Passive Intermodulation: Concepts and Technology

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Focusing on passive intermodulation (PIM), a common instance of distortion in high-power multi-channel communication systems, the book introduces the concepts and technology of PIM.
In the context of "space-ground-object" integrated communication and increasing spectrum resource constraints, the PIM problem is becoming increasingly prominent, while microwave components and system-level PIM are facing new challenges. Based on the experience and achievements in engineering practice of the China Academy of Space Technology in Xi’an, this title describes the basic theory, generation mechanism, analysis and evaluation methods, location detection and suppression techniques for microwave components of spacecraft PIM from a theoretical and engineering perspective. Furthermore, the latest achievements of microwave component PIM are outlined in depth, along with operational guidance and paths for further advancement.
This book will be a useful reference for researchers, engineers and students interested in microwave technology, satellite technology and mobile communication technology.

Wanzhao Cui is a professor at the National key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave, at the China Academy of Space Technology, Xi’an, China. His current research interests include microwave technology and satellite communication.

Jun Li is a professor at the National key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave, at the China Academy of Space Technology, Xi’an, China. He is engaged in research on microwave technology and satellite communication.

Huan Wei is a senior engineer at the National key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave, at the China Academy of Space Technology, Xi’an, China. Her expertise is in the field of space microwave technology.

Xiang Chen is a senior engineer at the National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Space Microwave, at the China Academy of Space Technology, Xi’an, China. His research interests are microwave and millimeter wave technology.

Author(s): Wanzhao Cui, Jun Li, Xiang Chen, Huan Wei
Series: Space Science, Technology and Application Series
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2022

