Optics has been part of scientific enquiry from its beginning and remains a key element of modern science.
This book provides a concise treatment of physical optics starting with a brief summary of geometrical optics. Scalar diffraction theory is introduced to describe wave propagation and diffraction effects and provides the basis for Fourier methods for treating more complex diffraction problems. The rest of the book treats the physics underlying some important instruments for spectral analysis and optical metrology, reflection and transmission at dielectric surfaces and the polarization of light. This undergraduate-level text aims to aid understanding of optical applications in physical, engineering and life sciences or more advanced topics in modern optics.
Author(s): Paul Ewart
Series: IOP Concise Physics
Publisher: IOP Publishing
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 118
City: Bristol
PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author biography
Paul Ewart
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Introduction and structure of the course
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 Geometrical optics
2.1 Fermat’s principle
2.2 Lenses and principal planes
2.3 Compound lens systems
2.3.1 Telephoto lens
2.3.2 Wide-angle lens
2.3.3 Telescope (astronomical)
2.3.4 Telescope (Galilean)
2.3.5 Telescope (Newtonian)
2.3.6 Compound microscope
2.4 Illumination of optical systems
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Waves and diffraction
3.1 Mathematical description of a wave
3.2 Interference
3.3 Phasors
3.4 Diffraction from a finite slit
3.5 Diffraction from a finite slit: phasor treatment
3.6 Diffraction in two dimensions
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Fraunhofer diffraction
4.1 Fraunhofer diffraction
4.2 Diffraction and wave propagation
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Fourier methods in optics
5.1 The Fresnel–Kirchhoff integral as a Fourier transform
5.2 The convolution theorem
5.3 Some useful Fourier transforms and convolutions
5.4 Fourier analysis
5.5 Spatial frequencies
5.6 Abbé theory of imaging
5.7 Spatial resolution of the compound microscope
5.8 Diffraction effects on image brightness
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Optical instruments and fringe localisation
6.1 Division of wavefront
6.1.1 Two-slit interference, Young’s slits
6.1.2 N-slit diffraction, the diffraction grating
6.2 Division of amplitude
6.2.1 Point source
6.2.2 Extended source
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 The diffraction grating spectrograph
7.1 Interference pattern from a diffraction grating
7.1.1 Double slit, N = 2
7.1.2 Triple slit, N = 3
7.1.3 Multiple slit, N = 4, etc
7.2 Effect of finite slit width
7.3 Diffraction grating performance
7.3.1 The diffraction grating equation
7.3.2 Angular dispersion
7.3.3 Resolving power
7.3.4 Free spectral range
7.4 Blazed (reflection) gratings
7.5 Effect of slit width on resolution and illumination
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 The Michelson (Fourier transform) interferometer
8.1 Michelson interferometer
8.2 Resolving power of the Michelson spectrometer
8.3 The Fourier transform spectrometer
8.4 The Wiener–Khinchin theorem
8.5 Fringe visibility
8.5.1 Fringe visibility and relative intensities
8.5.2 Fringe visibility, coherence and correlation
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 The Fabry–Pérot interferometer
9.1 The Fabry–Pérot interference pattern
9.2 Observing Fabry–Pérot fringes
9.3 Finesse
9.4 The instrument width
9.5 Free spectral range, FSR
9.6 Resolving power
9.7 Practical matters
9.7.1 Designing a Fabry–Pérot
9.7.2 Centre spot scanning
9.7.3 Limitations on finesse
9.8 Instrument function and instrument width
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Reflection at dielectric surfaces and boundaries
10.1 Electromagnetic waves at dielectric boundaries
10.2 Reflection properties of a single dielectric layer
10.3 Anti-reflection coatings
10.4 Multiple dielectric layers: matrix method
10.5 High reflectance mirrors
10.6 Interference filters
10.7 Reflection and transmission at oblique incidence
10.7.1 Reflection and transmission of p-polarized light
10.7.2 Reflection and transmission of s-polarized light
10.8 Deductions from Fresnel’s equations
10.8.1 Brewster’s angle
10.8.2 Phase changes on reflection
10.8.3 Total (internal) reflection and evanescent waves
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Polarized light
11.1 Polarization states
11.1.1 Case 1: linearly polarized light, δ = 0
11.1.2 Case 2: circularly polarized light, δ = ±π/2
11.1.3 Case 3: elliptically polarized light
11.2 Transformation and analysis of states of polarization
11.3 Optics of anisotropic media; birefringence
11.4 Production and manipulation of polarized light
11.4.1 Modifying the polarization of a wave
11.4.2 Production of polarized light
11.5 Analysis of polarized light
11.6 Interference of polarized light
