolic Steroids
UNIT 2 Pharmacology and the Nurse–Patient Relationship
CHAPTER 9 Pharmacology and the Nursing Process
Assessment
Diagnosis
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
CHAPTER 10 Pharmacotherapy During Pregnancy and Lactation
Rationale for Drug Use During Pregnancy and Lactation
Pharmacotherapy During Pregnancy
Pharmacotherapy During Lactation
CHAPTER 11 Pharmacotherapy of the Pediatric Patient
Testing and Labeling of Pediatric Drugs
Pharmacokinetic Variables in Pediatric Patients
Pharmacologic Implications Associated with Growth and Development
Medication Safety for Pediatric Patients
Determining Pediatric Drug Dosages
Adverse Drug Reactions in Children and Promoting Adherence
CHAPTER 12 Pharmacotherapy of the Geriatric Patient
Polypharmacy
Physiological Changes Related to Aging
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Changes in the Older Adult
Adherence and Drug Misuse Among Older Adults
Adverse Drug Reactions in Older Adults
CHAPTER 13 Psychosocial, Gender, and Cultural Influences on Pharmacotherapy
Holistic Pharmacotherapy
Psychosocial Influences
Cultural and Ethnic Variables
Genetic Influences
Gender Influences
CHAPTER 14 Pharmacotherapy in the Community
Roles of the Nurse in the Community
Nurses as Community Resources
CHAPTER 15 The Role of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Pharmacotherapy
Types of Complementary and Alternative Therapies
History of Herbal Therapies
Standardization of Herbal Products
Dietary Supplement Regulation
Herb–Drug Interactions
Specialty Supplements
UNIT 3 Pharmacology of the Autonomic Nervous System
CHAPTER 16 Review of Neurotransmitters and the Autonomic Nervous System
Basic Structure of the Nervous System
Structure and Function of the Autonomic Nervous System
Synaptic Transmission
Cholinergic Transmission
Adrenergic Transmission
Regulation of Autonomic Functions
Classifying Autonomic Drugs
CHAPTER 17 Cholinergic Agonists
Cholinergic Receptors
Muscarinic Agonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Bethanechol (Duvoid, Urecholine)
Pharmacotherapy of Myasthenia Gravis
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pyridostigmine (Mestinon, Regonol)
Nicotinic Agonists
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Cholinergic Agonist Therapy
CHAPTER 18 Cholinergic Antagonists
Classification of Cholinergic Antagonists
Muscarinic Antagonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Atropine
Nicotinic Antagonists: Ganglionic Blockers
Nicotinic Antagonists: Neuromuscular Blockers
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Succinylcholine (Anectine)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tubocurarine
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Cholinergic (Muscarinic) Antagonist Drug Therapy
CHAPTER 19 Adrenergic Agonists
Actions of Adrenergic Agonists
Mechanisms of Action of Adrenergic Agonists
Classification of Adrenergic Agonists
Nonselective Adrenergic Agonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
Alpha-Adrenergic Agonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Isoproterenol (Isuprel)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Adrenergic Agonist Therapy
CHAPTER 20 Adrenergic Antagonists
Actions of Adrenergic Antagonists
Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Prazosin (Minipress)
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Propranolol (Inderal, InnoPran XL)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Adrenergic Antagonist Therapy
UNIT 4 Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System
CHAPTER 21 Review of the Central Nervous System
Scope of Central Nervous System Pharmacology
Neurons and Neurotransmission
Major Structural Components of the Central Nervous System
Functional Systems of the Central Nervous System
CHAPTER 22 Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety and Sleep Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Sleep Disorders
Management of Anxiety and Sleep Disorders
Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety and Insomnia
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lorazepam (Ativan)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Zolpidem (Ambien, Edluar)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenobarbital (Luminal)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Anxiety or Sleep Disorders
CHAPTER 23 Pharmacotherapy of Mood Disorders
Types of Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Pathophysiology of Depression
Assessment of Depression
Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Depression
Pharmacotherapy of Depression
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Imipramine (Tofranil)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Venlafaxine (Effexor)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenelzine (Nardil)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Antidepressant Therapy
Bipolar Disorder
Drugs for Bipolar Disorder
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lithium carbonate (Eskalith, Lithobid)
CHAPTER 24 Pharmacotherapy of Psychoses
Characteristics of Psychoses
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Etiology of Schizophrenia
Management of Psychoses
Antipsychotic Drugs
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Chlorpromazine
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Haloperidol (Haldol)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Risperidone (Risperdal)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aripiprazole (Abilify)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Antipsychotic Pharmacotherapy
CHAPTER 25 Pharmacotherapy of Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Parkinson’s Disease
Pharmacotherapy of Parkinson’s Disease
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Levodopa and Carbidopa (Sinemet, Parcopa)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pramipexole (Mirapex)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Benztropine (Cogentin)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Parkinson’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease
Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Donepezil (Aricept)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
CHAPTER 26 Pharmacotherapy of Seizures
Characteristics of Seizure Disorders
Classification of Seizure Disorders
Antiseizure Drugs
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Diazepam (Valium)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Tegretol XR, Carbatrol, Others)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ethosuximide (Zarontin)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Gabapentin (Neurontin)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Valproic Acid (Depacon, Depakene, Depakote)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Antiepileptic Therapy
CHAPTER 27 Pharmacotherapy of Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Muscle Spasms
Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Muscle Spasms
Pharmacotherapy of Muscle Spasms
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyclobenzaprine (Amrix, Flexeril)
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Muscle Spasticity
Nonpharmacologic and Pharmacologic Therapies for Spasticity
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dantrolene sodium (Dantrium)
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants as Surgical Adjuncts
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
CHAPTER 28 Central Nervous System Stimulants and Drugs for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Characteristics of Central Nervous System Stimulants
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder
Pharmacotherapy of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine (Adderall)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Atomoxetine (Strattera)
Pharmacotherapy of Narcolepsy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Modafinil (Provigil)
Methylxanthines
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Caffeine
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Central Nervous System Stimulants and Drugs for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
CHAPTER 29 Pharmacotherapy of Severe Pain and Migraines
General Principles of Pain Management
Pharmacotherapy of Acute and Chronic Pain
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Morphine sulfate (Astramorph PF, Duramorph RF, Roxanol, Others)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Opioid Analgesic Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tramadol (Ultram)
Pharmacotherapy with Opioid Antagonists
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Naloxone (Narcan)
Pharmacotherapy of Migraines
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sumatriptan (Imitrex)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Migraine Headaches
CHAPTER 30 Anesthetics and Anesthesia Adjuncts
Types of Anesthesia
Principles of General Anesthesia
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Midazolam (Versed)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Propofol (Diprivan)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitrous oxide
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Isoflurane (Forane)
Local Anesthetics
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving General Anesthesia
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Procaine (Novocaine)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lidocaine (Anestacon, Dilocaine, Xylocaine, Others)
Adjuncts to Anesthesia
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Local Anesthesia
UNIT 5 Pharmacology of the Cardiovascular System
CHAPTER 31 Review of the Cardiovascular System
Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System
Functions and Properties of Blood
Cardiac Structure and Function
Hemodynamics and Blood Pressure
CHAPTER 32 Pharmacotherapy of Hyperlipidemia
Types of Lipids and Lipoproteins
Measurement and Control of Serum Lipids
Drugs for Dyslipidemias
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cholestyramine (Questran)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Hyperlipidemia
CHAPTER 33 Calcium Channel Blockers
Physiological Role of Calcium Channels in Muscle Contraction
Types of Calcium Channels
Consequences of Calcium Channel Blockade
Classification of Calcium Channel Blockers
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nifedipine (Adalat CC, Procardia XL)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin, Verelan)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Calcium Channel Blocker Therapy
CHAPTER 34 Drugs Affecting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Components of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Physiological Effects of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Drugs Affecting the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Losartan (Cozaar)
CHAPTER 35 Diuretic Therapy and the Pharmacotherapy of Renal Failure
Review of Renal Physiology
Pharmacotherapy in Patients with Renal Failure
Diuretic Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Furosemide (Lasix)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Spironolactone (Aldactone)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Mannitol (Osmitrol)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acetazolamide (Diamox)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Diuretic Therapy
CHAPTER 36 Pharmacotherapy of Fluid Imbalance, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Disorders
Principles of Fluid Balance
Fluid Replacement Agents
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Normal serum albumin (Albuminar, Plasbumin, Others)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: 5% Dextrose in water (D[Sub(5)] W)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dextran 40 (Gentran 40, Others)
Physiology of Electrolytes
