Persistent Pollutants in Water and Advanced Treatment Technology

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I General
1 Introduction to Persistent Pollutants in Water and Advanced Treatment Technology
Part II Emerging Persistent Pollutants
2 Marine Microplastics: Abundance, Ecotoxic Consequences of Associated Anthropogenic Contaminants and Interactions with Microorganisms
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Marine Microplastics Abundance
2.3 Microplastics-Associated Contaminants
2.4 Leaching of Plastic Additives
2.4.1 Plasticizers
2.4.2 Antioxidants
2.4.3 UV Stabilizers
2.4.4 Flame Retardants
2.5 Plastisphere: Microbe-Microplastic Interactions
2.6 Abundance of Potential Pathogenic Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes
2.7 Conclusions
References
3 World Profile of Foreseeable Strategies for the Removal of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) from Water
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Overview of PFASs in Water Environment
3.2.1 Properties
3.2.2 Occurrence of PFASs in Water Environment
3.2.3 Protocols of PFASs in Drinking Water
3.3 Treatment Technologies for PFASs in Water
3.3.1 Adsorption
3.3.2 Membrane Filtration
3.3.3 Destructive Techniques
3.4 Potential Approach of CW-MFC
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Plastic Chemical Constituents in Wastewater, Surface Water, and Drinking Water
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Occurrence of Phthalates, Bisphenols, Terephthalic Acids and Their Transformation Products in Wastewater, Surface Water, and Drinking Water
4.3 Analytical Challenges in Detecting Plastic Chemical Constituents and Recommendations
4.4 Fate of Plastic Chemical Constituents
4.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
5 Occurrence of Phthalates in the Environment, Their Toxicity, and Treatment Technologies
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Occurrence of Phthalates in the Environment
5.3 Exposure of Phthalates to Humans
5.4 Toxicity of Phthalates and Their Effect on Human Life
5.5 Movement of Phthalates in the Environment
5.6 Method of Analysis of Different Types of Phthalates
5.7 Treatment Technologies for Phthalate Removal
5.7.1 Conventional Physical and Chemical Methods
5.7.2 Advanced Oxidation Methods
5.7.3 Biological Treatment for Phthalate Removal
5.7.4 Membrane Processes
5.8 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
Part III Advanced Oxidation Processes for Removal of Persistent Pollutants
6 Application of Electrochemical Technologies for the Efficacious Removal of Persistent Organic Pollutants from Wastewater
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Classification and Occurrence of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
6.2.1 Classification
6.2.2 Occurrence
6.3 Electrochemical Treatment Technologies
6.3.1 Anodic Electrochemical Oxidation (AO)
6.3.2 Electro-Fenton Oxidation (EF)
6.3.3 Electrocoagulation (EC)
6.4 Factors Affecting the Performances
6.4.1 Current Density
6.4.2 Electrolysis Time
6.4.3 Electrolyte Concentration
6.4.4 Initial Concentration of Pollutant
6.4.5 Inter-electrode Distance
6.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
7 Recent Progress in Electrochemical Oxidation Technology: Its Applicability in Highly Efficient Treatment of Persistent Organic Pollutants from Industrial Wastewater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Mechanism Behind the Treatment
7.2.1 Direct Oxidation
7.2.2 Indirect Oxidation
7.3 Influence of Key Operating Parameters
7.3.1 Influence of Initial pH
7.3.2 Influence of Electrolyte Nature and Concentration
7.3.3 Influence of Current Density (CD) of the System
7.3.4 Influence of Initial Concentration of Pollutants
7.3.5 Influence of Interelectrode Distance (IED)
7.3.6 Influence of Cell Temperature
7.3.7 Influence of Stirring Speed
7.3.8 Influence of Aeration/Oxygen Flow Rate
7.3.9 Influence of Electrolysis Time
7.3.10 Influence of Catalyst Dose
7.3.11 Influence of Filling Amount of 3D Particles Electrodes in 3D System
7.4 Modifications in the Design of Electrochemical Oxidation Reactor
7.4.1 Selection and Synthesis of Working Electrodes
7.4.2 Involvement of Catalytic Particle Electrodes (CPEs) (Conversion of 2D-EC System to 3D-EC System)
7.4.3 Electrode Connections and Their Polarity
7.4.4 Reactor Operation Mode
