Nuclear and Particle Physics

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 What is the Subject of Nuclear and Particle Physics?
1.2 Historical Development of Nuclear and Elementary Particle Physics
1.3 Relevance of Nuclear and Particle Physics; Open Questions
1.4 Survey About the Concept of This Textbook
References
General Literature
2 Structure of Atomic Nuclei
2.1 Experimental Methods
2.2 Charge, Size and Mass of Nuclei
2.3 Mass- and Charge-Distribution within the Nucleus
2.3.1 Mass Density Distribution within the Nucleus
2.3.2 Charge Distribution in the Nucleus
2.4 Buildup of Nuclei by Nucleons; Isotopes and Isobars
2.5 Nuclear Angular Momenta, Magnetic and Electric Moments
2.5.1 Nuclear Magnetic Moments
2.5.2 Electric Quadrupole Moments
2.6 Binding Energy of Nuclei
2.6.1 Experimental Results
2.6.2 Nucleon Configuration and Pauli-Principle
2.6.3 Liquid Drop Model of Nuclei; Bethe-Weizsäcker Formula
Summary
Problems
References
3 Unstable Nuclei, Radioactivity
3.1 Stability Criteria; Stable and Unstable Nuclei
3.2 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactivity
3.2.1 Decay Laws
3.2.2 Natural Radioactivity
3.2.3 Deacy Chains
3.3 Alpha-Decay
3.4 Beta-Decay
3.4.1 Experimental Results
3.4.2 Neutrino-Hypothesis
3.4.3 Model of Beta-Decay
3.4.4 Experimental Methods for the Investigation of the ß-Deacy
3.4.5 Electron Capture
3.4.6 Energy Balance and Decay Types
3.5 Gamma Radiation
3.5.1 Observations
3.5.2 Multipole Transitions and Transition Probabilities
3.5.3 Conversion Processes
3.5.4 Nuclear Isomers
Summary
Problems
References
General Literature
4 Experimental Techniques and Equipment in Nuclear- and High Energy Physics
4.1 Accelerators
4.1.1 Velocity, Momentum and Acceleration of Particles at Relativistic Energies
4.1.2 Basic Physics of Accelerators
4.1.3 Electrostatic Accelerators
4.1.4 High-Frequency Accelerators
4.1.5 Acceleration by Lasers
4.1.6 Circular Accelerators
4.1.6.1 Cyclotron
4.1.6.2 Betatron
4.1.6.3 Synchrotron
4.1.7 Stabilization of the Particle Path in Accelerators
4.1.7.1 Vertical Stabilization
4.1.7.2 Radial Stabilization
4.1.7.3 Alternating Field Gradient
4.1.7.4 Synchrotron Oscillations
4.1.8 Storage Rings
4.1.9 Synchrotron Radiation
4.1.10 The Large Colliders
4.1.11 The Large Hadron Collider LHC
4.2 Interaction of Particles with Matter
4.2.1 Charged Heavy Particles
4.2.2 Energy Loss of Electrons
4.2.3 Interaction of Gamma Radiation with Matter
4.2.4 Interaction of Neutrons with Matter
4.3 Detectors
4.3.1 Ionization Chamber; Proportional Counter; Geiger-Counter
4.3.2 Scintillation Counters
4.3.3 Semiconductor Counters
4.3.4 Trace Detectors
4.3.5 Cerenkov-Detector
4.3.6 Detectors in High Energy Physics
4.4 Scattering Experiments
4.4.1 Basics of Relativistic Kinematics
4.4.2 Elastic Scattering
4.4.3 What Do We Learn from Scattering Experiments?
4.5 Nuclear Spectroscopy
4.5.1 Gamma-Spectroscopy
4.5.2 Beta-Spectrometer
Summary
Problems
References
5 Nuclear Forces and Nuclear Models
5.1 The Deuteron
5.2 Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering
5.2.1 Basic Fundamentals
5.2.2 Spin-Dependence of the Nuclear Forces
5.2.3 The Charge-Independence of the Nuclear Forces
5.3 Isospin Formalism
5.4 Meson-Exchange Model of Nuclear Forces
5.5 Different Models of the Nucleus
5.5.1 Nucleons as Fermi-Gas.
5.5.2 Shell-Model of Nuclei
5.6 Rotation and Vibration of Nuclei
5.6.1 Deformed Nuclei
