Nutraceuticals and Human Health: The Food-to-supplement Paradigm

Cover
Preface
Dedication
Contents
Chapter 1 Nutraceuticals
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Nutraceuticals for Deficiency
1.3 Why are Nutraceuticals Needed?
1.4 Supplement Use
1.5 Product Development Considerations
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Regulation of Nutraceuticals in Canada and the United States
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Overview of Nutraceuticals Regulation in Canada
2.2.1 Regulation of Nutraceuticals Considered Food Products
2.2.2 Regulation of Nutraceuticals Considered as Food Products with Health Claims
2.2.3 Regulation of Nutraceuticals Considered as Drugs
2.2.4 Regulation of Nutraceuticals Considered as Natural Health Products
2.2.5 Self-care Products Initiative
2.3 Overview of Nutraceuticals Regulation in the United States
2.3.1 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) and the US Food and Drug Administration
2.3.2 Food Safety and Modernization Act
2.3.3 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)
2.3.4 Botanical Drugs
2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Effects of Growing Conditions on Plant Medicinal Bioactives
3.1 Plant Chemistry is the Source of Nutraceuticals
3.2 Plant Mechanisms for Perceiving the Environment
3.3 Climate Conditions Affect Medicinal Phytochemistry
3.4 Melatonin and Serotonin in Nutraceuticals
3.5 Melatonin and Serotonin in Plants
3.6 Optimizing St. John's Wort Medicinal Chemistry
3.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Extraction Technologies for Plant-derived Nutraceuticals and Natural Health Products
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Plant Collection and Identity
4.3 Fresh, Fermented, Enzyme Treated or Dried Plant Materials
4.4 Grinding and Sieving
4.5 Extraction Methods
4.5.1 Simple Solvent Extraction of Crude Extracts for Bioassay Screening or Industrial Use
4.5.2 Targeted Extraction
4.5.3 Automated Solvent Extraction and Subcritical Water Extractions
4.5.4 Supercritical Extraction
4.5.5 Steam Distillation
4.5.6 Cold Finger Extraction
4.5.7 Screw Press and Cold Press
4.5.8 Emerging Technologies
4.6 Drying of Extracts
4.7 Bioassay Guided Isolation of Active Principles
4.8 Standardization; Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)
References
Chapter 5 Analytical Approaches for Characterization of Bioactives in Plant-based Natural Health and Food Products
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Foods, Natural Health Products andNutraceuticals – Regulatory and/or Accepted Definition
5.1.2 Definition of Bioactives in the Context of Natural Health and Food Products
5.1.3 Potential Health Impact of Food/Nutraceutical Bioactive Constituents
5.2 Analytical Testing of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
5.2.1 Identification Methodologies
5.2.2 Purity Determination
5.2.3 Analysis of Active and Marker Compounds
5.3 Method Development and Validation
5.3.1 Method Optimization
5.3.2 Method Validation
5.3.3 Method Fitness of Purpose
5.4 Sources of Methods, Resources, and Best Practices
References
Chapter 6 Encapsulation of Nutraceuticals
6.1 Classification of Bioactives and Nutraceuticals
6.1.1 Considerations in Bioactive Delivery
6.1.2 Biopharmaceutics Classification Scheme (BCS)
6.1.3 Nutraceutical Bioavailability Classification Scheme (NuBACS)
6.2 Benefits of Bioactive Encapsulation
6.2.1 Chemical and Environmental Protection
6.2.2 Increasing Solubility and Bioaccessibility
6.2.3 Enhancing Stability and Bioavailability
6.2.4 Enhanced Intestinal Permeability
6.3 Encapsulation Methods
6.3.1 Emulsification
6.3.2 Drying Methods
6.3.3 Fluid Bed Coating
6.3.4 Coacervation
6.3.5 Inclusion Complexation
6.3.6 Supercritical Fluid
6.3.7 Liposomes