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement Therapy
Pharmacotherapy of Electrolyte Imbalances
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sodium chloride (NaCl)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Potassium chloride (KCl)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Magnesium sulfate (MgSO[Sub(4)])
Pharmacotherapy of Acid–Base Imbalances
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sodium bicarbonate
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ammonium chloride
CHAPTER 37 Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension
Definition and Classification of Hypertension
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hypertension
Nonpharmacologic Management of Hypertension
Pharmacologic Management of Hypertension
Drug Classes for Hypertension
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hydralazine (Apresoline)
Management of Hypertensive Emergency
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitroprusside sodium (Nipride, Nitropress)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Direct Vasodilator Therapy
CHAPTER 38 Pharmacotherapy of Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction
Pathophysiology of Myocardial Ischemia
Etiology of Coronary Artery Disease
Pathophysiology of Angina Pectoris
Nonpharmacologic Therapy of Coronary Artery Disease
Pharmacologic Management of Angina Pectoris
Drug Classes for Angina Pectoris
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro-Bid, Nitro-Dur, Others)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Organic Nitrate Therapy for Angina
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Atenolol (Tenormin)
Pathophysiology of Myocardial Infarction
Pharmacologic Management of Myocardial Infarction
CHAPTER 39 Pharmacotherapy of Heart Failure
Etiology of Heart Failure
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure
Drugs for Heart Failure
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Digoxin (Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Milrinone (Primacor)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Heart Failure
CHAPTER 40 Pharmacotherapy of Dysrhythmias
Etiology of Dysrhythmias
Phases and Measurement of the Cardiac Action Potential
Classification of Dysrhythmias
General Principles of Dysrhythmia Management
Drugs for Dysrhythmias
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Procainamide
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Antidysrhythmic Pharmacotherapy
CHAPTER 41 Pharmacotherapy of Coagulation Disorders
Disorders of Hemostasis
Overview of Coagulation Modifiers
Anticoagulants
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Heparin
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Warfarin (Coumadin)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lepirudin (Refludan)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Anticoagulant Pharmacotherapy
Antiplatelet Agents
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Clopidogrel (Plavix)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Abciximab (ReoPro)
Drugs for Intermittent Claudication
Thrombolytics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Alteplase (Activase)
Hemostatics
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Thrombolytic Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aminocaproic Acid (Amicar)
Drugs for Hemophilia
CHAPTER 42 Pharmacotherapy of Hematopoietic Disorders
Physiology of Hematopoiesis
Hematopoietic Growth Factors
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Erythropoietin Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Filgrastim (Neupogen)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Colony-Stimulating Factor Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Oprelvekin (Neumega)
Classification of Anemias
Antianemic Agents
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ferrous Sulfate (Feosol, Feostat, Others)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyanocobalamin (Nascobal)
UNIT 6 Pharmacology of Body Defenses
CHAPTER 43 Review of Body Defenses and the Immune System
Organization of the Lymphatic System
Innate (Nonspecific) Body Defenses
Specific (Adaptive) Body Defenses
CHAPTER 44 Pharmacotherapy of Inflammation and Fever
Pathophysiology of Inflammation and Fever
Pharmacotherapy of Inflammation
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Others)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Celecoxib (Celebrex)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Inflammation and Fever
Antipyretic and Analgesic Agent
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
CHAPTER 45 Immunostimulants and Immunosuppressants
Immunostimulants
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aldesleukin (Proleukin)
Immunosuppressants
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyclosporine (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Azathioprine (Azasan, Imuran)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone, OKT3)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Immunomodulator Therapy
CHAPTER 46 Immunizing Agents
Discovery of Vaccines
Vaccines and the Immune System
Types of Vaccines
General Principles of Vaccine Administration
Active Immunity: Bacterial Immunizations
Active Immunity: Viral Immunizations
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix-B, Recombivax HB)
Passive Immunity
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Rh [D] immune globulin (RhoGAM)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Immunizations
UNIT 7 Pharmacology of the Respiratory System and Allergy
CHAPTER 47 Pharmacotherapy of Asthma and Other Pulmonary Disorders
Physiology of the Lower Respiratory Tract
Pathophysiology of Asthma
Administration of Pulmonary Drugs via Inhalation