Language: English
Pages: 208
City: Boca Raton

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Editors
Contributors
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 General Overview
1.2 Analysis and Research of PIM in Mobile Communication System
1.2.1 Multisystem PIM Interference Analysis
1.2.2 Single System PIM Interference Scenario
1.2.3 PIM Analysis of Microwave Components
1.3 Progress of Research on PIM of Spacecraft Microwave Components
1.4 Summary
Bibliography
CHAPTER 2 The Generation Mechanism of Passive Intermodulation of Microwave Components
2.1 General Overview
2.2 Study of the Physical Mechanism of Nonlinear Transport in Single-Point Structures
2.2.1 Experimental Study of the Surface Composition of Aluminum Alloy Silver-Plated Specimens
2.2.2 MOM Structure Interface Potential Barrier Model and Carrier Transport Mechanism
2.2.2.1 Structural Analysis of MOM with Predominant Donor Defects in the Oxide Layer
2.2.2.2 Potential Model of MOM Structure with Predominant Host-Type Defects in the Oxide Layer and its Transport Equation
2.2.3 Basic Nonlinear Equation of Metal Contact MOM Single Point Structure on Silver-Plated Surface
2.2.3.1 Basic Nonlinear Equations for the MOM Single-point Structure
2.2.3.2 Nonlinear Current Synthesis Characteristics of MOM Single Point Structure
2.3 Microcontact Modeling of Mechanically Connected Junctions of Microwave Components
2.3.1 Classical Mechanical Model of Microwave Component Contact Based on Experimental Extraction of Surface Parameters
2.3.2 Monte Carlo Method Analysis of Microasperity Contact Based on Classical GW Statistical Model
2.3.3 Statistical Rise and Fall Analysis of Silver-Plated Rough Surface Microcontacts
2.4 Nonlinear Current Theory Analysis Method for Metal Contact Interface of Microwave Components
2.5 Analytical Derivation of Nonlinear Current in Contact of Parts
2.6 Analysis of Electrothermal Coupling Mechanism and Analysis of Passive Intermodulation Products Modeling
2.6.1 Electrothermal Coupling Effect
2.6.2 Electrothermal Coupling Effect and Passive Intermodulation Generation Mechanism under High-Frequency Field
2.7 Summary
Bibliography
CHAPTER 3 Passive Intermodulation Analysis and Evaluation Techniques for Microwave Components
3.1 General Overview
3.2 Passive Intermodulation Nonlinear Analysis Method
3.2.1 Mathematical Model Method
3.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Method
3.2.3 Field Analysis Method
3.3 Multiphysics Field Coupling Analysis of Passive Intermodulation of Microwave Components
3.3.1 Electrical, Thermal and Mechanical Analysis of Microwave Components
3.3.2 Electromagnetic-Thermal Coupling Analysis
3.3.3 Thermal-Mechanical Coupling Analysis
3.3.4 Experiment and Analysis of Multiphysical Field Coupling of Microwave Components
3.4 Passive Intermodulation Evaluation of Microwave Components
3.4.1 Multiscale Electromagnetic Calculation of Microwave Components
3.4.2 Field Path Combined with Passive Intermodulation Analysis
3.4.3 Analysis Example
3.5 Passive Intermodulation Analysis of Grid Antenna
3.5.1 Electromagnetic Multiscale Equivalent Analysis Method of Grid Antenna
3.5.1.1 Grid Antenna Wire Contact Modeling Analysis
3.5.1.2 Electromagnetic Analysis of Periodic Woven Structure of Grid Antenna
3.5.1.3 Simulation Example
3.5.2 Cosimulation Method for Passive Intermodulation of Grid Antennas
Bibliography
CHAPTER 4 Passive Intermodulation Localization Technology for Microwave Components
4.1 General Overview
4.2 Application Background and Research Status of Passive Intermodulation Localization Technology
4.2.1 PIM Source Localization Technology for Closed Structure
4.2.2 PIM Source Localization for Open Structure
4.3 Theoretical Method and Implementation Framework of PIM Localization Based on Wave Vector k-space Fourier Transform
4.3.1 The Theory of PIM Localization Algorithm Based on Wave Vector k-space Fourier Transform
4.3.2 PIM Localization Implementation Architecture Based on Wave Vector k-space Fourier Transform
4.3.3 Application Scope and Conditions of Wave Vector k-Space Fourier Transform-Based PIM Localization Theory Algorithm
4.4 Error Optimization Method for PIM Localization and Simulation Experimental Verification
4.4.1 Wave Vector K-space Inverse Problem Optimization PIM Localization Algorithm
4.4.2 PIM Localization Algorithm Based on Matrix Pencil Method
4.4.3 Simulation Experiment Verification of PIM Localization
4.4.3.1 PIM Localization Simulation Verification
4.4.3.2 Experimental Verification of the Localization of Diode Analog PIM Sources
Bibliography
CHAPTER 5 Passive Intermodulation Detection Technology for Microwave Components
5.1 Overview
5.2 Advances in Passive Intermodulation Detection Technology
5.3 Broadband High-Sensitivity Passive Intermodulation Detection Method and Its Implementation
5.3.1 Principle and Implementation of a High-Sensitivity Passive Intermodulation Test System in Broadband Multimeasurement Mode
5.3.1.1 Principle and System Components
5.3.1.2 Functional Features
5.3.1.3 System Calibration Method
5.3.2 Broadband High Sensitivity Passive Intermodulation Measurement Based on Bridge and Filter Combination Method
5.3.2.1 Main Technical Content
5.4 Joint Time Domain-Frequency Domain Real-Time Detection Analysis of Passive Intermodulation
5.4.1 Principle and Procedure of Joint Time-frequency Domain Passive Intermodulation Real-Time Detection and Analysis System
5.4.2 Key Technical Specifications of Joint Passive Intermodulation Real-time Detection and Analysis System in Time Domain and Frequency Domain
5.4.3 Prototype Development and Experimental Test Result Analysis
Bibliography
CHAPTER 6 PIM Suppression Technology for Microwave Components
6.1 Overview
6.2 Performance Impact of PIM on Communication Systems
6.2.1 Influence Factors of PIM on Communication Systems
6.2.1.1 Correlation between the Nonlinear Characteristics of Passive Devices and the Performance of Communication Systems
6.2.1.2 Correlation between Downlink Signal Characteristics and Communication System Performance
6.2.1.3 Correlation between Uplink Signal Characteristics and Communication System Performance
6.2.2 Analysis of the Impact of PIM on the Demodulation Link of Communication Systems
6.2.2.1 Analysis of the Effect of PIM Interference on Demodulation Process under Constant SIR
6.2.2.2 Analysis of the Effect of PIM Interference on Demodulation Process at Time-Varying SIR
6.3 Low-PIM Design Principles
6.3.1 System Solution Design
6.3.2 Avoid Ferromagnetic Materials
6.3.3 Waveguide Connection
6.3.4 Surface Treatment
6.4 Surface Treatment Method for Low-PIM
6.4.1 Effect of Plating Process on PIM
6.4.2 Effect of Plating Process on Electrical Properties of Cavity Filters
6.4.2.1 Resonant Frequency and Quality Factor of Rough Lossy Cavity for Eigenmode Analysis
6.4.2.2 Excitation Mode Analysis of the Quality Factor of the Lossy Cavity On-load
6.4.2.3 Experimental Verification of the Effect of Rough Lossy Metal Surface on the Electrical Performance of Resonant Cavity
6.5 Optimal Design Method of Low-PIM Filter
6.5.1 Low PIM Optimization Design of Waveguide Diplexer
6.5.2 Optimization Design of Low PIM Coaxial Filter
Bibliography