Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1: Achillea biebersteinii Afan.
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Distribution and Status of Species
1.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses
1.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques
1.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities
1.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
1.5.2 Antinociceptive and Analgesic Activity
1.5.3 Wound Healing Activity
1.5.4 Central Nervous System Activity
1.5.5 Anticancer Activity
1.5.6 Insecticidal Activity
1.5.7 Antidiabetic Activity
1.5.8 Antimicrobial, Antifungal, and Antiprotozoal Activity
1.5.9 Protective of the Liver and Kidney
1.5.10 Other Activities
1.6 Clinical Studies
1.7 Toxicological Studies
1.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies
1.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
1.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
2: Aesculus hippocastanum L.
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Description of Aesculus hippocastanum L.
2.1.2 Synonyms
2.1.3 Local Names
2.1.4 Occurrence/Habitat
2.1.5 Registered Pharmacopoeias and Monographs
2.1.6 Importance
2.1.7 Objective of This Chapter
2.2 Distribution and Status of Species
2.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses: In Turkey and Throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
2.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques (Classification and Structures of Few Representatives)
2.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities (All Major Therapeutic Activity with In Vitro and In Vivo Studies, Mechanism of Action)
2.5.1 In Vitro Assays
Anti-inflammatory Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Antibacterial Activity
Antifungal Activity
Antiviral Activity
Cytotoxic Activity
Vasoactive Effects
2.5.2 In Vivo Assays
Anti-Obesity Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Anti-inflammatory Activity
Antidiabetic Activity
Antidiabetic Neuropathy Activity
Hepatoprotective Activity
Anticancer Activity
2.6 Clinical Studies (Ongoing, Proposed, and Completed Studies)
2.6.1 Anti-inflammatory Activity
2.6.2 Anticoagulant Activity
2.6.3 Anticancer Activity
2.6.4 Antihematoma Activity
2.6.5 Anti-Infertility Activity
2.6.6 Gastroprotective Effect
2.7 Toxicological Studies (Dose and Safety Profile, Acute, Chronic, and Mutagenicity Studies to Demonstrate Broad Spectrum Safety, GARS Status)
2.7.1 Dose and Safety Profile
Internal Usage
External Usage
Mode of Administration and Dosage
Side Effects
Contraindications
Pregnancy and Lactation
Warnings
Drug Interactions and Other Interactions
2.7.2 Acute, Chronic, and Mutagenicity Studies to Demonstrate Broad Spectrum Safety
Acute Toxicity
Subacute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity
2.7.3 GRAS Status
2.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies (with Special Focus on Bioavailability and Metabolism of Active Constituents)
2.8.1 Commercial Formulations/Products
2.8.2 Pharmacokinetic Studies
2.8.3 Clinical Safety
2.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
2.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as a Potential Drug Candidate
References
3: Berberis crataegina DC.
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Distribution and Status of Species
3.3 Traditional/Ethnomedical/Local Uses
3.4 Bioactive Composition
3.4.1 Phenolics, Organic Acid, and Mineral Components
3.4.2 Alkaloid Content of B. crataegina
3.5 Pharmacological Activities
3.5.1 Anti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, and Antipyretic Activities
3.5.2 Antioxidant Activity
3.5.3 Antimicrobial Activity
3.5.4 Use of Diabetes Treatment
3.6 Toxicological Studies
3.6.1 In Vitro, Genotoxicity, and Cytotoxicity
3.6.2 Acute Toxicity
3.6.3 Sub-Acute Toxicity
3.6.4 Sub-Chronic Toxicity
3.6.5 Chronic Toxicity
3.6.6 Clinical Toxicity
3.7 Pharmacokinetic Studies
3.8 Conclusion
References
4: Calendula officinalis L.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Distribution and Status of Species
4.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses
4.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques
4.4.1 Triterpene Saponosides
4.4.2 Triterpene Alcohol and Esters
4.4.3 Phenolic Components
4.4.4 Carotenoids
4.4.5 Volatile Components