6.3.8 Extrusion
6.4 External Triggers for Site-specific Release
6.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives of Encapsulation Technologies
References
Chapter 7 Coffee and Solid Tumors
7.1 Cancer Incidence and Mortality
7.2 Cancer Etiology
7.3 Coffee and Anti-cancer Compounds
7.3.1 Caffeine
7.3.2 Trigonelline
7.3.3 Phenols and Polyphenols
7.3.4 Lipids
7.3.5 Melanoidins
7.4 Coffee Intake and Cancer Risk
7.4.1 Endometrial Cancer
7.4.2 Liver and Biliary Tract Cancers
7.4.3 Oral and Pharyngeal Cancers
7.4.4 Prostate Cancer
7.4.5 Skin Cancer
7.4.6 Breast Cancer
7.4.7 Colorectal Cancer
7.4.8 Bladder Cancer
7.4.9 Lung Cancer
7.4.10 Pancreatic Cancer
7.4.11 Ovarian Cancer
7.4.12 Others
7.5 Coffee Intake and Cancer Mortality
7.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Nutraceuticals in Hematological Malignancies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Hematological Malignancies
8.2.1 Lymphoid Malignancies
8.2.2 Myeloid Malignancies
8.3 Nutraceuticals for Hematological Malignancies
8.3.1 Vitamin D
8.3.2 Curcumin
8.3.3 Green Tea Bioactives
8.3.4 Omega-3s
8.3.5 β-Glucans
8.3.6 Resveratrol
8.3.7 Ascorbate
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Nutraceuticals as Metabolic Modulators for the Treatment of Obesity and Associated Diseases
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Metabolic Flexibility in Health
9.3 Obesity, Lipotoxicity and Metabolic Inflexibility
9.4 Metabolic Modulators and Modes of Modulation
9.5 Natural Health Products (NHPs) and Nutraceuticals as Metabolic Modulators
9.5.1 Metformin and Berberine
9.5.2 L-Carnitine
9.5.3 R-Lipoic Acid
9.5.4 Thiamine
9.5.5 Nicotinamide Riboside
9.5.6 Avocatin B
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Nutraceuticals in Neurodegenerative Diseases
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases: Principal Pathogenetic Mechanisms
10.2.1 Protein Aggregation
10.2.2 Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
10.3 Nutraceuticals
10.3.1 Flavonoids
10.3.2 Non-flavonoid Polyphenols: Resveratrol and Curcumin
10.3.3 Carotenoids
10.3.4 Crocin (Saffron)
10.3.5 B-vitamins: Folate, Cobalamin, Pyridoxin
10.3.6 Diterpenes: Carnosic and Rosmarinic Acids
10.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11 Probiotic Supplements – Basic Concepts of the Gut Microbiome and the Role of Probiotics to Sustain Health
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Gut Microbiome
11.2.1 Definition and Functions of the Gut Microbiome
11.2.2 Establishment, Development,Composition, and Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiome
11.3 Probiotics
11.3.1 Benefits of Probiotics
11.3.2 Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics and Effects on the Gut Microbiome
11.4 Probiotics in Nutraceutical Supplements
11.4.1 Characterization and Taxonomic Identification of Probiotics
11.4.2 Selection of Probiotics
11.5 Future Perspectives
11.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 12 Clinically-relevant Herb–Drug Interactions: Current Status and Practical Considerations
12.1 Herb–Drug Interactions: A Brief Historical Perspective
12.2 Popularity of BDS and the Risks for HDI
12.3 Clinically Relevant Herb–Drug Interactions: Current Status
12.3.1 Clinically Relevant Pharmacokinetic-mediated HDI (Table 12.1)
12.3.2 Clinically Relevant Pharmacodynamic-mediated HDI (Table 12.2)
12.3.3 Why so Few Clinically Relevant HDI?
12.4 Key Factors When Conducting and Interpreting Clinical HDI Studies
12.4.1 Clinical HDI Study Designs and Outcomes
12.4.2 Accounting for Phytochemical Content and Variability
12.4.3 BDS Dosage Form Performance
12.4.4 Novel DS Dosage Forms: Improving Efficacy or Augmenting HDI Potential
12.4.5 Adulteration and Contamination Issues
12.5 The Current Knowledge Gap
References
Subject Index