7.5 Treatment of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Different Types of Wastewater Through Electrochemical Oxidation Technology
7.5.1 Treatment of Coke-Oven Wastewater
7.5.2 Treatment of Other Synthetic Wastewaters
7.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
8 Advanced Treatment Methods for the Emerging Contaminants: An Insight into the Removal of Anticancer Drugs
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sources, and Fate of Anticancer in Environment
8.3 Toxicity and Effect of Anticancer Drugs on the Environment
8.4 Treatment Techniques for Anticancer Drugs
8.4.1 Biological Treatment
8.4.2 Advanced Oxidation Process
8.5 Conclusions and Future Prospectus
References
9 Occurrence of Quinoline in the Environment and Its Advanced Treatment Technologies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Applications of Quinoline
9.3 Physical and Chemical Nature of Quinoline
9.4 Physical Treatment Methods
9.4.1 Thermal Decomposition
9.4.2 Adsorption
9.4.3 Gamma Irradiation
9.5 Chemical Methods of Degradation of Quinoline
9.5.1 Catalytic Ozonation
9.5.2 Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation
9.5.3 Photocatalysis
9.5.4 Supercritical Water Oxidation
9.6 Biological Methods of Degradation
9.6.1 Biological Wastes
9.6.2 Aerobic Degradation of Quinoline
9.6.3 Anaerobic Biodegradation of Quinoline
9.7 Hybrid Methods for Degradation of Quinoline
9.8 Conclusion
References
Part IV Removal of Persistent Metals from Water Systems
10 Strategies to Enhance Selective Biosorption-Based Remediation and Recovery of Persistent Metal Pollutants
10.1 Introduction to Persistent Toxic Metals: Environmental Concerns vs Economical Value
10.2 Toxic Metal Remediations and Recovery Approaches
10.2.1 Chemical Approach
10.2.2 Biological Approaches
10.2.3 Physical Approach
10.2.4 Selective Adsorption and Isotherms
10.3 Adsorbents for Metal Remediation and Recovery
10.3.1 Conventional Sorbent
10.3.2 Advance Nano Sorbents
10.3.3 Organic Bio-sorbent
10.3.4 Low-Cost Sorbents for Heavy Metal Removal and Recovery
10.4 Strategies to Enhance Selective Sorption
10.4.1 Chemical Functionalization of Sorbent
10.4.2 Regulation of the Structures
10.4.3 Genetically Engineered Microbes
10.5 Desorption and Recovery
10.5.1 Chemical Regeneration
10.5.2 Thermal Regeneration
10.5.3 Electrochemical Regeneration
10.5.4 Ultrasonication for Regeneration
10.6 Conclusions
References
11 Bioelectrochemical Systems for Advanced Treatment and Recovery of Persistent Metals in the Water System: Mechanism, Opportunities, and Challenges
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Bioelectrochemical Systems: A Gift of Exo-electrogenic Microbes
11.2.1 Microbial Fuel Cells [MFCs]
11.2.2 Microbial Electrolysis Cells [MECs]
11.2.3 Microbial Electrosynthesis [MES]
11.2.4 Enzymatic Fuel Cells [EFCs]
11.2.5 Microbial Solar Cells [MSCs]
11.3 Mechanism of BES
11.3.1 Direct Electron Transfer [DET]
11.3.2 Mediated Electron Transfer [MET]
11.3.3 Reactions at Cathode and Anode
11.3.4 Factors Affecting the Performance of BES
11.4 Metal Recovery Using BES
11.4.1 Metal Recovery Using Fuel Cell Configuration
11.4.2 Metal Recovery Using Electrolytic Cell Configuration
11.5 Emerging Challenges in BES
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Fate and Transport of Chromium Contaminant in Environment
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Chromium in Environment
12.3 Physical Processes Affecting Chromium Contaminant Transport and Fate
12.3.1 Advection
12.3.2 Diffusion
12.3.3 Dispersion
12.3.4 Advection Dispersion Reaction
12.4 Mass Transfer
12.4.1 Precipitation/Dissolution Reactions of Chromium
12.4.2 Sorption of Chromium
12.4.3 Redox Behavior of Chromium in Environment
12.5 Mathematical Model (Finite Difference and Finite Element Method)
12.5.1 MODFLOW Model
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Iron-Based Modified Nanomaterials for the Efficacious Treatment of Cr(VI) Containing Wastewater: A Review
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Heavy Metals Contamination and Health Impacts
13.3 Chromium
13.3.1 Occurrence of Chromium in Environment
13.3.2 Chromium Speciation Compounds
13.3.3 Chromium Cycle in Environment
13.3.4 Chromium Species:—Significance and Health Impacts
13.4 Nanomaterials
13.4.1 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
