Organic Thermoelectrics: From Materials to Devices

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction of Organic Thermoelectrics
1.1 Brief Introduction and Historical Overview
1.2 Thermoelectric Effect
1.2.1 Seebeck Effect
1.2.2 Peltier Effect
1.2.3 Thomson Effect
1.2.4 Other Related Effects
1.3 Thermoelectric Parameters
1.3.1 Basic Parameters
1.3.2 Power Conversion Efficiency and TE Figure‐of‐Merit
1.3.2.1 Power Conversion Efficiency
1.3.2.2 Thermoelectric Figure‐of‐Merit and Power Factor
1.4 Challenges and Perspectives
References
Chapter 2 Theoretical Model and Progress of Organic Thermoelectric Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Charge Transport
2.2.1 Basic Charge Transport Model
2.2.1.1 Band and Band‐like Transport
2.2.1.2 Hopping Transport
2.2.2 Boltzmann Transport Theory
2.2.3 Trade‐off Relationship Between σ and S
2.3 Thermal Transport
2.3.1 Electronic Thermal Conductivity
2.3.2 Lattice Thermal Conductivity
2.4 Theoretical Progress in OTE Materials
2.4.1 TE Conversion in Small Molecules
2.4.2 TE Conversion in Polymer
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 P‐Type Organic Thermoelectric Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Charge Transfer Complexes
3.3 Conventional Conducting Polymers
3.3.1 Polyaniline
3.3.2 Polypyrrole
3.3.3 Polycarbazole Derivatives
3.3.4 PEDOT‐Based Materials
3.3.5 Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers
3.4 Doped High Mobility Semiconductors
3.4.1 Polythiophene‐Based Materials
3.4.1.1 Polythiophene
3.4.1.2 PBTTT
3.4.1.3 P3HT
3.4.2 Indacenodithiophene Derivatives
3.4.3 Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives
3.4.4 Pentacene
3.4.5 Metal Phthalocyanines
3.4.6 Strategies for Performance Optimization
3.5 Perspective
References
Chapter 4 N‐Type Organic Thermoelectric Materials
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Properties
4.2.1 Metal–Organic Coordination Polymers
4.2.2 Conjugated Polymers
4.2.3 Organic Small Molecules
4.3 Strategies for the Performance Optimization
4.3.1 Molecular Design
4.3.1.1 Molecular Backbones
4.3.1.2 Side Chains
4.3.2 Dopant
4.4 Summary and Perspective
References
Chapter 5 Hybrid/Composite Organic Thermoelectric Materials
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamental Effect and Theory
5.2.1 Percolation Theory
5.2.2 Interface Effects
5.2.3 Energy Filter Effects
5.3 Materials and Properties
5.3.1 Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials
5.3.1.1 Te
5.3.1.2 Ge
5.3.1.3 Bi2Te3
5.3.1.4 Other Inorganic Fillers
5.3.2 Polymer‐Carbon Material Composites
5.3.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
5.3.2.2 Graphene (GP) and C60
5.3.3 Organic–Organic TE Blends
5.3.4 Organic Coordination Based Compounds
5.4 Strategies of Hybrid/Composite OTE Materials Fabrication and Optimization
5.4.1 Optimizing the Fabrication Techniques
5.4.2 Controlling the Multidimensional Structure of the Fillers
5.4.3 Modification of Organic Matrix
5.5 Conclusion and Perspective
References
Chapter 6 Organic Ionic Thermoelectric Materials and Devices
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamentals of Ionic Thermoelectrics
6.2.1 Soret Effect
6.2.2 Energy Conversion Mechanisms for Ionic Thermoelectric Materials
6.2.2.1 Ionic Thermoelectric Supercapacitors
6.2.2.2 Thermogalvanic Cells
6.2.3 Ionic Conductivity
6.2.4 Ionic Seebeck Coefficient
6.2.5 Ionic Thermal Conductivity
6.3 Organic i‐TE Materials Based on Electrolytes
6.3.1 Liquid Materials
6.3.1.1 Solutions
6.3.1.2 Ionic Liquids
6.3.2 Solid and Quasi‐Solid Materials
6.4 Organic i‐TE Materials Based on Mixed Conductors
6.5 Organic i‐TE Devices and Applications
6.5.1 Thermal‐charged Supercapacitors
6.5.2 Heat‐gated Transistors
6.5.3 Sensors
6.5.4 Generators
6.6 Differences Between Ionic and Electronic Thermoelectrics
6.7 Perspectives and Challenges
References
Chapter 7 Engineered Doping of Organic Thermoelectric Materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Chemical Doping
