One Health: Integrated Approach to 21st Century Challenges to Health

Front Cover
One Health
One Health: Integrated Approach to 21st CenturyChallenges to Health
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Biographies
Preface
1 - An introduction to the concept of One Health
1. Introduction
2. The history of One Health
3. The benefits of a One Health approach
4. Obstacles in the implementation of the One Health approach
5. Practical principles in the application of One Health
6. Global challenges which can benefit from One Health approach
6.1 Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases
6.2 Risks and benefits of companion animals
6.3 Water and food security and safety
6.4 Socioeconomic and cultural environments
6.5 Antimicrobial resistance
6.6 Environmental contamination
6.7 Climate change
6.8 Biodiversity, habitat loss, and encroachment into wildlife
7. Real world use of the One Health approach
7.1 Rabies in Tanzania
7.2 Ciguatera fish poisoning in Cuba
7.3 Mercury from fish consumption in the Amazon
7.4 Anthrax in Western Uganda
7.5 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Portugal
References
2 - Public health, surveillance systems and preventive medicine in an interconnected world
1. Public Health, One Health, surveillance: definitions
2. Surveillance systems: between health, veterinary and environmental frameworks
2.1 Concepts and definitions in One Health surveillance
2.1.1 Active and passive surveillance
2.1.2 Compulsory and voluntary surveillance
2.1.3 Comprehensive and sentinel surveillance
2.1.4 Syndromic surveillance
2.1.5 Participatory surveillance
2.1.6 Risk-based surveillance
2.1.7 Pathogen surveillance
2.1.8 Epidemic Intelligence
2.2 Between human health, veterinary health and environmental frameworks
2.2.1 Dimensions and degrees of collaboration in One Health surveillance systems
2.2.2 Environmental framework
2.3 Specific surveillance issues
2.3.1 Zoonotic diseases surveillance and outbreak investigations
2.3.2 Foodborne disease outbreak investigations
2.3.3 Surveillance of emerging pathogens
2.3.4 Antimicrobial resistance
2.3.5 Environmental hazards
2.4 Barriers to surveillance
2.4.1 Communication and coordination
2.4.2 Lack of conceptual framework
2.4.3 Integration and sharing of data and biological samples
2.4.4 Capacity building
2.4.5 Risk perception
2.4.6 Associated costs
3. Preparing for the future
3.1 Reorganizing internally and externally
3.2 Speed is a must
3.3 Beyond health
3.4 One Health prediction
4. Conclusion
References
3 - Epidemiology of disease through the interactions between humans, domestic animals, and wildlife
1. Introduction
2. Expansion of the interaction at the human-animal interface over the centuries
3. Drivers for disease emergence at the animal–human interface
3.1 Ecosystem disruption
3.2 Wildlife hunting, farming, and trading
3.3 Globalization
3.4 Climate change
3.5 Antimicrobial resistance
4. Mechanisms of disease emergence at the animal–human interface
5. Intersectoral cooperation
6. Applying the One Health concept to COVID-19
7. Conclusion
References
4 - Risks and benefits of the interaction with companion animals
1. Domestic animals, companion animals and wild animals
2. The contemporary role of companion animals
3. Human–animal bond–Zooeyia
4. Benefits for the human health
4.1 Psychological effects
4.1.1 The importance of companion animals mourning
4.2 Physical activity and health outcomes
4.3 Animal assisted interventions
5. Comparative medicine
5.1 Animals as sentinels of environmental contamination
5.2 Scent detection
6. Risks for human health
6.1 Zoonotic diseases
6.2 Antimicrobial resistance
6.3 Risk surveillance
7. Bias of the human-companion animal bond
7.1 Anthropomorphism and companion animals
7.2 Abandon and stray animals
8. The importance of the veterinary medicine and its professionals in the one health space
9. Conclusions
References
5 - Food and water security and safety for an ever-expanding human population
1. Introduction
2. Food security, food safety and one health
3. Food security
4. Food safety
4.1 Fundamentals, scope, and principles
4.1.1 The agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS)3
4.1.2 The scope of food safety
4.2 The burden and epidemiology of food safety
