Organic Chemistry Global tenth

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
About the Authors
Brief Contents
Contents
About the Authors
Preface
The Keys to Organic Chemistry
Principles, Preparation, and Problem Solving
The Keys to Organic Chemistry
Principles, Preparation, and Problem Solving
Resources Available Online
Acknowledgments
Global Edition Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Structure And Bonding
1-1 The Origins of Organic Chemistry
1-2 Principles of Atomic Structure
1-3 Bond Formation: The Octet Rule
1-4 Lewis Structures
1-5 Multiple Bonding
Summary: Common Bonding Patterns (Uncharged)
1-6 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
1-7 Formal Charges
Summary: Common Bonding Patterns in Organic Compounds and Ions
1-8 Ionic Structures
1-9 Resonance
Problem-Solving Strategy: Drawing And Evaluating Resonance Forms
1-10 Structural Formulas
1-11 Molecular Formulas and Empirical Formulas
1-12 Wave Properties of Electrons in Orbitals
1-13 Molecular Orbitals
1-14 Pi Bonding
1-15 Hybridization and Molecular Shapes
1-16 Drawing Three-Dimensional Molecules
1-17 General Rules of Hybridization and Geometry
Summary: Hybridization and Geometry
1-18 Bond Rotation
1-19 Isomerism
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 2. Acids And Bases; Functional Groups
2-1 Polarity of Bonds and Molecules
2-2 Intermolecular Forces
2-3 Polarity Effects on Solubilities
2-4 Arrhenius Acids and Bases
2-5 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases
2-6 Strengths of Acids and Bases
2-7 Equilibrium Positions of Acid–Base Reactions
Problem-Solving Strategy: Predicting Acid–Base Equilibrium Positions
2-8 Solvent Effects on Acidity and Basicity
Summary: Acidity and Basicity Limitations in Common Solvents
2-9 Effects of Size and Electronegativity on Acidity
2-10 Inductive Effects on Acidity
2-11 Hybridization Effects on Acidity
2-12 Resonance Effects on Acidity and Basicity
2-13 Lewis Acids and Bases
2-14 The Curved-Arrow Formalism
2-15 Hydrocarbons
2-16 Functional Groups with Oxygen
2-17 Functional Groups with Nitrogen
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 3. Structure And Stereochemistry Of Alkanes
3-1 Classification of Hydrocarbons (Review)
3-2 Molecular Formulas of Alkanes
3-3 Nomenclature of Alkanes
Summary: Rules for Naming Alkanes
3-4 Physical Properties of Alkanes
3-5 Uses and Sources of Alkanes
3-6 Reactions of Alkanes
3-7 Structure and Conformations of Alkanes
3-8 Conformations of Butane
3-9 Conformations of Higher Alkanes
3-10 Cycloalkanes
3-11 Cis-trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes
3-12 Stabilities of Cycloalkanes; Ring Strain
3-13 Cyclohexane Conformations
Problem-Solving Strategy: Drawing Chair Conformations
3-14 Conformations of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
3-15 Conformations of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
Problem-Solving Strategy: Recognizing Cis and Trans Isomers
3-16 Bicyclic Molecules
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 4. The Study Of Chemical Reactions
4-1 Introduction
4-2 Chlorination of Methane
4-3 The Free-Radical Chain Reaction
4-4 Equilibrium Constants and Free Energy
4-5 Enthalpy and Entropy
4-6 Bond-Dissociation Enthalpies
4-7 Enthalpy Changes in Chlorination
4-8 Kinetics and the Rate Equation
4-9 Activation Energy and the Temperature Dependence of Rates
4-10 Transition States
4-11 Rates of Multistep Reactions
4-12 Temperature Dependence of Halogenation
4-13 Selectivity in Halogenation
4-14 Hammond’s Postulate
Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
4-15 Radical Inhibitors
4-16 Reactive Intermediates
Summary: Reactive Intermediates
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 5. Stereochemistry
5-1 Introduction
5-2 Chirality
5-3 (R) and (S) Nomenclature of Asymmetric Carbon Atoms
5-4 Optical Activity
5-5 Biological Discrimination of Enantiomers
5-6 Racemic Mixtures
5-7 Enantiomeric Excess and Optical Purity
5-8 Chirality of Conformationally Mobile Systems
