Author(s): Youcef Abdessalem Hammou
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 259
I. Solvents
I. 1. Definition
I. 2. Solvent Classification
I. 2. 1. Apolar Solvents
I. 2. 2. Polar Solvents
I. 2. 2. 1. Protic Solvents
I. 2. 2. 2. Aprotic Solvents
I. 3. Solubility
II. Reactants
II. 1. Substrate
II. 1. 1. Carbocation
II. 1. 1. 1. Definition and Structure
II. 1. 1. 2. Stability
Resonance
Hyperconjugation
Inductive Effect
II. 1. 2. Carbanion
II. 1. 2. 1. Definition and Structure
II. 1. 2. 2. Stability
Resonance
Hybridization
Inductive Effect
II. 1. 3. Free-radical Carbon
II. 1. 3. 1. Definition and Structure
II. 1. 3. 2. Stability
Resonance
Hyperconjugation
Inductive Effect
II. 1. 4. Carbene
II. 1. 4. 1. Definition and Structure
II. 1. 4. 2. Singlet Carbenes
II. 1. 4. 3. Triplet Carbene
II. 1. 4. 4. Stability
II. 2. Leaving Groups
II. 2. 1. Nucleofuges
II. 2. 2. Electrofuges
II. 3. Nucleophiles
II. 3. 1. Types of Nucleophiles
II. 3. 1. 1. Neutral Nucleophiles
II. 3. 1. 2. Charged Nucleophiles
II. 3. 2. Nucleophilicity
II. 4. Electrophiles
III. Reaction Mechanisms
III. 1. Substitution Reactions
III. 1. 1. Free-radical Substitution Reactions
III. 1. 1. 1. Alkanes Halogenation
Control of Free Radical Halogenation
Relative Reactivity and Selectivity of Halogens
III. 1. 1. 2. Allylic and Benzylic Halogenation
III. 1. 2. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
III. 1. 2. 1. Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution Reactions
Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions SN1
Reaction Conditions
Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions SN2
Reaction Conditions
Internal Nucleophilic Substitution SNi
III. 1. 2. 2. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions
SNAr Reaction
SN1 Aromatic Reaction
SRN1 Reaction
III. 1. 2. 3. Nucleophilic Substitution of Carboxylic acids and their Derivatives
Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives
III. 1. 3. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions
III. 1. 3. 1. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions SEAr
Common Reactions
Regioselectivity
Mono-substituted Benzenes
Disubstituted Benzenes
Polycyclic Arenes “Naphthalene”
Heteroaromatic Compounds
Reactivity
III. 2. Elimination Reactions
III. 2. 1. α ( Elimination Reactions
III. 2. 1. 1. Formation of Carbenes
III. 2. 2. β ( Elimination Reactions
Reaction Conditions
III. 2. 2. 1. Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
Reaction Conditions
III. 2. 2. 2. Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
III. 2. 3. γ( Elimination Reactions
III. 2. 3. 1. Freund Reaction
III. 3. Competition between SN1, SN2, E1, and E2
III. 4. Addition Reactions
III. 4. 1. Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
III. 4. 1. 1. Nucleophilic Addition Reactions to Aldehydes and Ketones
Reactivity of Aldehydes and Ketones
Common Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
III. 4. 2. Electrophilic Addition Reactions
III. 4. 2. 1. General mechanisms
III. 4. 2. 2. Regeochemistry and Stereochemistry
III. 4. 2. 3. Dihalogenation Reaction
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
III. 4. 2. 4. Halogenation Reaction
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
III. 4. 2. 5. Hypohalogenation Reaction
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
III. 4. 2. 6. Hydrohalogenation Reaction
Alkenes
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
Conjugated Dienes
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
Alkynes
III. 4. 2. 7. Acid Catalyzed Hydration
Alkenes
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
Alkynes
III. 4. 2. 8. Oxymercuration-Demercuration Hydration
Alkenes
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
III. 4. 2. 9. Hydroboration Oxidation
Alkenes
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
Alkynes
III. 4. 3. Concerted Addition Reactions
III. 4. 3. 1. Addition of Carbenes
Singlet Carbenes
Triplet Carbenes
Simmons-Smith Reaction
III. 4. 3. 2. Epoxidation
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
III. 4. 3. 3. Hydrogenations Reaction
Alkenes Hydrogenation
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
Alkynes Hydrohalogenation
III. 4. 4. Free-radical Addition Reaction
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
III. 5. Oxidation Reactions
III. 5. 1. Alkenes
III. 5. 1. 1. Ozonolysis
III. 5. 1. 2. Oxidation with Osmium tetroxide
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
III. 5. 1. 3. Oxidation with Potassium Permanganate
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
III. 5. 1. 4. Acid Catalyzed Oxidation of Peroxides
Regiochemistry and Stereochemistry
III. 5. 2. Alcohols
III. 5. 2. 1. Jones Oxidation
III. 5. 2. 2. With K2Cr2O7 (Na2Cr2O7) ; H2SO4
III. 5. 2. 3. Oxidation with Chromium-Based Reagents
III. 5. 2. 4. Oxidation with Sodium Hypochlorite NaOCl
III. 5. 2. 5. Swern Oxidation
III. 6. Reduction Reactions
III. 6. 1. Reduction of Alkenes and Alkynes
III. 6. 2. Reduction of Benzene
III. 6. 2. 1. Catalytic Hydrogenation
III. 6. 2. 2. Birch Reduction
Regiochemistry
III. 6. 3. Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds
III. 6. 3. 1. With NaBH4 and LiBH4
III. 6. 3. 2. With LiAlH4
III. 6. 3. 3. With DIBAL
III. 6. 3. 4. Clemmensen Reduction (Aldehydes and Ketones)
III. 6. 3. 5. Wolff–Kishner Reduction (Aldehydes and Ketones)
III. 6. 3. 6. Rosenmund Reduction
III. 6. 3. 7. Mozingo Reduction
III. 6. 3. 8. Luche Reduction
IV. Selection of Named Reactions
IV. 1. Grignard Reaction
IV. 2. Aldol Reaction
IV. 3. Michael Reaction
IV. 4. Knoevenagel Reaction
IV. 5. Claisen Reaction
IV. 6. Robinson Annulation
IV. 7. Diels-Alder Reaction
IV. 8. Beckmann Rearrangement
IV. 9. Wurtz Reaction
IV. 10. Witting Reaction
