Omics Studies of Medicinal Plants

Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editor Biographies
Contributors
1 Medicinal Plants for Health Care
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of the Gastro-Intestinal System
1.3 Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of the Cardiovascular System
1.4 Neuro-Protective Plants
1.5 Liver-Protective Plants
1.6 Anticoagulant Plants
1.7 Anticancer Plants
1.8 Antidiabetic Plants
1.9 Lipid-Lowering Plants
1.10 Antioxidant Plants
1.11 Immunomodulatory Plants
1.12 Antitussive Plants
1.13 Anti-Inflammatory Plants
1.14 Antimutagenic Plants
1.15 Antiprotozoal Plants
1.16 Antiviral Plants
1.17 Antifibrotic Plants
1.18 Antiemetic Plants
1.19 Antinociceptive Plants
1.20 Antifungal Plants
1.21 Antivenom Plants
1.22 Conclusions and Future Prospect
References
2 Translational Research for Medicinal Plants: Integrative Approaches, Trends and Perspectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 In Vitro Biosynthesis and Elicitation of Secondary Metabolites
2.3 Characterization of Key Enzyme Gene(s) From Metabolic Pathways
2.4 Integrative Approaches
2.4.1 Omics Technology: Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics
2.4.2 Computational Tools: Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics in Herbal Drug Discovery
2.5 Bioefficacy and Therapeutic Usefulness of Herbal Products
2.6 Prospects and Perspectives for Herbal-Based Clinical Practices – A New Lead for Modern Medicine
2.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3 Unraveling Medicinal Plant Chemical Diversity for Novel Drug Discovery Through Biotechnological Interventions
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biotechnology – Multifaceted Approaches in Phytomedicine
3.2.1 Challenges and Goals of Medicinal Plants in the Product Development for Pharmaceuticals
3.2.2 Plant Tissue Culture
3.2.3 Metabolic Pathway Engineering
3.2.3.1 Genetic Transformation/Transgenic Approaches
3.2.3.2 Engineering of Medicinal Plants Via Ploidy Alteration
3.2.4 Conservation of Medicinal Plants
3.2.5 Phyto-Genomic Profiling
3.3 Conclusion and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
4 Big Omics Data and Medicinal Plants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Omics Data for Medicinal Plants
4.2.1 Genomics Data
4.2.2 Transcriptomics Data
4.2.3 Proteomics Data
4.2.4 Metabolomics Data
4.3 Meta-Analysis
4.4 Issues in Omics Data Analysis
4.5 Future Prospects
References
5 An Overview of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics Approaches for Medicinal Plants Research
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Genomics
5.3 Transcriptomics
5.3.1 Targets of Research
5.3.2 Medicinal Plants Genomes
5.3.2.1 Panax Ginseng
5.3.2.2 Papaver Somniferum
5.3.3.3 Artemisia Annua
5.3.3.4 Aloe Vera
5.4 Proteomics
5.5 New Researches
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Genomic Profiling of Medicinal Plants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Molecular Markers for Genomic Profiling
6.2.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
6.2.2 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
6.2.3 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
6.2.4 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR)
6.2.5 Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR)
6.2.6 Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCAR)
6.2.7 Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
6.3 Conclusion
References
7 Genome-Based Barcoding for the Authentication of Medicinal Plants and Their Products
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Criteria of a DNA Barcode
7.3 Uses of DNA Barcoding
7.4 DNA Barcoding in Plants
7.4.1 DNA Barcoding and Medicinal Plants
7.5 Characteristics of Potential Barcode Regions
7.5.1 Chloroplast Genome
7.5.1.1 Maturase K (MatK)
7.5.1.2 Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase (RbcL)
7.5.1.3 Chloroplast RNA Polymerase Genes -RpoB and RpoC
7.5.1.4 Intergenic Spacer PsbA-TrnH
7.5.1.5 Intergenic Spacer PsbK-PsbI
7.5.1.6 Intergenic Spacer AtpF-AtpH
7.5.2 Nuclear Genomes
7.5.2.1 Characteristics of Nuclear Genes
7.6 Generation of DNA Barcodes
7.7 Applications of DNA Barcoding and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
8 Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling of the Medicinal Plants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Medicinal Plants Transcriptomics: An Evolving Concept
8.3 Application of Sequencing Technologies in Medicinal Plant Research
8.3.1 Next-Generation Sequencing Technology
8.3.2 Third-Generation Sequencing Technology
8.4 Transcriptome Profiling and Secondary Metabolism Pathways
8.4.1 Terpenoid Pathway Explication Using Transcriptomics
8.4.2 Alkaloid Pathway Explication Using Transcriptomics
8.4.3 Phenylpropanoid Pathway Explication Using Transcriptomics
8.4.4 Shikimate Pathway
8.4.4.1 DAHP Synthase
8.4.4.2 Dehydroquinate Synthase (DHQS)
8.4.4.3 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-Phosphate (EPSP) Synthase
References
9 LC-MS-Based Metabolomics of Medicinal Plants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Instrumentation