5-9 Chiral Compounds Without Asymmetric Atoms
5-10 Fischer Projections
Summary: Fischer Projections and Their Use
5-11 Diastereomers
Summary: Types of Isomers
5-12 Stereochemistry of Molecules with Two or More Asymmetric Carbons
5-13 Meso Compounds
5-14 Absolute and Relative Configuration
5-15 Physical Properties of Diastereomers
5-16 Resolution of Enantiomers
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 6. Alkyl Halides; Nucleophilic Substitution
6-1 Introduction
6-2 Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
6-3 Common Uses of Alkyl Halides
6-4 Structure of Alkyl Halides
6-5 Physical Properties of Alkyl Halides
6-6 Preparation of Alkyl Halides
Summary: Methods for Preparing Alkyl Halides
6-7 Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Substitution and Elimination
6-8 Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution: The SN2 Reaction
6-9 Generality of the SN2 Reaction
Summary: SN2 Reactions of Alkyl Halides
6-10 Factors Affecting SN2 Reactions: Strength of the Nucleophile
Summary: Trends in Nucleophilicity
6-11 Reactivity of the Substrate in SN2 Reactions
6-12 Stereochemistry of the SN2 Reaction
6-13 Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution: The SN1 Reaction
6-14 Stereochemistry of the SN1 Reaction
6-15 Rearrangements in SN1 Reactions
6-16 Comparison of SN1 and SN2 Reactions
Summary: Nucleophilic Substitutions
Summary: Reactions of Alkyl Halides
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 7. Structure And Synthesis Of Alkenes; Elimination
7-1 Introduction
7-2 The Orbital Description of the Alkene Double Bond
7-3 Elements of Unsaturation
7-4 Nomenclature of Alkenes
7-5 Nomenclature of Cis-Trans Isomers
Summary: Rules for Naming Alkenes
7-6 Commercial Importance of Alkenes
7-7 Physical Properties of Alkenes
7-8 Stability of Alkenes
7-9 Formation of Alkenes by Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halides
7-10 Unimolecular Elimination: The E1 Reaction
Summary: Carbocation Reactions
7-11 Positional Orientation of Elimination: Zaitsev’s Rule
7-12 Bimolecular Elimination: The E2 Reaction
7-13 Bulky Bases in E2 Eliminations; Hofmann Orientation
7-14 Stereochemistry of the E2 Reaction
7-15 E2 Reactions in Cyclohexane Systems
7-16 Comparison of E1 and E2 Elimination Mechanisms
Summary: Elimination Reactions
7-17 Competition Between Substitutions and Eliminations
Summary: Substitution and Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides
Problem-Solving Strategy: Predicting Substitutions And Eliminations
7-18 Alkene Synthesis by Dehydration of Alcohols
7-19 Alkene Synthesis by High-Temperature Industrial Methods
Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
Summary: Methods for Synthesis of Alkenes
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 8. Reactions Of Alkenes
8-1 Reactivity of the Carbon–Carbon Double Bond
8-2 Electrophilic Addition to Alkenes
8-3 Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkenes
8-4 Addition of Water: Hydration of Alkenes
8-5 Hydration by Oxymercuration–Demercuration
8-6 Alkoxymercuration–Demercuration
8-7 Hydroboration of Alkenes
8-8 Addition of Halogens to Alkenes
8-9 Formation of Halohydrins
8-10 Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes
8-11 Addition of Carbenes to Alkenes
8-12 Epoxidation of Alkenes
8-13 Acid-Catalyzed Opening of Epoxides
8-14 Syn Dihydroxylation of Alkenes
8-15 Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes
8-16 Polymerization of Alkenes
8-17 Olefin Metathesis
Problem-Solving Strategy: Organic Synthesis
Summary: Reactions of Alkenes
Summary: Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes
Summary: Oxidation and Cyclopropanation Reactions of Alkenes
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 9. Alkynes
9-1 Introduction
9-2 Nomenclature of Alkynes
9-3 Physical Properties of Alkynes
9-4 Commercial Importance of Alkynes
9-5 Electronic Structure of Alkynes
9-6 Acidity of Alkynes; Formation of Acetylide Ions
9-7 Synthesis of Alkynes from Acetylides