4.3 Organization of food safety
4.3.1 Policies and legislation
4.3.2 Risk assessment, food safety objectives and policy options
4.3.2.1 Food safety objectives (FSO) and microbiological criteria
4.3.3 Systems and stakeholder responsibilities
4.3.4 Control by official authorities
4.3.4.1 Control by official authorities – the case of EU Official Control (OC) system
4.4 The animal health and welfare as contribution to food safety and to food security
5. Water safety and security
5.1 Water safety
5.2 The importance of water
5.3 Improving water management
6. One health
6.1 Brief introduction
6.2 Characteristics of one health approaches
6.3 Contribution of one health to food security and safety
6.3.1 The INFOSAN (International Food Safety Authorities Network)
6.3.2 Antimicrobial resistance emergence
6.3.3 Corona virus – COVID-19
6.3.4 In summary
6.4 Water as an essential one health issue
7. The food system: challenges and trends in the anthropocene epoch
7.1 Introductory concepts
7.1.1 The anthropocene and the Earth System
7.1.2 Complexity and complex adaptative systems
7.2 Global food system supply (GFS)
7.3 In summary
8. Outcomes, trends and challenges of food systems in a globalized world
8.1 Outcomes of food systems, at present
8.2 Trends and challenges
8.2.1 Population related trends: growth and demographics, urbanization, food consumption and nutrition
8.2.2 Trends in economy, food waste, food prices and relation between poverty and food insecurity
8.2.3 Political trends, conflicts, and crisis
8.2.4 Climate, biodiversity, water and land use, diseases, and pests
8.2.5 Trends in innovation and research
8.2.5.1 Towards food supply chains sustainability and resilience
8.3 Challenges
9. The way ahead – policies and transformation
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Problems in decision making within complex environment
9.1.2 Evidence of policy impacts
9.2 Policies for systemic response
9.2.1 Food supply chain policies
9.2.2 Food environment policies
9.2.3 Food and nutrition policies
9.2.4 Research and innovation
9.2.5 Food security policies
9.3 One vision: from moving towards food systems transformation
9.3.1 The pathway for food system transformation
9.3.2 Farm to fork strategy: the European Union response for change
References
6 - The influence of social and economic environment on health
1. Introduction
2. How social, economic and environmental conditions constraint health outcomes
2.1 Nature in urban spaces – an (in)equal issue
2.2 The social-economic and environmental contexts influence in the process of disease transmission
2.2.1 Humans–animal interaction
2.2.2 Antimicrobial resistance and socioeconomic factors
2.2.3 Energy poverty and air quality: a contemporary social inequality
2.2.4 Linking food safety with socioeconomic determinants
3. Final remarks
Acknowledgments
References
7 - Environmental contaminants and antibiotic resistance as a One Health threat
1. Introduction
2. Environmental contaminants
3. Antibiotic contamination and antimicrobial resistance: a threat to One Health
3.1 Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture
3.2 Transmission of antimicrobial resistance in the environment
4. Conclusion
References
8 - Climate change and its impacts on health, environment and economy
1. Introduction
2. Climate change and environmental conditions
2.1 Environmental hazards
2.2 Atmospheric pollutants
3. Climate change and human health
4. Climate change and vector-borne diseases
5. Climate change, forests and wildfires
6. Climate change and food security
7. One Health and climate change
8. Conclusions
Funding
References
9 - Degradation of ecosystems and loss of ecosystem services
1. Introduction
2. Habitat loss
3. Climate changes – with global warming
4. Overexploitation
4.1 Global trade of wildlife
4.2 Trade and overexploitation of aquatic wildlife
5. Pollution
6. Invasive species
7. Conclusion
References
10 - Challenges and future perspectives for the application of One Health
1. Introduction
2. Benefits of One Health
3. Challenges to the success of One Health approach
4. Practical solutions to challenges of One Health
5. Conclusion
References
Index
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