This book helps clinicians and postgraduate students to better understand the evidence in orthodontics and to use an evidence-based approach in their clinical practice. The book is written in a question-and-answer style, and each question is answered according to the hierarchy of evidence. At the end of each answer, an interpretation of the included systematic reviews, randomized clinical trials, or other studies is summarized and critically reviewed to give a better understanding of the evidence. This book covers a wide range of clinical topics, such as the treatment of Class II and Class III malocclusion, molar distalization, impacted canines, maxillary expansion, and temporary anchorage devices. Valuable material is provided on root resorption, white spot lesions, and orthodontic retention. As the book is written in Q&A style, it would be helpful to find the most relevant question without going through the whole chapter. The book includes the most asked questions about clinical orthodontics in discussions and will be a great help for orthodontist to defend their seen and unseen cases in exam.
Author(s): Samer Mheissen, Haris Khan
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 283
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1: Evidence-Based Practice
Best Available Evidence
Patients’ Values and Circumstances
Resources
Evidence-Based Practice
Clinical Scenario
Research Design
Critical Appraisal
Effect Measures
Probability (P) Value
Confidence Interval (CI)
References
2: Maxillary Molar Distalization
Introduction
Effectiveness of Maxillary Molar Distalization
Clinical Question 1: How Much Maxillary Molars Can Be Distalized?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Systematic Reviews
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Distalization in Adolescent Patients
Clinical Question 2: What Should Be the Appliance of Choice in Adolescents’ Patients (Intra versus Extraoral)?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Randomized Controlled Trials
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Sliding vs. Frictionless Appliance
Clinical Question 3: What Is the Ideal Side of Force Application for Distalization (Buccal or Palatal) in Adolescents?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Sliding vs. Frictionless Appliance
Clinical Question 4: What Should Be the Ideal Mode of Action of a Distalization Appliance, Sliding vs. Frictionless?
Evidence
Non-Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Compliant vs. Non-compliant Appliances
Clinical Question 5: For Adolescent’s Patients, What Is the Appliance of Choice for Molar Distalization in Terms of Compliance?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Combination of Intraoral and Extraoral Appliance
Clinical Question 6: Which Is a Better Appliance for the Molar Distalization in Adolescents (Intraoral Alone or with a Combined Extraoral Appliance)?
Evidence
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Temporary Skeletal Anchorage Devices and Molars Distalization
Clinical Question 7: Are TSADs Effective for Molar Distalization?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Reviews
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
TSADs Placement and Distalization
Clinical Question 8: What Should Be the Ideal Location of TSADs during Distalization: Palatal, Buccal, or Infrazygomatic?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 9: Which Is Better One or Two MIs for TSADs Molar Distalization?
Evidence
Randomized Clinical Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Molar Distalization and Aligners
Clinical Question 10: Can we Distalize Upper Molars by Using Aligners and Class II Elastics?
Evidence
Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Molar Distalization Time
Clinical Question 11: How Much Time Duration Is Needed to Distalize Maxillary Molars Using a Non-compliance Intraoral Distalizing Appliance?
Evidence
Systematic Review and MetaAanalysis
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Growth Pattern and Molar Distalization
Clinical Question 12: Can we Distalize Molars in Increased Vertical Growth Pattern Patients?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Randomized Controlled Trial
Retrospective Cohort Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
The Stage of Second or Third Molar Eruption and the Upper First Molar Distalization
Clinical Question 13: What Is the Effect of the Second or Third Molar Eruption Stage on the Upper First Molar Distalization?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Non-Randomized Clinical Trial
Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Force Level for Molar Distalization
Clinical Question 14: What Is the Optimal Force for Upper Molar Distalization?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
The Maxillary Sinus and the Upper Molar Distalization
Clinical Question 15: Can we Move the Teeth through the Maxillary Sinus?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Author’s Recommendations
References
3: Growth Modification Treatment in Class II Malocclusion
Introduction
Growth Modification Prospect
Clinical Question 1: Is Class II Growth Modification Effective?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Growth in Class II Patients
Clinical Question 2: What Is the Fate of Patients with Class Malocclusion if Growth Modification Is not Done?
Evidence
Randomized Controlled Trials
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Success Rate
Clinical Question 3: What Is the Success Rate of Growth Modification Appliances in Class II Malocclusion?