5.6.2 Rotating Nuclei
5.6.3 Nuclear Vibrations
5.7 Experimental Detection of Excited Nuclear Rotational- and Vibrational States
Summary
Problems
References
6 Nuclear Reactions
6.1 Basic Foundations
6.1.1 Inelastic Scatterring with Nuclear Excitation
6.1.2 Reactive Scattering
6.1.3 Collision-Induced Nuclear Fission
6.1.4 Energy Threshold
6.1.5 Reaction Cross Section
6.2 Conservation Laws
6.2.1 Conservation of the Nucleon Number
6.2.2 Conservation of the Electric Charge
6.2.3 Conservation of Angular Momentum
6.2.4 Conservation of Parity
6.3 Special Collision-Induced Nuclear Reactions
6.3.1 The (\alpha, p)-Reaction
6.3.2 The ( {{\varvec \alpha}} , n)-Reaction.
6.4 Collision-Induced Radioactivity
6.5 Nuclear Fission
6.5.1 Spontaneous Nuclear Fission
6.5.2 Collision-Induced Fission of Light Nuclei
6.5.3 Collision-Induced Fission of Heavy Nuclei
6.5.4 Energy Balance of Nuclear Fission
6.6 Nuclear Fusion
6.7 Generation of Trans-Uranium Elements
Summary
Problems
References
7 Physics of Elementary Particles
7.1 The Discovery of Muons and Pions
7.2 The Zoo of Elementary Particles
7.2.1 Lifetime of the Pion
7.2.2 Spin of the Pion
7.2.3 Parity of π-Mesons
7.2.4 The Discovery of More Particles
7.2.5 Classification of the Elementary Particles
7.2.6 Quantum Numbers and Conservation Laws
7.3 Leptons
7.4 The Quark Model
7.4.1 The Eightfold Way
7.4.2 Quarkmodel of Mesons
7.4.3 Charm-Quark and Charmonium
7.4.4 Quark-Composition of Mesons
7.4.5 Quark Composition of the Baryons
7.4.6 Color Charges
7.4.7 Experimental Hints to the Existence of Quarks
7.4.8 Quark Families
7.4.9 Valence Quarks and Sea-Quarks
7.5 Quantum-Chromodynamics
7.5.1 Gluons
7.5.2 Quark-Gluon-Model of Hadrons; Quark-Confinement
7.5.3 The Masses of Quarks
7.6 Strong and Weak Interaction
7.6.1 W- and Z-Bosons as Exchange Particles of the Weak Interaction
7.6.2 Real W- and Z-Bosons
7.6.3 Parity Violation for the Weak Interaction
7.6.4 The CPT-Symmetry
7.6.5 Conservation Laws, Symmetries and Stability of Particles
7.7 The Standard Model of Particle Physics
7.8 New Theories, Up to Now Not Confirmed Experimentally
References
8 Applications of Nuclear- and High Energy Physics
8.1 Radio-Nuclide Applications
8.1.1 Radiation Doses, Units and Measuring Techniques
8.1.2 Technical Applications
8.1.3 Applications in Biology and Food Inspection
8.1.4 Application in Medicine
8.1.5 Detection of Tiny Atom Concentrations by Activation of Radio-Active Nuclei
8.1.6 Radio-Active Age Determination
8.1.7 Hydrological Applications
8.2 Applications of Accelerators
8.3 Nuclear Reactors
8.3.1 Chain Reactions
8.3.2 Classification of Nuclear Reactors
8.3.3 Structure of a Nuclear Reactor
8.3.4 Operation and Control of a Nuclear Reactor
8.3.5 Nuclear Reactor Types
8.3.5.1 Graphite Moderated Reactors
8.3.5.2 The High Temperature Pebble Bed Reactor
8.3.5.3 Breeding Reactors
8.3.6 Safety of Nuclear Reactors
8.3.6.1 Control of the Chain-Reaction
8.3.6.2 Heat Removal
8.3.6.3 Radiation Protection
8.3.7 Radio-Active Waste Disposal and Management
8.3.8 New Concepts
8.3.9 Advantages and Drawbacks of Nuclear Fission Energy
8.4 Controlled Nuclear Fusion
8.4.1 General Requirements
8.4.2 Magnetic Confinement
8.4.3 Plasma Heating
8.4.4 Laser-Induced Nuclear Fusion
References
9 Solutions to the Problems
Appendix_1
Useful Conversion Factors
The Greek Alphabet
Values of the Physical Fundamental Constantsa
Astronomical Constants
Index