This book introduces architectural applications of parametric methods in design, drawing direct connections between each phase of the architectural design process with relevant parametric approaches.
Readers will find applications of parametric methods with straightforward explanations of concepts, commands as well as applicable examples for each phase of the architectural design process. In addition to learning about the historical and conceptual background of parametric design, readers can use this book as a go-to source during their day-to-day design practice. Chapters are organized according to different phases of the architectural design process, such as site analysis, spatial organization, skin systems, and environmental performance analyses. Together, they deliver concepts, applications, and examples utilizing in-depth visual guides that explain commands, their outcomes, and their interrelationships. With over 350 images, this book includes examples from the author’s own design studio and parametric design teaching in elective classes.
Based on the Rhinoceros and Grasshopper platforms, this book is an accessible, yet in-depth, resource for architecture students and early professionals who are considering integrating parametric applications into their design processes.
Author(s): Umut Toker
Publisher: Routledge
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 220
City: New York
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Disclaimer
Dedication
Table of Contents
Software and Plug-in Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction to Parametric Design: Basics in Relation to Architectural Design Process Phases
1.1 What Is Parametric Design?
1.2 Developments in Design Thinking
1.2.1 Cognitive Models of Design Thinking
1.2.2 Computational Models of Digital Design Thinking: Computer-Aided Design and Digital Architectural Design
1.2.3 The New Wave of Digital Design: Parametric Models of Design
1.3 Basics of Parametric Interface, CAD Interface, and Parametric Relationships Using Rhinoceros and Grasshopper
1.3.1 Relationships between Geometry and Geometric Representations in Rhinoceros and Grasshopper
1.3.2 Basic Command Component Structure in Rhinoceros
1.3.3 Coordinated Interrelationships of Components in Grasshopper
1.4 Parametric Thinking, Parametric Methods, and the Architectural Design Process
Chapter 2 History and Conceptual Framework of Parametric Design in Architecture
2.1 Parametric Thinking: Before Computers and Digital Methods for Parametric Thinking
2.2 Parametric Design Following the Proliferation of Computers and Digital Applications
2.3 “Parametricism” and the Current Debate
2.3.1 The Parametricist Manifesto of 2008
2.3.2 Responses and Discussions Triggered by the Parametricist Manifesto
2.3.3 Parametricism 2.0
2.4 Parametric Design and Architectural Research
2.4.1 The Operationalization Challenge
2.4.2 Parametric Methods and Architectural Research
2.5 Parametric Design and Prospective Futures
Chapter 3 Site Analysis: Understanding the Site and Its Context Using Parametric Methods
3.1 Site Analysis: Methods
3.1.1 Site visits, observations, and archival methods
3.2 Elements of Site Analysis
3.2.1 Contextual Information, Rules, Regulations, and Physical Conditions in and around the Site
3.2.2 Environmental Information about the Site and Its Context
3.3 Parametric Methods for Site Analysis
3.3.1 Environment-Related Information That Can Be Analyzed Using Grasshopper
3.3.2 Accessing Local Climate Data
3.3.3 The Psychrometric Chart
3.3.4 Analyzing Solar Conditions
3.3.4.1 Sun Path
3.3.4.2 Direct Sun Hours and Shadows Analysis
3.3.4.3 Solar Irradiance and Illuminance
3.4 Site Conditions in Relation to Thermal Comfort
3.4.1 Mean Radiant Temperature and Outdoor Mean Radiant Temperature
3.4.2 Relative Humidity
3.4.3 Analyzing Wind
3.4.4 Bringing Thermal Comfort Information Together: Universal Thermal Climate Index
3.5 Site Conditions in Relation to Contextual Visual Connections
3.5.1 The Isovist
3.5.2 Visibility Percent Analysis
3.6 Site Conditions in Relation to Slope
3.6.1 Slope
3.6.2 Basic Even Subdivision of Surfaces
3.6.3 Visualizing a Site’s Slope Condition
3.7 Using Site Analysis Findings to Inform Conceptual Development
Chapter 4 Conceptual and Preliminary Development: Formal Explorations and Iterations With Parametric Methods
4.1 Parametric Tools in Form Exploration for Conceptual and Preliminary Development
4.1.1 Parametrically Creating and Editing Irregular Shapes and Surfaces: NURBS Geometries
4.1.2 Parametrically Creating and Editing Irregular SubD Geometries: Meshes
4.2 Parametric Tools in Analyzing Contextual Relationships to Support Preliminary Development
Chapter 5 Spatial Organization and Visibility Analysis Using Parametric Methods
5.1 Visibility Analyses in Design Development
5.1.1 Basic Two-Dimensional Visibility Analysis for Interiors
5.1.2 Basic Interspatial Visibility Analysis Using Grasshopper’s Native “Isovist” Component for Building Interiors