Evidence
Randomized Controlled Trials
Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Treatment Timing
Clinical Question 4: What Is the Best Time for Growth Modification (Early vs. Late) in Class II Patients?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Randomized Controlled Trials
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Cervical Vertebra Maturation and Growth Modification
Clinical Question 5: Can Cervical Vertebra Maturation Stages be Considered a Reliable Method to Predict the Pubertal Growth Spurt?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Dental Versus Skeletal Effects
Clinical Question 6: What Are the Effects of Functional Appliances on Facial Structures? Are These Effects Skeletal, Dental, or Both?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Effects on TMJ
Clinical Question 7: What Is the Effect of the Functional Treatment on the Temporomandibular Joint?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Effects on Mandibular Growth
Clinical Question 8: What Is the Influence of Functional Treatment on Mandibular Growth?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Effects on Maxillary Growth
Clinical Question 9: What Are Headgear Effects And Do Functional Appliances Have a Headgear Effects?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Effect on the Vertical Pattern
Clinical Question 10: What Are the Effects of Functional Appliances on Vertical Growth?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Functional Treatment and Soft Tissue
Clinical Question 11: What Are the Effects of the Functional Appliances on Soft Tissue?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Fixed Versus Removable Functional Appliances
Clinical Question 12: What Should be the Appliance of Choice for Functional Treatment: Fixed or Removable?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Systematic Reviews
Randomized Control Trials
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Skeletal Anchorage and Fixed Functional Appliances
Clinical Question 13: Can Skeletal Anchorage Devices Improve the Outcome of Functional Treatment by Fixed Functional Appliances?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Randomized Clinical Trial
Controlled Clinical Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Twin Block Versus Other Functional Appliances
Clinical Question 14: Which Removable Appliance Should be Favored for the Functional Treatment?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Incremental Versus Maximum Bite Advancement
Clinical Question 15: Which Is Better, the Incremental or the Maximum Bite Advancement in the Functional Treatment?
Evidence
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Stability of Class II Fixed Functional Appliance Therapy
Clinical Question 16: Does the Functional Treatment Relapse?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Class II Elastic and Functional Appliance
Clinical Question 17: Are Class II Elastic Effective in Treating Class II Malocclusion in Growing Children?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Randomized Clinical Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
WEAR Time of Removable Functional Appliances
Clinical Question 18: Is There Any Difference Between Part-Time Versus Full-Time Wearing of Twin Block on the Treatment Results?
Evidence
Randomized Clinical Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Twin Block Design
Clinical Question 19: Does Adding Southend Clasps in Twin Block Affect the Treatment Results?
Evidence
Randomized Clinical Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 20: Which Is Better, Using Torquing Spurs with Headgear or a Labial Bow in the Twin Block Design?
Evidence
Randomized Controlled Trial
Clinical Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 21: Does Using Lower Incisors’ Acrylic Capping Influence Their Proclination?
Evidence
Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Authors’ Recommendations
References
4: Growth Modification Treatment in Class III of Malocclusion
Introduction
Class III Growth Modification Effectiveness
Clinical Question 1: Is Class III Growth Modification Effective?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Treatment Timing
Clinical Question 2: What Is the Best Time for Orthopedic Treatment of Class III Malocclusion?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Retrospective Studies
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Dental Versus Skeletal Effects
Clinical Question 3: What Are the Skeletal and Dental Effects of Class III Orthopedic Treatment?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Facemask Versus Chin Cup
Clinical Question 4: What Should be the Appliance of Choice for Early Orthopedic Treatment: Facemask or Chin Cup?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Facemask Versus Functional Appliances
Clinical Question 5: Which Is Better for Class III Treatment, Facemask, or Functional Appliances?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Controlled Clinical Trial
Retrospective Studies
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Optimal Orthopedic Force
Clinical Question 6: What Are the Ideal Force Magnitude, Duration, and Direction When Using a Facemask in Early Class III Treatment?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
ALt-RAMEC/FM Versus RME/FM
Clinical Question 7: Should Expansion be Done with a Facemask, and What Is the Best Expansion Protocol?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Randomized Controlled Trials
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Skeletal Anchorage and Orthopedic Appliances
Clinical Question 8: Which Is Better for Treating Class III Patients: Conventional Facemask or Skeletal Anchored Appliances?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Controlled Clinical Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
The Best Orthopedic Protocol
Clinical Question 9: What Is the Best Early Orthopedic Treatment Protocol?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Orthopedic Treatment AND Orthognathic Surgery
Clinical Question 10: Does Early Class III Treatment Using the Facemask Reduce Orthognathic Surgery Needs?