9-8 Synthesis of Alkynes by Elimination Reactions
Summary: Syntheses of Alkynes
9-9 Addition Reactions of Alkynes
9-10 Oxidation of Alkynes
Problem-Solving Strategy: Multistep Synthesis
Summary: Reactions of Alkynes
Summary: Reactions of Terminal Alkynes
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 10. Structure And Synthesis Of Alcohols
10-1 Introduction
10-2 Structure and Classification of Alcohols
10-3 Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
10-4 Physical Properties of Alcohols
10-5 Commercially Important Alcohols
10-6 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols
10-7 Synthesis of Alcohols: Introduction and Review
Summary: Previous Alcohol Syntheses
10-8 Organometallic Reagents for Alcohol Synthesis
10-9 Reactions of Organometallic Compounds
Summary: Grignard Reactions
10-10 Side Reactions of Organometallic Reagents: Reduction of Alkyl Halides
10-11 Reduction of the Carbonyl Group: Synthesis of 1° and 2° Alcohols
Summary: Reactions of LiAIH4 and NaBH4
Summary: Alcohol Syntheses by Nucleophilic Additions to Carbonyl Groups
10-12 Thiols (Mercaptans)
Summary: Synthesis of Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 11. Reactions Of Alcohols
11-1 Oxidation States of Alcohols and Related Functional Groups
11-2 Oxidation of Alcohols
11-3 Additional Methods for Oxidizing Alcohols
11-4 Biological Oxidation of Alcohols
11-5 Alcohols as Nucleophiles and Electrophiles; Formation of Tosylates
Summary: SN2 Reactions of Tosylate Esters
11-6 Reduction of Alcohols
11-7 Reactions of Alcohols with Hydrohalic Acids
11-8 Reactions of Alcohols with Phosphorus Halides
11-9 Reactions of Alcohols with Thionyl Chloride
11-10 Dehydration Reactions of Alcohols
Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
11-11 Unique Reactions of Diols
11-12 Esterification of Alcohols
11-13 Esters of Inorganic Acids
11-14 Reactions of Alkoxides
Problem-Solving Strategy: Multistep Synthesis
Summary: Reactions of Alcohols
Summary: Reactions of Alcohols: O¬H Cleavage
Summary: Reactions of Alcohols: C¬O Cleavage
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 12. Infrared Spectroscopy And Mass Spectrometry
12-1 Introduction
12-2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
12-3 The Infrared Region
12-4 Molecular Vibrations
12-5 IR-Active and IR-Inactive Vibrations
12-6 Measurement of the IR Spectrum
12-7 Infrared Spectroscopy of Hydrocarbons
12-8 Characteristic Absorptions of Alcohols and Amines
12-9 Characteristic Absorptions of Carbonyl Compounds
12-10 Characteristic Absorptions of C¬N Bonds
12-11 Simplified Summary of IR Stretching Frequencies
12-12 Reading and Interpreting IR Spectra (Solved Problems)
12-13 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
12-14 Determination of the Molecular Formula by Mass Spectrometry
12-15 Fragmentation Patterns in Mass Spectrometry
Summary: Common Fragmentation Patterns
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 13. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
13-1 Introduction
13-2 Theory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
13-3 Magnetic Shielding by Electrons
13-4 The NMR Spectrometer
13-5 The Chemical Shift
13-6 The Number of Signals
13-7 Areas of the Peaks
13-8 Spin-Spin Splitting
Problem-Solving Strategy: Drawing an NMR Spectrum
13-9 Complex Splitting
13-10 Stereochemical Nonequivalence of Protons
13-11 Time Dependence of NMR Spectroscopy
Problem-Solving Strategy: Interpreting Proton NMR Spectra
13-12 Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy
13-13 Interpreting Carbon NMR Spectra
13-14 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Problem-Solving Strategy: Spectroscopy Problems
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 14. Ethers, Epoxides, And Thioethers
14-1 Introduction
14-2 Physical Properties of Ethers
14-3 Nomenclature of Ethers
14-4 Spectroscopy of Ethers
14-5 The Williamson Ether Synthesis
14-6 Synthesis of Ethers by Alkoxymercuration–Demercuration
14-7 Industrial Synthesis: Bimolecular Condensation of Alcohols