13.4.2 Nanoremediation Approaches for Cr(VI) Removal
13.4.3 Iron-Based Nanomaterials
13.4.4 Process Mechanism of Iron-Based Nanomaterials
13.5 Physical Modification
13.5.1 Planetary Ball Milling Methods
13.6 Cr(VI) Removal by nZVI/Modified nZVI and Its Mechanism in Aqueous Solution
13.7 Influencing Factors in Cr(VI) Reduction
13.7.1 pH
13.7.2 Initial Concentration
13.7.3 Effects of Temperature
13.7.4 Effects of Co-existing Ions
13.8 Regeneration and Recycling Capabilities
13.9 Conclusion
References
Part V Membrane Technologies for Remediation of Persistent Pollutants
14 Removal of Urea and Ammonia from Wastewater
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Treatment Methods for Removal of Urea
14.2.1 Non-electrochemical Methods
14.2.2 Electrochemical Methods for Urea Removal
14.3 Treatment Methods for Removal of Ammonia
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Biofouling Mitigation Strategies in Membrane Systems for Wastewater Treatment
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Formation of Biofilm
15.3 Impact of Fouling on Membrane Function and System
15.4 Control and Prevention of Biofouling
15.4.1 Biocide Treatment
15.4.2 Physical Methods
15.4.3 Chemical Methods
15.4.4 Biological Methods
15.5 Current Advances in Biofouling Mitigation Strategies
15.5.1 Polymer Blending
15.5.2 Chemical Modifications
15.5.3 Surface Hydrophobicity
15.5.4 Nanotechnology
15.6 Conclusions
References
16 Biomimetic Membranes for Effective Desalination and Emerging Contaminants (ECs) Removal
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Membrane Technologies
16.2.1 Forward Osmosis (FO)
16.2.2 Reverse Osmosis (RO)
16.2.3 Membrane-Based Distillation (MD)
16.2.4 Electrodialysis (ED)
16.2.5 Bio-Inspired Membranes
16.3 Bio-mimetic Membranes: Separation Paradigms for a Bio-membranes
16.3.1 Surface Proteins
16.3.2 Phospholipid Membrane Layer
16.3.3 Transport Across Bio-Membranes: A Transporter Conciliate Approach
16.4 Membrane Protein-Mediated Separation
16.5 Biological Antifouling Approaches
16.6 Aquaporin Membrane
16.6.1 Transport Proteins (Aquaporins)
16.7 Emerging Contaminants (ECs) Removal
16.7.1 Treatment Technologies
16.7.2 Comparison Between Different Treatment Technologies
16.7.3 Aquaporin (AqP) Membranes as a Tool for ECs Removal
16.8 Future with Aquaporin Membranes as Potential ECs Removal
16.9 Conclusion
References
17 Synthesis of Ceramic Membranes and Their Application in Wastewater Treatment and Emerging Contaminants Removal
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Water Crisis
17.1.2 Membrane Technology
17.2 Ceramic Membrane Technology
17.3 Fabrication Methods of Ceramic Membranes
17.3.1 Preparation of Powder Suspension
17.3.2 Shaping Techniques
17.3.3 Heat Treatment
17.3.4 Additional Deposition Layer Methods
17.4 Application of Ceramic Membranes
17.4.1 Drinking Water Production
17.4.2 Municipal Wastewater Treatment
17.4.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
17.4.4 Food and Food Products Industries
17.4.5 Removal of Biological Macromolecules and Organic Micropollutants
17.4.6 Removal of Emerging Contaminants (EC)
17.5 Challenges of Ceramic Membrane
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Near-Zero Liquid Discharge for Wastewater Through Membrane Technology
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Conventional ZLD Systems and Major Concerns
18.2.1 Thermal ZLD System
18.2.2 Major Concerns with Thermal ZLD Systems
18.2.3 Possible Solutions for a Feasible ZLD System
18.3 Basics of Membrane Technology
18.3.1 Definition and Working Principle
18.3.2 Membrane Classification for Water and Wastewater Treatment
18.4 Membrane Fouling and Factors Affecting the Membrane Fouling
18.5 Popular Membrane-Based Technologies for the Treatment of Water and Wastewater
18.5.1 Pressure-Based Membrane Technologies
18.5.2 Forward Osmosis (FO)
18.5.3 Membrane Electrodialysis (MED)
18.5.4 Capacitive Deionization (CDI)
18.5.5 Membrane Distillation (MD)
18.6 Current Technologies for the ZLD System
18.6.1 RO-Incorporated ZLD System
18.6.2 FO-Incorporated ZLD System
18.6.3 MD-Incorporated ZLD System
18.6.4 ED-Incorporated ZLD System
18.6.5 Capacitive Deionization-Incorporated ZLD System
18.6.6 Challenges with Membrane-Based ZLD Systems and Possible Solution
18.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References