5.1.3 Representing Space and Movement in Visibility Analysis: The Minkowski Model
5.2 Spatial Organization Analysis in Design Development
5.2.1 Basic Definitions in Space Syntax Methods
Chapter 6 Skin Systems: Repetition, Subdividing Geometries, and Paneling Approaches
6.1 Surface Subdivision
6.1.1 Subdividing Complex Surfaces Creating Straight Edges for Simplified Subsurfaces
6.1.2 Subdividing Complex Surfaces with Commonly Utilized Plug-ins
6.2 Relationships with Daylight: Direct Sun Hours Analysis of Building Components
6.2.1 Direct Sun Hours Analysis of Building Components
6.2.2 Preliminary Interpretations of the Results of Direct Sun Hours Analysis: Designing Parametric Façade Screen Systems to Balance Direct Sun Hours
6.3 Other Repetition and Paneling Approaches to Subdividing Surfaces
6.4 Repetition and Paneling Approaches Subdividing Complex Geometries
6.5 Populating Complex Surfaces with Predesigned Units: Repeating Modular Units on Complex Surfaces
6.6 Populating Complex Surfaces with Predesigned Units: Repeating Modular Units on Complex Surfaces to Avoid Distortion
6.7 Conclusion
Note
Chapter 7 Evolutionary Applications: Using Parametric Applications to Generate, Analyze, and Select Design Iterations
7.1 Evolutionary Applications: Background
7.2 The Solution Process
7.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Evolutionary Solvers
7.3 Single-Objective Optimization
7.4 Evolutionary Solvers in Architecture: Single Objective Optimization Examples
7.4.1 Identifying the Orientation of Workspaces to Minimize Direct Sun Access and Glare
7.4.2 Identifying the Building Orientation That Allows Maximum Access to Desired Views
7.4.3 Identifying the Highest Visibility Point for Multiple Storefronts for a Commercial Space
7.5 Multi-objective Optimization
7.5.1 Defining a Multi-objective Optimization Problem
7.5.2 The Optimization Procedure
7.5.3 Interpreting Findings
7.6 Evolutionary Solvers in Architecture: Multi-objective Optimization Examples
7.6.1 Optimizing Building Orientation to Minimize Energy Consumption
7.6.2 Optimizing Views and Square Footage to Increase Real Estate Value
Chapter 8 Parametric Methods for Introductory Environmental Performance Analyses
8.1 Architectural Design and Energy
8.1.1 Architecture 2030
8.1.2 Energy Use Intensity
8.1.3 Surface Area to Volume Ratio
8.2 Parametric Methods for Analyzing Energy Use Implications
8.2.1 EUI: Basic Simulation Using Ladybug, Honeybee, and Honeybee Energy
8.2.2 EUI: Multiple Building Use Zone Simulation Using Ladybug, Honeybee, and Honeybee Energy
8.2.3 Looking into EUI With a Louver System
8.2.4 Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA/V) as It Relates to EUI
8.3 Architectural Design and Daylight
8.3.1 Spatial Daylight Autonomy (SDA)
8.4 Parametric Methods for Analyzing Lighting and Energy Use Implications
8.4.1 Looking into SDA With a Louver System
8.5 Measuring Building Environmental Performance Using “Ladybug Tools”: Observations
Chapter 9 Practical Matters: Parametric Methods and Digital Fabrication for Architectural Model Making
9.1 Cutting Operations and Parametric Methods in Architectural Modeling
9.1.1 Laser Cutting
9.1.2 Plasma Cutting
9.1.3 Waterjet Cutting
9.1.4 Time-Saving Model Building Strategies Using Parametric Methods with Cutting Operations in Mind
9.2 Additive Techniques: Three-Dimensional Printing
9.2.1 Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing Basics
9.2.2 FDM 3D Printing in the Architectural Design Process
9.3 Subtractive Techniques
9.3.1 Basic CNC Milling Steps
9.4 Mixing and Matching Methods and Materials: Digital Fabrication Techniques and Architectural Model Building Materials
9.4.1 Representing the Site
9.4.2 Representing the Structural System and Slabs
9.4.3 Representing Vertical Circulation Elements
9.4.4 Representing Façade Materials
9.4.5 Entourage
9.5 Possible Developments: Parametric Methods, Digital Fabrication, and the Future of Architectural Model Making
Chapter 10 Recontextualizing Parametric Methods in Architecture: Routes for Further Development
10.1 Contributions of Parametric Methods in the Architectural Design Process
10.1.1 Contributions to Development, Analysis, and Manipulation of Complex Geometries
10.1.2 Contributions by Bringing in Empirical Approaches and Methods into the Architectural Design Process
10.1.3 Decreasing the Number of Third-Party Software and Streamlining the Design Process
10.1.4 Time- and Effort-Saving Optimization Techniques in Design Decision-making: Evolutionary Solvers
10.1.5 Advances in Digital Fabrication Methods and Tools
10.2 Computer-Aided Design, Parametric Design, Digital Fabrication, and Emerging Concerns in Architectural Design
10.3 Parametric Futures
10.3.1 Stronger Connections Between Design Disciplines and Basic Science
10.3.2 Key Skills Remain Crucial
10.3.3 Architects and Designers Mastering Data Management
10.3.4 Looking into the Future
References
Index