7.2.1 Doping Mechanism
7.2.1.1 Charge Transfer Doping
7.2.1.2 Acid–Base Doping
7.2.2 Dopant
7.2.2.1 p‐Type Dopants
7.2.2.2 n‐Type Dopants
7.2.3 Doping Method
7.2.3.1 Solution‐Based Process
7.2.3.2 Thermal Evaporation
7.3 Electrochemical Doping
7.4 Electric‐Field Induced Interfacial Doping
7.5 Photodoping
7.6 Doping Strategies for OTE Materials
7.6.1 Precise Manipulation of Carrier Concentration and Mobility
7.6.2 Tailoring DOS
7.6.3 Building Low‐Dimensional Materials
7.6.4 Improving Stability
7.6.5 Doping OSCs Without Dopants
7.6.6 Achieving Homogeneous Doping
7.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 8 Organic Thermoelectric Devices
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Device Geometry
8.1.2 Performance Parameter
8.1.2.1 Power Output
8.1.2.2 Cooling Capacity and Heat Flux Density
8.1.2.3 Efficiency
8.1.3 Process Techniques
8.2 Power Generator
8.2.1 Flexible Device
8.2.2 Fabric Device
8.2.3 Stretchable and Self‐Healed Device
8.3 Peltier Cooler
8.4 Multifunctional Applications
8.4.1 Temperature Sensor
8.4.2 Photodetector
8.4.3 Multifunctional Sensor
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Single‐Molecule Thermoelectric Devices
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Fundamental Background and Experimental Techniques
9.2.1 Fundamental Background
9.2.1.1 Electrical Conductivity
9.2.1.2 Seebeck Coefficient
9.2.1.3 Thermal Conductivity
9.2.1.4 ZT Value
9.2.1.5 Theoretical Predictions of Single‐Molecule Thermoelectric Performance
9.2.2 Experimental Techniques
9.2.2.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscope‐Break Junction (STM‐BJ)
9.2.2.2 Mechanically Controlled Break Junction (MCBJ)
9.2.2.3 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
9.2.2.4 Liquid Metal Electrode
9.2.2.5 Three Terminal Devices
9.2.2.6 Scanning Tunneling Seebeck Microscopy (STSM)
9.3 Advances in Single‐Molecule Thermoelectric Devices
9.3.1 Seebeck Coefficient Measurements
9.3.1.1 Seebeck Coefficient of Atomic Metallic Contacts
9.3.1.2 Length Dependence
9.3.1.3 Anchor Groups
9.3.1.4 Substituent Effects
9.3.1.5 Electrode Materials
9.3.1.6 Metal Dopants
9.3.1.7 Quantum Interference Effects
9.3.1.8 Electrostatic Control
9.3.2 Thermal Conductance Measurements
9.3.3 Peltier Effect Measurements
9.4 Perspectives
References
Chapter 10 Measurement Techniques of Thermoelectric‐related Performance
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Measurement of Electrical Conductivity
10.2.1 Basic Principle of Four‐Probe Method
10.2.2 Determination of Resistivity
10.2.2.1 Parallel Electrode Structure
10.2.2.2 Van der Pauw Structure
10.3 Measurement of Seebeck Coefficient
10.3.1 Temperature Difference Creation
10.3.2 Temperature Difference Measurement
10.3.2.1 Thermocouple
10.3.2.2 Thermal Resistance
10.3.2.3 Infrared Method
10.3.3 Seebeck Voltage Measurement
10.3.3.1 Static Method
10.3.3.2 Quasi‐Static Method
10.3.4 Error Analysis
10.4 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity
10.4.1 Thermal Conductivity of Bulk Materials
10.4.1.1 Absolute and Comparative Techniques
10.4.1.2 Pulsed Power Technique
10.4.1.3 Transient Plane Source Method
10.4.2 Thermal Conductivity of Thin‐Film Materials
10.4.2.1 3ω Method
10.4.2.2 Transient Thermoreflectance Technique
10.4.2.3 Laser Flash Method
10.5 Simultaneous Measurement of Key Parameters
10.5.1 Measurement Chip
10.5.2 Measurement of Key TE Parameters
10.6 Determination of Carrier Concentration
10.6.1 Field‐Effect Transistor
10.6.2 Hall Effect
10.7 Determination of Electronic Structure
10.7.1 Photoelectron Spectroscopy
10.7.1.1 Ultraviolet and X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
10.7.1.2 Inverse Photoelectron Spectroscopy
10.7.1.3 Photoelectron Yield Spectroscopy
10.7.2 Optical Spectroscopy
10.7.3 Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
10.7.4 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy
10.7.5 Cycle Voltammetry
10.8 Summary
References
Index
EULA