9.2.1 Ion Source
9.2.2 Mass Analyzers
9.3 Experimental Design and Selection of Method for Metabolomic Illustration
9.4 Optimization of Chromatographic and Ionization Process for Metabolomics
9.5 Applications of LC-MS as a Quantitative Tool of Plant Metabolites
9.5.1 Instrument Linearity
9.5.2 Limit of Detection and Limit of Quantification
9.5.3 Precision and Accuracy
9.5.4 Selectivity and Specificity
9.5.5 Analytical Recovery
9.6 Current Scenario of LC-MS Techniques in Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Plant Metabolites
9.7 Chemometric Tools Used in Metabolomics Data Acquisition
9.7.1 Spectral Correlative Chromatography (SCC)
9.7.2 Linear Discriminate Analysis (LDA)
9.7.3 Information Theory (IT)
9.7.4 Local Least Square (LLS)
9.7.5 Principal Components Analysis (PCA)
9.8 Challenges and Prospective
9.9 Conclusion
References
10 Metabolomic Profiling of Some Medicinal Plants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Metabolomics: A Powerful Tool for Comprehensive Analysis of Small Molecules
10.3 Metabolome Profiling of Some Medicinal Plants
10.3.1 Catharanthus Roseus
10.3.2 Zingiber Officinale
10.3.3 Rauvolfia Serpentina
10.3.4 Ocimum Sanctum
10.3.5 Nigella Sativa
10.3.6 Crocus Sativus
10.3.7 Curcuma Longa
10.3.8 Artimisia Annua
10.3.9 Piper Nigrum
References
11 Mutagenesis in Medicinal Plants
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Mutagens as Source of Mutagenesis in Plants
11.2.1 Chemical Mutagens for Mutagenesis in Plants
11.2.2 Physical Mutagens for Mutagenesis in Plants
11.2.3 Combination of Physical and Chemical Mutagens for Mutagenesis in Plants
11.3 Character-Specific Mutants
11.3.1 Stem Mutants
11.3.2 Leaf Mutants
11.3.3 Chlorophyll Mutants
11.3.4 Flower Mutants
11.3.5 Seed Mutants
11.4 Assessment of Mutants Induced By Physical and Chemical Mutagens
11.4.1 Assessment of Mutants Through Biological Parameters
11.4.1.1 Biological Damage and Germination
11.4.1.2 Plant Survival, Pollen Fertility and Sterility
11.4.2 Assessment of Mutants Through Morphological and Yield Parameters
11.4.2.1 Plant Height
11.4.2.2 Yield
11.4.3 Assessment of Mutants Through Cytological Aberrations
11.4.4 Assessment of Mutants Through Phytochemical Analysis
11.4.5 Assessment of Mutants Through Molecular Marker
11.4.6 Assessment of Mutants Through Proteomics
References
12 Nanoparticle Fabrication From Herbal Plants and Their Role in Antimicrobial Activities
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fabrication and Characterization of Nanoparticles From Herbal Plants
12.3 Metal Nanoparticles From Herbal Plants and Their Characterization
12.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles From Herbal Plants and Their Characterization
12.5 Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles From Herbal Plants and Their Antimicrobial Activities
12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
13 Tools for Safety Evaluation and Conservation of Medicinal Plants
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Adulteration/Substitution in the Medicinal Plants
13.3 Consequences of Adulteration in Plants On Human Health
13.4 Variations in the Secondary Metabolites in the Same Species of the Plant
13.5 Methods for Authentication, Identification and Standardization of the Medicinal Plants
13.5.1 Phytochemical Methods for the Identification of Plants
13.5.2 Organoleptic Methods
13.5.3 Histological Or Microscopic Evaluation
13.5.4 Molecular Methods for the Authentication of the Medicinal Plant
13.6 Conservation of Medicinal Plants Through Mass Micropropagation
References
14 Phytochemical Evaluation and Biotechnological Approach for the Conservation of Some Medicinal Plants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Commiphora Wightii
14.2.1 Phytochemical Evaluation
14.2.2 Biotechnological Approaches for Improvement and Conservation
14.2.2.1 Biotechnological Approach
14.3 Swertia Chirata
14.3.1 Phytochemical Evaluation
14.3.2 Biotechnological Approach for Improvement of Swertia Chirata
14.4 Withania Somnifera
14.4.1 Phytochemical Evaluation
14.4.2 Biotechnological Approaches for Improvement and Conservation
14.5 Rauvolfia Serpentina
14.5.1 Phytochemical Evaluation
14.5.2 Biotechnological Approaches for Improvement and Conservation
14.6 Tylophora Indica
14.6.1 Phytochemical Evaluation
14.6.2 Biotechnological Approaches for Improvement and Conservation
14.7 Cassia Augustifolia
14.7.1 Phytochemical Evaluation
14.7.2 Biotechnological Approaches for Improvement and Conservation
14.8 Simmondsia Chinensis
14.8.1 Phytochemical Evaluation
14.8.2 Biotechnological Approaches for Improvement and Conservation
14.9 Tinospora Cardifolia
14.9.1 Phytochemical Evaluation
14.9.2 Biotechnological Approaches for Improvement and Conservation
14.10 Asparagus Recemosus
14.10.1 Phytochemical Evaluation
14.10.2 Biotechnological Approaches for Improvement and Conservation
14.11 Calotropis Gigantea
14.11.1 Phytochemical Evaluation
14.11.2 Biotechnological Approaches for Improvement and Conservation
14.12 Conclusion
References
Index