Evidence
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Adverse Effects
Clinical Question 11: What Are the Harmful Effects of Class III Orthopedic Appliances?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Case Report
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Authors’ Recommendations
References
5: Maxillary Expansion
Introduction
Effectiveness of Maxillary Expansion
Clinical Question 1: Is Maxillary Expansion Effective?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Treatment Timing
Clinical Question 2: What Is the Best Time for Expanding the Maxilla?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Expansion Pattern
Clinical Question 3: What Is the Pattern of Suture Opening During Maxillary Expansion?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Dental Versus Skeletal Effects
Clinical Question 4: What Are the Skeletal and Dental Effects of Maxillary Expansion?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Rapid Versus Slow Expansion
Clinical Question 5: Which Is More Effective; Rapid or Slow Maxillary Expansion?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Randomized Controlled Trials
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
RME and TSADs
Clinical Question 6: Is Bone-Borne Rapid Maxillary Expansion More Effective Than Tooth-Borne Maxillary Expansion?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Reviews
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Success Rate of Suture Opening
Clinical Question 7: Does Miniscrews Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion (MARPE) Split the Suture in All Ages?
Evidence
A Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Expansion and Appliances
Clinical Question 8: Is There Any Difference in the Maxillary Expansion Outcome When Using Different Appliances?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Surgical Expansion
Clinical Question 9: What Are the Effects of Surgical Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion (SARME)?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
RME and Sagittal Changes
Clinical Question 10: What Is the Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on the Sagittal Plane?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
RME and Breathing
Clinical Question 11: What Is the Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Breathing?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
RME and Facial Profile
Clinical Question 12: What Are the Effects of the Rapid Maxillary Expansion on the Facial Profile?
Evidence
Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Iatrogenic Effects
Clinical Question 13: What Are the Potential Side Effects of the Maxillary Expansion?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
References
6: Temporary Skeletal Anchorage Devices in Orthodontics
Introduction
Anchorage and Miniscrews
Clinical Question 1: Do Miniscrews or Miniplates Provide Absolute Anchorage?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Randomized Clinical Trials
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 2: Are TSADs More Effective in Providing Anchorage Than Conventional Appliances?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Failure Rate
Clinical Question 2: What Is the Failure/Success Rate of Miniscrews?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Systematic Reviews
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 3: What Is the Success Rate of the Reinserted Miniscrews/Secondary Insertion?
Evidence
Cohort Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Anatomical Sites for MIs
Clinical Question 4: What Is the Role of the Anatomical Sites in MIs Success Rate?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Primary Stability of MIs
Clinical Question 5: What Are the Factors That Affect the Primary Stability of MIs?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Loading Protocols
Clinical Question 6: What Is the Best Loading Protocol for MIs?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Clinical Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Miniscrews Design
Clinical Question 7: What Should Be the Ideal Design Features of Miniscrews?
Evidence
In Vitro Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Miniscrews Versus Headgear
Clinical Question 8: Which Is Better for Anchorage Purposes, Headgear or Miniscrews?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Intrusion and TSADs
Clinical Question 9: How Much Maxillary Incisors’ Intrusion Can Be Done? Which Is a Better Modality- Conventional or MIs?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 10: How Much Molars Intrusion Can Be Done Using TSADs?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Prospective Clinical Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Soft Tissue and MIs
Clinical Question 11: What Is the Effect of MIs on the Facial Soft Tissues in Premolars Extraction Cases?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Iatrogenic Effects and TSADs
Root Proximity and MIs
Clinical Question 12: What Is the Rate of MIs Contact With Roots, and Does This Affect the Success Rate?
Evidence
Clinical Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 13: Is There Any Root Repair After MIs Contact?
Evidence
Prospective Clinical Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 14: What Is the Incidence of Maxillary Sinus Penetration by Infrazygomatic Crest MIs?
Evidence
Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
References
7: Impacted Maxillary Canines
Introduction
Classification Parameters of the Canine Impaction
Clinical Diagnosis
Clinical Question 1: When the Maxillary Canine Bulge Should Be Palpable in Children?
