Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) use chemical treatment to remove contaminants from water by oxidation with hydroxyl radicals. These hydroxyl radicals can be produced using UV light, ozone or hydrogen peroxide, but recently reactions have been developed that use persulfates as the radical source. Persulfates are strong oxidants with flexible in situ activation characteristics, including activation with heat, alkali conditions, electricity, ultrasonic treatment, transition metals, carbon and even organics. Persulfate activation can generate sulfate radicals as well as other reactive species. These reactive species, especially the sulfate radical, can degrade most organic pollutants making them valuable in the fields of water purification, soil remediation, disinfection, sludge dewatering, and other important applications in environmental systems.
Describing recent developments in persulfate-based AOPs, this book aims to provide a summary of environmental applications for persulfate-based AOPs and to guide the reader, in a comprehensive way, through various advanced oxidation processes in environmental applications. Topics include new activation methods, activation mechanisms, and advanced materials for use in activating persulfate-based AOPs for different environmental applications.
Author(s): Mingshan Zhu, Zhenfeng Bian, Chun Zhao
Series: Chemistry in the Environment Series
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 363
City: London
Cover
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1 Methods of Persulfate Activation for the Degradation of Pollutants: Fundamentals and Influencing Parameters
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Alkaline Activation
1.2.1 Basic Concepts
1.2.2 Application of a Catalyst
1.2.3 Influence of Operating Conditions
1.3 Organic Substrate Activation
1.3.1 Basic Concepts
1.3.2 Influence of Operating Conditions
1.4 Catalytic Activation
1.4.1 Basic Concepts
1.4.2 Metal- based Catalysts
1.4.3 Carbon-based Catalysts
1.4.4 Influence of Operating Conditions
1.5 Heat Activation
1.5.1 Basic Concepts
1.5.2 Influence of Operating Conditions
1.6 Microwave Activation
1.6.1 Basic Concepts
1.6.2 Application of Catalysts
1.6.3 Influence of Operating Conditions
1.7 Ultrasonic Activation
1.7.1 Basic Concepts
1.7.2 Application of Catalysts
1.7.3 Influence of Operating Conditions
1.8 Photo Activation
1.8.1 Basic Concepts
1.8.2 Direct Activation
1.8.3 Dye Sensitizing
1.8.4 Application of Catalysts
1.8.5 Influence of Operating Conditions
1.9 Electro Activation
1.9.1 Basic Concepts
1.9.2 Influence of Operating Conditions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 2 Photo-activated Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation for Water Treatment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamentals of Photo-activated PS- AOPs
2.3 UV-based Photo-activated PS-AOPs
2.4 Fe- based Photo-activated PS-AOPs
2.5 TiO2-based Photo-activated PS-AOPs
2.6 Other Metal-based Photo-activated PS-AOPs
2.7 Bimetallic Photo-activated PS-AOPs
2.8 Carbonaceous Photo-activated PS-AOPs
2.9 Conclusion and Prospects
References
Chapter 3 Electrochemical Activation of Persulfate for Organic Pollution Control in Water
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synergistic Effects of Combining Electrolysis with Persulfate
3.3 Influence of Operational Factors
3.3.1 Electrode Types
3.3.2 Current Intensity
3.3.3 pH
3.3.4 Temperature
3.3.5 Initial Persulfate Concentration
5.4 PS Activation by Cobalt Oxides
5.5 PS Activation by Manganese Oxides
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Metal-free Carbocatalysis for Persulfate Activation Toward Organic Oxidation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamental Principles in Carbocatalysis for PS Activation
6.2.1 Classification of Activation Pathways
6.2.2 Identification Strategies of Activation Pathways
6.2.3 Determination of Active Sites on CBMs for PS activation
6.3 Application of CBMs for PS activation
6.3.1 Catalytic Performance of Pristine CBMs in PS activation
6.3.2 Tailored Modification for Promoting Carbocatalysis in PS activation
6.3.3 Differences Between Radical and Nonradical Pathways in PS Activation
6.4 Challenges and Prospects
6.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 Persulfate- based Advanced Oxidation Processes in Environmental Remediation: Theoretical Chemistry Study
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Advantages of Theoretical Chemical Calculations
7.3 Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation Processes
7.4 Application of DFT Calculations for P-AOP Systems
7.4.1 The Basic Indicators of Persulfate Activation
7.4.2 Active and Degradable Sites for Persulfate and Pollutants
7.4.3 Pathways of Persulfate Activation and Pollutant Degradation
7.4.4 Influencing Factors on Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation Systems
7.5 Criteria of Theoretical Chemistry to Evaluate the P-AOPs Performance
7.6 Conclusions and Prospects
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 8 Sulfate Radical-based Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Disinfection