Principles of Asthma Pharmacotherapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin, VoSpire)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ipratropium (Atrovent)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Beclomethasone (Beconase AQ, Qvar)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cromolyn (Intal)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Zafirlukast (Accolate)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Theophylline (Theo-Dur, Others)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Therapy for Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CHAPTER 48 Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis and the Common Cold
Physiology of the Upper Respiratory Tract
Pathophysiology of Allergic Rhinitis
Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fexofenadine (Allegra)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Antihistamine Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fluticasone (Flonase, Veramyst)
Decongestants
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Symptomatic Cough and Cold Relief
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
Drugs for the Common Cold
Antitussives
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dextromethorphan (Delsym, Robitussin DM, Others)
Expectorants and Mucolytics
UNIT 8 Pharmacology of Infectious and Neoplastic Diseases
CHAPTER 49 Basic Principles of Anti-Infective Pharmacotherapy
Pathogenicity and Virulence
Describing and Classifying Bacteria
Classification of Anti-Infectives
Mechanisms of Action of Anti-Infectives
Acquired Resistance
Indications and Selection of Specific Anti-Infectives
Host Factors Affecting Anti-Infective Selection
Superinfections
CHAPTER 50 Antibiotics Affecting the Bacterial Cell Wall
Structure of Bacterial Cell Walls
Penicillins
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Penicillin G
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ampicillin (Principen)
Cephalosporins
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Penicillin, Cephalosporin, or Vancomycin Therapy
Carbapenems
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Imipenem-cilastatin (Primaxin)
Miscellaneous Cell Wall Inhibitors
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Vancomycin (Vancocin)
CHAPTER 51 Antibiotics Affecting Bacterial Protein Synthesis
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
Tetracyclines
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tetracycline (Sumycin, Others)
Macrolides
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Erythromycin (EryC, Erythrocin, Others)
Aminoglycosides
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Gentamicin (Garamycin, Others)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Tetracycline, Macrolide, or Aminoglycoside Therapy
Miscellaneous Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis
CHAPTER 52 Fluoroquinolones and Miscellaneous Antibacterials
Bacterial DNA Replication
Inhibition of DNA Replication
Fluoroquinolones
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Fluoroquinolone Therapy
Miscellaneous Antibacterials
CHAPTER 53 Sulfonamides and the Pharmacotherapy of Urinary Tract Infections 888
Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Infections
Pharmacotherapy of Urinary Tract Infections
Sulfonamides
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra)
Urinary Antiseptics
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Urinary Tract Infection
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nitrofurantoin (Furadantin) and Nitrofurantoin Macrocrystals (Macrobid, Macrodantin)
CHAPTER 54 Pharmacotherapy of Mycobacterial Infections
Types of Mycobacterial Infections
Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Isoniazid (INH)
Drugs for Leprosy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dapsone (DDS)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Tuberculosis
Drugs for Mycobacterium avium Complex Infections
CHAPTER 55 Pharmacotherapy of Fungal Infections
Characteristics of Fungi and Fungal Infections
Drugs for Systemic Fungal Infections
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amphotericin B Deoxycholate (Fungizone)
Drugs for Both Systemic and Superficial Fungal Infections
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fluconazole (Diflucan)
Drugs for Superficial Fungal Infections
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nystatin (Mycostatin, Nystop, Others)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Antifungal Therapy
CHAPTER 56 Pharmacotherapy of Protozoan and Helminthic Infections
Classification and Pathogenesis of Protozoan Infections
Drugs for Malaria
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Chloroquine (Aralen)
Drugs for Nonmalarial Protozoan Infections
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Metronidazole (Flagyl)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine (Fansidar)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Protozoan Infections
Classification and Pathogenesis of Helminthic Infections
Drugs for Helminthic Infections
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Mebendazole (Vermox)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Helminthic Infections
CHAPTER 57 Pharmacotherapy of Non-HIV Viral Infections
Characteristics of Viruses
Pharmacotherapy of Non-HIV Viral Infections
Agents for Herpesviruses
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acyclovir (Zovirax)
Agents for Influenza Viruses
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Amantadine (Symmetrel)
Agents for Hepatitis Viruses
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lamivudine (Epivir)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Antiviral Therapy for Non-HIV Viral Infections
CHAPTER 58 Pharmacotherapy of HIV-AIDS
Pathogenesis of HIV Infection
General Principles of HIV Pharmacotherapy
Classification of Antiretroviral Drugs
Antiretroviral Drugs
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Zidovudine (Retrovir, AZT)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Efavirenz (Sustiva)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Lopinavir with ritonavir (Kaletra)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy
Prophylaxis of HIV Infections
Pharmacotherapy of Opportunistic Infections Associated with HIV-AIDS
CHAPTER 59 Basic Principles of Antineoplastic Therapy
Characteristics of Cancer
Etiology of Cancer
Detection and Prevention of Cancer
Goals of Chemotherapy
Staging and Grading of Cancer
The Cell Cycle and Growth Fraction
Cell Kill Hypothesis
Improving the Success of Chemotherapy
Toxicity of Antineoplastic Agents
CHAPTER 60 Pharmacotherapy of Neoplasia
Classification of Antineoplastic Agents
Antineoplastic Medications
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Methotrexate (MTX, Rheumatrex, Trexall)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tamoxifen
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Vincristine (Oncovin)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Cancer Chemotherapy
Drugs for Reducing Adverse Effects
Preparing and Administering Antineoplastics
UNIT 9 Pharmacology of the Gastrointestinal System
CHAPTER 61 Review of the Gastrointestinal System
Overview of the Digestive System
Physiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Physiology of the Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Physiology of the Accessory Organs of Digestion
Regulation of Digestive Processes
Nutrient Categories and Metabolism
CHAPTER 62 Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease
Physiology of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer Disease
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Pharmacotherapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Omeprazole (Prilosec)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Ranitidine (Zantac)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving H[ub(2)] -Receptor Antagonist and Antacid Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Aluminum hydroxide (AlternaGEL, Others)
CHAPTER 63 Pharmacotherapy of Bowel Disorders and Other Gastrointestinal Conditions
Pathophysiology of Constipation
Pharmacotherapy with Laxatives
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Psyllium mucilloid (Metamucil, Others)
Pathophysiology of Diarrhea
Pharmacotherapy of Diarrhea
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Diphenoxylate with atropine (Lomotil)
Pharmacotherapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Laxative or Antidiarrheal Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
Pharmacotherapy of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Pathophysiology of Nausea and Vomiting
Pharmacotherapy of Nausea and Vomiting
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Prochlorperazine (Compazine)
Pharmacotherapy of Pancreatitis
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Antiemetic Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Pancrelipase (Creon, Pancreaze, Zenpep)
CHAPTER 64 Vitamins and Minerals
Role of Vitamins in Health and Disease
Regulation of Vitamins
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Minerals
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Vitamin or Mineral Supplementation Therapy
CHAPTER 65 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
Enteral Nutrition
Parenteral Nutrition
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Enteral Nutrition Therapy
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition Therapy
CHAPTER 66 Weight Reduction Strategies and the Pharmacotherapy of Obesity
Etiology of Obesity
Pathogenesis of Obesity
Measurement of Obesity
Nonpharmacologic Therapies for Obesity
Pharmacotherapy of Obesity
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Orlistat (Alli, Xenical)
Adjuncts to Obesity Therapy
UNIT 10 Pharmacology of the Endocrine System
CHAPTER 67 Review of the Endocrine System
Overview of the Endocrine System
Hormone Receptors
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Hormone Pharmacotherapy
CHAPTER 68 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Drugs
Functions of the Hypothalamus
Functions of the Pituitary Gland
Pharmacotherapy of Growth Hormone Disorders
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Somatropin (Genotropin, Humatrope, Norditropin, Nutropin, Saizen, Serostim, Zorbtive)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Octreotide (Sandostatin)
Pharmacotherapy of Antidiuretic Hormone Disorders
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Growth Hormone Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Desmopressin (DDAVP)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Antidiuretic Hormone Therapy
CHAPTER 69 Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus
Physiology of Serum Glucose Control
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus: Types of Diabetes
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Diabetes
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Glucagon (GlucaGen)
Insulin Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Human regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)
Antidiabetic Agents for Type 2 Diabetes
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Insulin Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase, Micronase)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Metformin (Glucophage, Glumetza, Others)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Repaglinide (Prandin)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Acarbose (Precose)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sitagliptin (Januvia)
Miscellaneous Antidiabetic Agents
CHAPTER 70 Pharmacotherapy of Thyroid Disorders
Physiology of the Thyroid Gland
Diagnosis of Thyroid Disorders
Hypothyroid Disorders
Pharmacotherapy of Hypothyroid Disorders
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Levothyroxine (Levothroid, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Unithroid)
Hyperthyroid Disorders
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy
Pharmacotherapy of Hyperthyroid Disorders
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Propylthiouracil (PTU)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Antithyroid Pharmacotherapy
CHAPTER 71 Corticosteroids and Drugs Affecting the Adrenal Cortex
Physiology of the Adrenal Gland
Overview of Corticosteroid Pharmacotherapy
Adverse Effects of Corticosteroids
Replacement Therapy with Corticosteroids
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hydrocortisone (Cortef, Solu-Cortef, Others)
Corticosteroids for Nonendocrine Conditions
Mineralocorticoids
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Fludrocortisone
Antiadrenal Agents
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy
CHAPTER 72 Estrogens, Progestins, and Drugs Modifying Uterine Function
Hormonal Regulation of Female Reproductive Function
Estrogens
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Conjugated estrogens (Cenestin, Enjuvia, Premarin)
Progestins
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Estrogen Therapy
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera, Depo-SubQ-Provera, Provera)
Hormone Replacement Therapy
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Progestin Therapy
Uterine Stimulants: Oxytocics
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Oxytocin (Pitocin)
Uterine Relaxants: Tocolytics
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Oxytocin (Pitocin) Therapy
Pharmacotherapy of Female Infertility
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Clomiphene (Clomid, Milophene, Serophene)
CHAPTER 73 Drugs for Modifying Conception
Options and Choices for Birth Control
Combination Oral Contraceptives
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Estradiol and Norethindrone (Ortho-Novum, Others)
Progestin-Only Oral Contraceptives
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Oral Contraceptives
Adverse Effects of Combined Oral Contraceptives
Drugs for Long-Term Contraception and Newer Contraceptive Delivery Methods
Spermicides
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Nonoxynol-9
Emergency Contraception
Drugs for Pharmacologic Abortion
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Mifepristone (Mifeprex)
CHAPTER 74 Drugs for Disorders and Conditions of the Male Reproductive System
Regulation of Male Reproductive Function
Pharmacotherapy with Androgens
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Testosterone
Anabolic Steroids
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Androgen Therapy
Etiology of Male Sexual Dysfunction
Pharmacotherapy of Male Infertility
Pharmacotherapy of Erectile Dysfunction
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Sildenafil (Viagra)
Pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Pharmacotherapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Finasteride (Proscar)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
UNIT 11 Additional Drug Classes
CHAPTER 75 Pharmacotherapy of Bone and Joint Disorders
Role of Calcium in Body Homeostasis
Regulation of Calcium Balance
Pharmacotherapy of Hypocalcemia
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Calcium salts
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Osteoporosis
Pathophysiology of Metabolic Bone Disease
Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Bone Disease
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Calcitriol (Rocaltrol)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Alendronate (Fosamax)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Raloxifene (Evista)
Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Joint Disorders
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
Pharmacotherapy of Gout
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Colchicine (Colcrys)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Allopurinol (Lopurin, Zyloprim)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Gout
CHAPTER 76 Pharmacotherapy of Dermatologic Disorders
Anatomy of the Integumentary System
Classification of Skin Disorders
Pharmacotherapy of Skin Infections
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Permethrin (Acticin, Elimite, Nix)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Lice or Mite Infestation
Pharmacotherapy of Acne and Rosacea
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Tretinoin (Avita, Retin-A, Others)
Pharmacotherapy of Dermatitis
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Acne and Related Skin Conditions
Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis
Pharmacotherapy of Minor Skin Burns
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Benzocaine (Americaine, Anbesol, Others)
Pharmacotherapy of Alopecia
CHAPTER 77 Pharmacotherapy of Eye and Ear Disorders
Anatomy of the Eye
Pathophysiology of Glaucoma
Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Latanoprost (Xalatan)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Timolol (Betimol, Timoptic, Others)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Glaucoma
Pharmacotherapy for Eye Examinations
Pharmacotherapy for Other Eye Conditions
Anatomy of the Ear
Pharmacotherapy with Otic Preparations
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Otitis
CHAPTER 78 Emergency Preparedness: Bioterrorism and Management of Poisoning
Emergency Preparedness, Bioterrorism, and Nursing
Biological Agents
Chemical and Physical Agents
Management of Poisoning
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Activated Charcoal (CharcoAid)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Edetate Calcium Disodium (Calcium EDTA)
PROTOTYPE DRUG: Dimercaprol (BAL in Oil)
CONNECTIONS: Nursing Practice Application: Patients Receiving Pharmacotherapy for Poisoning or Overdose
Appendices
A Answers to NCLEX-RN ® Review
B ISMP’s List of High-Alert Medications
Glossary
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Credits
Index
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