Evidence
Longitudinal Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Radiographic and Impacted Canines
Clinical Question 2: When Is Radiographic Examination Indicated for Localization of Canine Impaction in Children?
Evidence
Longitudinal Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 3: Which Radiographic Method (Horizontal Parallax, Vertical Parallax or CBCT) Is More Accurate for the Detection of Impacted Canines?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Cohort Studies
Retrospective Studies
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 4: What Is the Best Radiographic Technique for the Detection of Impaction-Related Root Resorption?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Surgical Techniques
Clinical Question 5: What Is the Best Flap Technique (Closed Versus Open) for Palatal Impacted Canine?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Interceptive Treatment
Clinical Question 6: Is Interceptive Treatment Effective in Managing Palatally Displaced Canines (PDCs)?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Randomized Controlled Trials
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 7: Are There Any Adverse Effects of Interceptive Treatment of Palatally Displaced Canines?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Treatment Duration
Clinical Question 8: What Is the Duration of Active Traction and Total Treatment of Palatally Displaced Maxillary Impacted Canines?
Evidence
A Prospective Study
A Retrospective Studies
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Failure of the Treatment
Clinical Question 9: What Factors Influence the Successful Traction of Impacted Canines?
Evidence
Cases Series
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Adverse Effects
Clinical Question 10: What Is the Prevalence of Root Resorption (RR) in Adjacent Teeth To Impacted Canines and the Related Factors?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Cohort Studies
Retrospective Studies
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 11: What Is the Effect of Impacted Canine Treatment on Orthodontic Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption?
Evidence
Retrospective Studies
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
References
8: Orthodontic-Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption
Introduction
OIIRR
Clinical Question 1: What Is the Average Amount of Orthodontic-Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption (OIIRR)?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Tooth and OIIRR
Clinical Question 2: Which Teeth Are Most Affected by Root Resorption?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Teeth Morphology and OIIRR
Clinical Question 3: What Is the Effect of Root Morphology on Root Resorption?
Evidence
Ambidirectional Study
Prospective Study
Retrospective Studies
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 4: What Is the Effect of Root Length on OIIRR?
Evidence
Retrospective Studies
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Force Direction Effect
Clinical Question 5: Which Type of Tooth Movement Is Associated with OIIRR?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Reviews
Randomized Controlled Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
The Influence of Force on OIRR
Clinical Question 6: What Is the Effect of Force Magnitude on Root Resorption?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 7: What Is the Effect of Force Regime (Continuous Versus Intermittent Versus Interrupted Forces) on Root Resorption?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Orthodontic Appliance Types
Clinical Question 8: What Is the Difference in Root Resorption Between Conventional and Self-Ligating Appliances?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 9: What Is the Difference in Root Resorption Between Aligners and the Fixed Appliance?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Systematic Reviews
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Expansion and OIIRR
Clinical Question 10: What Is the Effect of Expansion Appliances on Root Resorption?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoints
Tooth Vitality
Clinical Question 11: What Is the Difference in Root Resorption Between Vital and Endodontically Treated Teeth?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Treatment Duration and OIIRR
Clinical Question 12: What Is the Effect of the Treatment Duration on Root Resorption?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Extraction and OIRR
Clinical Question 13: What Is the Effect of Extraction Pattern on OIRR?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Effect of Pause on RR
Clinical Question 14: What Is the Impact of Treatment Pause on Root Resorption?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Randomized Clinical Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Supplementation and OIIRR
Clinical Question 15: What Is the Effect of Supplementation on the OIIRR?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Reviews
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Mobility and OIRR
Clinical Question 16: What Is the Relationship between Root Length and Mobility in Teeth with Severe OIRR?
Evidence
Ambidirectional Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
References
9: White Spot Lesions
Introduction
Orthodontics and WSLs
Clinical Question1: What Is the Prevalence of WSLs in Orthodontic Patients?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta Analysis
A Cross-sectional Clinical Studies
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Teeth and WSLs
Clinical Question2: Which Teeth Are More Affected by WSLs?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Factors Affecting WSLs
Clinical Question3: What Is the Effect of Age on WSLS?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 4: What Is the Effect of Treatment Duration on WSLS?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 5: What Is the Effect of Partial or Total Etching Procedures on the Rate of WSLs Formation?