4.4.6 Other Components
4.5 Scientific Evidences
4.5.1 In Vivo and In Vitro Studies
4.5.2 Antimicrobial
4.5.3 Antiviral
4.5.4 Antioxidant
4.5.5 Immunomodulatory
4.5.6 Cytotoxic
4.5.7 Antitumor
4.5.8 Wound Healing
4.5.9 Analgesic
4.5.10 Anti-inflammatory
4.5.11 Hepatoprotective and Renoprotective
4.5.12 Antigenotoxic
4.5.13 Cytoprotective
4.6 Clinical Studies
4.6.1 Wound Healing
4.6.2 Antioxidant
4.6.3 Anticandidal
4.6.4 Cosmetic
4.7 Toxicological Studies
4.7.1 Acute Toxicity
4.7.2 Chronic Toxicity
4.7.3 Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity
4.7.4 Pregnancy Toxicity
4.7.5 Reproductive Toxicity
4.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies
4.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
4.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
5: Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Origin, Distribution, and Cultivation
5.1.2 Economic Importance
5.1.3 Chemical Components
5.1.4 Biological Activities
5.1.5 Traditional Uses
5.1.6 Medicinal Uses
5.2 Effect of Camellia sinensis on Reproduction
5.3 Conclusion and Recommendation for Future Research
References
6: Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Distribution and Status of the Species
6.3 Traditional/Ethnomedicinal Uses
6.4 Composition
6.5 Pharmacological Activities
6.5.1 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity
6.5.2 Antibacterial Activity
6.5.3 Anticancer Activity
6.5.4 Antihemorrhoidal Activity
6.5.5 Anti-inflammatory Activity
6.5.6 Antioxidant Activity
6.5.7 Antihemorrhagic Activity
6.5.8 Cholesterol-Lowering Activity
6.5.9 Hepatoprotective Activity
6.5.10 Neuroprotective Activity
6.5.11 Sexual Function
6.5.12 Other Activities/Usages
6.6 Side Effects
6.7 Toxicity
6.8 Commercial Formulations
6.8.1 Commercial Preparations Related to Well-being
6.8.2 Cosmetic Preparations
6.9 Gap between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
6.10 Challenges and Future Recommendation
References
7: Capsicum annuum L.
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Description of Capsicum annuum L.
7.1.2 Taxonomical Aspect with Photograph
7.1.3 Synonyms
7.1.4 Local Names
7.1.5 Occurrence/Habitat
7.1.6 Importance
7.1.7 Objective of This Chapter
7.2 Distribution and Status of Species
7.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses: In Turkey and Throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
7.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques (Classification and Structures of Few Representatives)
7.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities (All Major Therapeutic Activity with In Vitro and In Vivo Studies and Mechanism of Action)
7.5.1 In Vitro Studies
Antioxidant Activity
Antibacterial Activity
Antiviral Activity
Antiproliferative Activity
Anti-Adipogenic Activity
Antimutagenic Activity
Enzyme Inhibitory Activity
7.5.2 In Vivo Studies
Anti-inflammatory Activity
Hepatoprotective Activity
Antidiabetic Activity
Renoprotective Activity
Hypocholesterolemic Activity
Antitumor Activity
Anti-Obesity Activity
Analgesic Activity
Gastric Acid Secretory Activity
7.6 Clinical Studies (Ongoing, Proposed, and Completed)
7.6.1 Food Craving Activity
7.6.2 Anti-Reflux Activity
7.6.3 UV-Induced Skin Damage Suppression Activity
7.6.4 Anti-Obesity Activity
7.7 Toxicological Studies (Dose and Safety Profile; Acute, Chronic, and Mutagenicity Studies to Demonstrate Broad Spectrum Safety; GRAS Status)
7.7.1 Dose and Safety Profile
Internal Usage
External Usage
Method of Administration
Contraindications
Interactions with Other Medications
Pregnancy and Lactation
Works that Required Attention
Overdose
Duration of Use
7.7.2 Acute, Chronic, and Mutagenicity Studies to Demonstrate Broad Spectrum Safety
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity
7.7.3 GRAS Status
7.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies (with Special Focus on Bioavailability and Metabolism of Active Constituents)
7.8.1 Commercial Formulations/Products
7.8.2 Pharmacokinetic Studies
7.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
7.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as a Potential Drug Candidate
References
8: Cedrus libani A. Rich
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Ethnobotanical Use
8.3 Chemical Composition
8.4 Pharmacological Activities
References
9: Chelidonium majus L.