Summary: Syntheses of Ethers (Review)
14-8 Cleavage of Ethers by HBr and HI
14-9 Autoxidation of Ethers
Summary: Reactions of Ethers
14-10 Thioethers (Sulfides) and Silyl Ethers
14-11 Synthesis of Epoxides
Summary: Epoxide Syntheses
14-12 Acid-Catalyzed Ring Opening of Epoxides
14-13 Base-Catalyzed Ring Opening of Epoxides
14-14 Orientation of Epoxide Ring Opening
Summary: Orientation of Epoxide Ring Opening
14-15 Reactions of Epoxides with Grignard and Organolithium Reagents
14-16 Epoxy Resins: The Advent of Modern Glues
Summary: Reactions of Epoxides
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 15. Conjugated Systems, Orbital Symmetry, And ultraviolet Spectroscopy
15-1 Introduction
15-2 Stabilities of Dienes
15-3 Molecular Orbital Picture of a Conjugated System
15-4 Allylic Cations
15-5 1,2- and 1,4-Addition to Conjugated Dienes
15-6 Kinetic Versus Thermodynamic Control in the Addition of HBr to Buta-1,3-diene
15-7 Allylic Radicals
15-8 Molecular Orbitals of the Allylic System
15-9 Electronic Configurations of the Allyl Radical, Cation, and Anion
15-10 SN2 Displacement Reactions of Allylic Halides and Tosylates
15-11 The Diels–Alder Reaction
15-12 The Diels–Alder as an Example of a Pericyclic Reaction
15-13 Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy
15-14 Colored Organic Compounds
15-15 UV-Visible Analysis in Biology and Medicine
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 16. Aromatic Compounds
16-1 Introduction: The Discovery of Benzene
16-2 The Structure and Properties of Benzene
16-3 The Molecular Orbitals of Benzene
16-4 The Molecular Orbital Picture of Cyclobutadiene
16-5 Aromatic, Antiaromatic, and Nonaromatic Compounds
16-6 Hückel’s Rule
16-7 Molecular Orbital Derivation of Hückel’s Rule
16-8 Aromatic Ions
16-9 Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds
16-10 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
16-11 Aromatic Allotropes of Carbon
16-12 Fused Heterocyclic Compounds
16-13 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives
16-14 Physical Properties of Benzene and Its Derivatives
16-15 Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 17. Reactions Of Aromatic Compounds
17-1 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
17-2 Halogenation of Benzene
17-3 Nitration of Benzene
17-4 Sulfonation of Benzene
17-5 Nitration of Toluene: The Effect of Alkyl Substitution
17-6 Activating, Ortho, Para-Directing Substituents
Summary: Activating, Ortho, Para-Directors
17-7 Deactivating, Meta-Directing Substituents
Summary: Deactivating, Meta-Directors
17-8 Halogen Substituents: Deactivating, but Ortho, Para-Directing
Summary: Directing Effects of Substituents
17-9 Effects of Multiple Substituents on Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
17-10 The Friedel–Crafts Alkylation
17-11 The Friedel–Crafts Acylation
Summary: Comparison of Friedel–Crafts Alkylation and Acylation
17-12 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution
17-13 Aromatic Substitutions Using Organometallic Reagents
17-14 Addition Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
17-15 Side-Chain Reactions of Benzene Derivatives
17-16 Reactions of Phenols
Problem-Solving Strategy: Synthesis Using Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Summary: Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
Summary: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of Benzene
Summary: Substitutions of Aryl Halides
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 18. Ketones And Aldehydes
18-1 Carbonyl Compounds
18-2 Structure of the Carbonyl Group
18-3 Nomenclature of Ketones and Aldehydes
18-4 Physical Properties of Ketones and Aldehydes
18-5 Spectroscopy of Ketones and Aldehydes
18-6 Industrial Importance of Ketones and Aldehydes
18-7 Review of Syntheses of Ketones and Aldehydes
18-8 Synthesis of Ketones from Carboxylic Acids
18-9 Synthesis of Ketones and Aldehydes from Nitriles
18-10 Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones from Acid Chlorides and Esters