Evidence
Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Prevention and WSLs
Clinical Question 6: What Is the Effectiveness of Preventive Procedures for WSLs During Active Orthodontic Treatment?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Interventions and Post-orthodontic WSL
Clinical Question 7: What Is the Effectiveness of Post-orthodontic WSLs Treatment?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Systematic Reviews
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Clinical Question 8: What Is the Effectiveness of Fluoride Varnishes for Post-orthodontic WSLs?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
The Best Protocol
Clinical Question 9: What Is the Best Treatment Protocol for Fluoride Varnishes in Post-orthodontic WSLs?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Lingual Appliance and WSLs
Clinical Question10: Which Lingual Brackets Is Better Regarding WSLs and Sub-Bracket Lesions (SBLs)?
Evidence
Cohort Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Authors’ Recommendations
References
10: Retention
Introduction
Retention Requirement
Clinical Question 1: Why Orthodontic Retainers Should Be Used?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Littlewood/2016 [3]
Randomized Controlled Trial
Naraghi/2021 [4]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Common Retention Protocols
Clinical Question 2: Which Are the Most Commonly Used Retainers by Orthodontists?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Bahije/2018 [5]
Cross-Sectional Study
Carneiro/2022 [6]
Singh/2009 [7]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Removable and Fixed Retainers
Clinical Question 3: What Should Be the Choice of Orthodontic Retainers, Removable or Fixed Retainer?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Littlewood/2016 [3]
Systematic Review
Bellini-Pereira/2022 [8]
Randomized Controlled Trial
Naraghi/2021 [11]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Fixed Retainers
Clinical Question 4: Which Is the Best Fixed Retainer?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses
Liu/2022 [14]
Randomized Controlled Trials
Gunay/2018 [16]
Naraghi/2021 [11]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Removable Retainers
Clinical Question 5: Which Is a Better Removable Retainer?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Outhaisavanh/2020 [17]
Al Rahma/2018 [19]
Mai/2014 [22]
Randomized Controlled Trial
Ashari/2022 [23]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Wearing Schedules
Clinical Question 6: What Should be The Wearing Schedule for Removable Retainers?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Outhaisavanh/2020 [17]
Al Rahma/2018 [19]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Cost-Effectiveness
Clinical Question 7: What Is the Cost-Effectiveness of Removable Retainers?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Outhaisavanh/2020 [17]
Al Rahma/2018 [19]
Mai/2014 [22]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
The Survival Rate of FR
Clinical Question 8: What Is the Survival Rate of Fixed Retainers?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Jedliński/2021 [29]
Iliadi/2015 [30]
Randomized Controlled Trials
Gunay/2018 [16]
Naraghi/2021 [11]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
The Survival Rate of RR
Clinical Question 9: What Is the Survival Rate of Removable Retainers?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Outhaisavanh/2020 [17]
Mai/2014 [22]
Randomized Controlled Trials
Naraghi/2021 [11]
Ashari/2022 [23]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Factors Related to Retention
Clinical Question 10: What Is the Impact of Different Factors on Relapse of Orthodontic Alignment?
Evidence
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Swidi/2019 [34]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Expansion and Retention
Clinical Question 11: What Should be The Duration of Retention After Maxillary Expansion, and Is It Effective?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Costa/2017 [35]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Patient Satisfaction
Clinical Question 12: Which Removable Retainer Is More Acceptable by the Patients?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Outhaisavanh/2020 [17]
Mai/2014 [22]
Randomized Controlled Trials
Ashari/2022 [23]
Saleh/2017 [39]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Occlusal Settling
Clinical Question 13: What Is the Effect of Different Removable Retainers on Occlusal Contacts?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Outhaisavanh/2020 [17]
Mai/2014 [22]
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Adverse Effect
Speech
Clinical Question 14: What Is the Impact of Removable Retainers on Speech?
Evidence
Systematic Review
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Periodontium and Retainers
Clinical Question 15: What Is the Effect of Different Retainers on Periodontal Health?
Evidence
Systematic Reviews
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Unexpected Complications
Clinical Question 16: What Are the Potential Complications of Fixed Retainers?
Evidence
Retrospective Study
Evidence Summary
Evidence Interpretation
Viewpoint
Authors’ Recommendations
References