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microorganism Inactivation by Various SO4•–based Processes
8.2.1 Inactivation by SO4•–based Processes Mediated by Iron Species
8.2.2 Inactivation by SO4•–based Processes Mediated by Light
8.2.3 Inactivation by SO4•–based Processes Mediated by a Base
8.2.4 Inactivation by Piezo-catalytic and Electro-catalytic Processes
8.3 Effects of Operational and Environmental Conditions
8.3.1 Effect of CT Value
8.3.2 Effect of pH
8.3.3 Effect of Water Matrix Components
8.4 Mechanisms of Microorganism Inactivation by SO4•–based Processes
8.4.1 Generation and Contribution of Reactive Species
8.4.2 Destruction of Microorganisms
8.5 Formation of Disinfection By-products
8.5.1 Formation of Inorganic By-products
8.5.2 Formation of Organic By-products
8.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9 Inactivation of Pathogenic Microorganisms with Sulfate Radical-based Advanced Oxidation Processes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sulfate Radical Generation
9.2.1 Thermal Activation
9.2.2 Alkaline Activation
9.2.3 Radiation Activation
9.2.4 Transition Metals
9.2.5 Carbon-based Catalysts
9.3 Inactivation of Pathogens with SR-AOPs
9.4 Inactivation of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Genes
9.5 Inactivation Mechanisms and Kinetics
9.5.1 Mechanisms of Sulfate Radical Generation
9.5.2 Mechanisms of Bacteria Inactivation
9.6 Pilot/Full Scale Applications: Economic Assessment
9.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10 Persulfate Application for Landfill Leachate Treatment: Current Status and Challenges
10.1 Introduction: Landfill Leachate Characterizations
10.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes with Focus on Persulfate Activation
10.3 Persulfate Activation by Homogeneous Activators(Transition Metals) for Landfill Leachate Treatment
10.4 Heterogeneous Persulfate Activation by Transition Metals for Landfill Leachate Treatment
10.5 Persulfate Activation by High Energy InputMethods (Microwave, Heat, Ultraviolet, and Ultrasound) for Landfill Leachate Treatment
10.5.1 Microwave/Persulfate
10.5.2 Heat/Persulfate
10.5.3 Persulfate Activation by UV and US
10.6 Other Persulfate Activation Methods for Landfill Leachate Treatment
10.7 Meta-analysis of the Existing Literature on LL Treatment by Persulfate Activation
10.8 Conclusions, Perspectives, and Future Challenges
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11 Novel Strategy for Soil Remediation of Contaminated Sites Using Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation Technologies
1.1 Limitation of Traditional Technologies for Contaminated Site Remediation
11.1.1 Incineration
11.1.2 Thermal Desorption
11.1.3 Soil Vapor Extraction
11.1.4 Soil Washing
11.1.5 Bioremediation
11.1.6 Electroremediation
11.1.7 In Situ Chemical Oxidation
11.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Soil Remediation
11.2.1 PDS-based AOPs
11.2.2 PMS-based AOPs
11.3 Fundamental Knowledge of Persulfate Activation for Pollutant Degradation in Soil
11.3.1 Degradation Reaction Process
11.3.2 Mechanism and Influencing Factors
11.3.3 Non-radical Activation Pathways
11.3.4 Key Influential Factors of SR-AOPs
11.4 Underlying Mechanism of Persulfate Interaction with Soil Components
11.4.1 Decomposition of Peroxydisulfate (PDS) by Soil Minerals
11.4.2 Decomposition of Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by Soil Minerals
11.4.3 Interaction of Persulfate with SOM
11.4.4 Soil Chemistry Processes of Persulfate in Soil Liquid Phases
11.5 Many Case Studies of Persulfate Used in Field Applications for Soil
11.5.1 Persulfate Without Direct Activation for Soil Remediation
11.5.2 Persulfate Activated by Activators for Soil Remediation
11.5.3 Thermally Activated Persulfate for Soil Remediation
11.6 Combination of Persulfate with Other Remediation Methods
11.6.1 Biological SR-AOPs Methods
11.6.2 Electrokinetic SR-AOPs Methods
11.6.3 Chemical Oxidation and Reduction SR-AOP Methods
11.6.4 Thermal Remediation SR-AOP Methods
11.6.5 Mechanochemical (MC) SR- AOP Methods
References
Chapter 12 Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation Processes in Other Applications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Application of Persulfate in Deep Dewatering of Sludge
12.3 Application of Persulfate in Activated Carbon Regeneration
12.4 Application of Persulfate to Contaminated Soil Remediation
12.5 Application of Persulfate in Waste Gas Treatment
12.5.1 Application of Persulfate in Desulfurization and Denitrification
12.5.2 Application of Persulfate in Exhaust Gas Deodorization
12.5.3 Application of Persulfate in Mercury Removal
12.6 Application of Persulfate in Metal Recovery
12.6.1 Application of Persulfate in Silver Recovery
12.6.2 Application of Persulfate in Copper Recovery
12.7 Application of Persulfate in Water Quality Analysis
12.7.1 Application of Persulfate in the Determination of Total Phosphorus in Water
12.7.2 Application of Persulfate in the Determination of Total Nitrogen in Water
12.7.3 Application of Persulfate in theDetermination of Total Organic Carbon in Water
12.8 Conclusion
References
Subject Index