Summary: Syntheses of Ketones and Aldehydes
18-11 Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes: Introduction to Nucleophilic Addition
18-12 Hydration of Ketones and Aldehydes
18-13 Formation of Cyanohydrins
18-14 Formation of Imines
18-15 Condensations with Hydroxylamine and Hydrazines
Summary: Condensations of Amines with Ketones and Aldehydes
18-16 Formation of Acetals
Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
18-17 Use of Acetals as Protecting Groups
18-18 The Wittig Reaction
18-19 Oxidation of Aldehydes
18-20 Reductions of Ketones and Aldehydes
Summary: Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes
Summary: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 19. Amines
19-1 Introduction
19-2 Nomenclature of Amines
19-3 Structure of Amines
19-4 Physical Properties of Amines
19-5 Basicity of Amines
19-6 Factors that Affect Amine Basicity
19-7 Salts of Amines
19-8 Spectroscopy of Amines
19-9 Reactions of Amines with Ketones and Aldehydes (Review)
19-10 Aromatic Substitution of Arylamines and Pyridine
19-11 Alkylation of Amines by Alkyl Halides
19-12 Acylation of Amines by Acid Chlorides
19-13 Formation of Sulfonamides
19-14 Amines as Leaving Groups: The Hofmann Elimination
19-15 Oxidation of Amines; The Cope Elimination
19-16 Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid
19-17 Reactions of Arenediazonium Salts
Summary: Reactions of Amines
19-18 Synthesis of Amines by Reductive Amination
19-19 Synthesis of Amines by Acylation–Reduction
19-20 Syntheses Limited to Primary Amines
Summary: Synthesis of Amines
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 20. Carboxylic Acids
20-1 Introduction
20-2 Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids
20-3 Structure and Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 1063
20-4 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids 1064
20-5 Salts of Carboxylic Acids
20-6 Commercial Sources of Carboxylic Acids
20-7 Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acids
20-8 Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
Summary: Syntheses of Carboxylic Acids
20-9 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives; Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
20-10 Condensation of Acids with Alcohols: The Fischer Esterification
20-11 Esterification Using Diazomethane
20-12 Condensation of Acids with Amines: Direct Synthesis of Amides
20-13 Reduction of Carboxylic Acids
20-14 Alkylation of Carboxylic Acids to Form Ketones
20-15 Synthesis and Use of Acid Chlorides
Summary: Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 21. Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
21-1 Introduction
21-2 Structure and Nomenclature of Acid Derivatives
21-3 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
21-4 Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
21-5 Interconversion of Acid Derivatives by Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
21-6 Transesterification
Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
21-7 Hydrolysis of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
21-8 Reduction of Acid Derivatives
21-9 Reactions of Acid Derivatives with Organometallic Reagents
21-10 Summary of the Chemistry of Acid Chlorides
21-11 Summary of the Chemistry of Anhydrides
21-12 Summary of the Chemistry of Esters
21-13 Summary of the Chemistry of Amides
21-14 Summary of the Chemistry of Nitriles
21-15 Thioesters
21-16 Esters and Amides of Carbonic Acid
Summary: Reactions of Acid Chlorides
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 22. Condensations And Alpha Substitutions Of Carbonyl Compounds
22-1 Introduction
22-2 Enols and Enolate Ions
22-3 Alkylation of Enolate Ions
22-4 Formation and Alkylation of Enamines
22-5 Alpha Halogenation of Ketones
22-6 Alpha Bromination of Acids: The HVZ Reaction
22-7 The Aldol Condensation of Ketones and Aldehydes
22-8 Dehydration of Aldol Products
22-9 Crossed Aldol Condensations
Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
22-10 Aldol Cyclizations
22-11 Planning Syntheses Using Aldol Condensations
22-12 The Claisen Ester Condensation
22-13 The Dieckmann Condensation: A Claisen Cyclization
22-14 Crossed Claisen Condensations
22-15 Syntheses Using b-Dicarbonyl Compounds
22-16 The Malonic Ester Synthesis
22-17 The Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis
22-18 Conjugate Additions: The Michael Reaction
22-19 The Robinson Annulation
Problem-Solving Strategy: Proposing Reaction Mechanisms
Summary: Enolate Additions and Condensations
Summary: Reactions of Stabilized Carbanions
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 23. Carbohydrates And Nucleic Acids
23-1 Introduction
23-2 Classification of Carbohydrates
23-3 Monosaccharides
23-4 Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides
23-5 Anomers of Monosaccharides; Mutarotation
23-6 Reactions of Monosaccharides: Reduction
23-7 Oxidation of Monosaccharides; Reducing Sugars
23-8 Nonreducing Sugars: Formation of Glycosides
23-9 Ether and Ester Formation
23-10 Chain Shortening: The Ruff Degradation
23-11 Chain Lengthening: The Kiliani–Fischer Synthesis
Summary: Reactions of Sugars
23-12 Disaccharides
23-13 Polysaccharides
23-14 Nucleic Acids: Introduction
23-15 Ribonucleosides and Ribonucleotides
23-16 The Structures of RNA and DNA
23-17 Additional Functions of Nucleotides
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 24. Amino Acids, Peptides, And Proteins
24-1 Introduction
24-2 Structure and Stereochemistry of the a-Amino Acids
24-3 Acid–Base Properties of Amino Acids
24-4 Isoelectric Points and Electrophoresis
24-5 Synthesis of Amino Acids
Summary: Syntheses of Amino Acids
24-6 Resolution of Amino Acids
24-7 Reactions of Amino Acids
Summary: Reactions of Amino Acids
24-8 Structure and Nomenclature of Peptides and Proteins
24-9 Peptide Structure Determination
24-10 Laboratory Peptide Synthesis
24-11 Classification of Proteins
24-12 Levels of Protein Structure
24-13 Protein Denaturation
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 25. Lipids
25-1 Introduction
25-2 Waxes
25-3 Triglycerides
25-4 Saponification of Fats and Oils: Soaps and Detergents
25-5 Phospholipids
25-6 Steroids
25-7 Prostaglandins
25-8 Terpenes
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Chapter 26. Synthetic Polymers
26-1 Introduction
26-2 Chain-Growth Polymers
26-3 Stereochemistry of Polymers
26-4 Stereochemical Control of Polymerization: Ziegler–Natta Catalysts
26-5 Natural and Synthetic Rubbers
26-6 Copolymers of Two or More Monomers
26-7 Step-Growth Polymers
26-8 Polymer Structure and Properties
26-9 Recycling of Plastics
Essential Terms
Study Problems
Appendices
Appendix 1A. NMR: Spin-Spin Coupling Constants
Appendix 1B. NMR: Proton Chemical Shifts
Appendix 1C. NMR: 13C Chemical Shifts in Organic Compounds
Appendix 2A. IR: Characteristic Infrared Group Frequencies
Appendix 2B. IR: Characteristic Infrared Absorptions of Functional Groups
Appendix 3A. Methods and Suggestions for Proposing Mechanisms
Appendix 3B. Suggestions for Developing Multistep Syntheses
Appendix 4. pKa Values for Representative Compounds
Appendix 5. Summary of Organic Nomenclature
Answers to Selected Problems
Photo Credits
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Periodic Table of the Elements
Copyright
Title Page
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you?
Chapter 2: Renegade perception
Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting
Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe
Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’
Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit
Chapter 7: War on your mind
Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity
Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it?
Chapter 10: Human 2.0
Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult?
Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko
Postscript
Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation
Bibliography
Index