9.1 Species (Family)
9.2 Synonym(s)
9.3 Botanical Description
9.4 Part(s) Used
9.5 Distribution of Chelidonium majus L.
9.6 Local Names
9.7 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses: In Turkey and Throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
9.8 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques (Classification and Structures of Few Representatives)
9.9 Other Components
9.10 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities (all Major Therapeutic Activity with In Vitro and In Vivo Studies and Mechanism of Action)
9.10.1 Antibacterial Activity
9.10.2 Antiviral Activity
References
10: Cichorium intybus L.
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Distribution and Status of the Species
10.3 Traditional/Ethnomedicinal Uses
10.4 Composition
10.5 Pharmacological Activities
10.5.1 Antidiabetic Activity
10.5.2 In Vitro Activity
10.5.3 Antibacterial Activity
10.5.4 Antiparasitic Activity
10.5.5 Anticancer Activity
10.5.6 Anti-inflammatory Activity
10.5.7 Antioxidant Activity
10.5.8 Cardiovascular Activity
10.5.9 Cholesterol Lowering Activity
10.5.10 Endocrine
10.5.11 Gastro-Intestinal Activity
10.5.12 Hepatoprotective Activity
10.5.13 Lung
10.5.14 Neuroprotective Activity
10.5.15 Sexual Function
10.5.16 Anti-Gout Activity
10.5.17 Kidney Protective
10.5.18 Other Activities/Usages
10.6 Side Effects
10.7 Toxicity
10.8 Commercial Formulations
10.8.1 Commercial Preparations Related to Well-being
10.8.2 Cosmetic Preparations
10.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
10.10 Challenges and Future Recommendation
References
11: Cistus laurifolius L.
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Distribution
11.1.2 Chemical Composition
11.1.3 Biological Activities
11.1.4 Toxicological Studies
11.2 Conclusion
References
12: Coriandrum sativum L.
12.1 Introduction
12.2 General Information
12.3 Origin and Distribution
12.4 Traditional and Ethnomedicinal Uses
12.5 Nutritional and Bioactive Composition
12.5.1 Essential Oils
12.5.2 Lipids
12.5.3 Phenolic Compounds
12.5.4 Carotenoids
12.5.5 Water-Soluble Constituents
12.6 Pharmacological Activities
12.6.1 Analgesic Activity
12.6.2 Anticonvulsant Activity
12.6.3 Antidiabetic Activity
12.6.4 Antihypertensive Activity
12.6.5 Antimicrobial Activity
12.6.6 Antioxidant Activity
12.6.7 Antiparasitic Activity
12.6.8 Anxiolytic Activity
12.6.9 Diuretic Activity
12.6.10 Hepatoprotective Activity
12.6.11 Hypolipidemic Activity
12.6.12 Neuroprotective Effect
12.7 Clinical Studies
12.8 Toxicological Studies
12.9 Conclusion
References
13: Cornus mas L.
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Geographical Distribution and Status
13.1.2 Ethnomedicinal and Other Traditional Usages
13.2 Chemical Compositions
13.3 Pharmacological Activities
13.3.1 Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity
13.3.2 Anti-diabetic and Anti-obesity Activities
13.3.3 Epilepsy
13.3.4 Protective Properties
13.3.5 Cosmetic Accordance
13.3.6 Cytotoxic Activities
13.4 Clinical Studies
13.5 Toxicity Studies
13.6 Available Products
13.6.1 Pharmacokinetics
13.7 Comparison of Ethnobotanical Data and Scientific Studies
13.8 Conclusions
References
14: Curcuma longa L.
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Botanical Aspects
14.1.2 Local Names
14.1.3 Used Parts
14.2 Distribution and Status of Species
14.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses: In Turkey and Throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
14.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques
14.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities
14.5.1 Antiinflammatory Activity
14.5.2 Anticancer Activity
14.5.3 Activity Against Peptic Ulcer and Reflux Esophagitis
14.5.4 Choleretic Effect
14.5.5 Hepatoprotective Effect
14.5.6 Antidepressant Effect
14.5.7 Antifungal, Antibacterial, Antiviral Effect
14.5.8 Anthelmintic Activity
14.5.9 Antioxidant Activity
14.5.10 Cardiovascular Diseases
14.5.11 Diabetes
14.5.12 Neurodegenerative Diseases
14.6 Clinical Studies
14.6.1 Antiinflammatory Activity
14.6.2 Effects on Gallbladder
14.6.3 Anticancer Effect
14.6.4 Antidiabetic Activity
14.6.5 Cardiovascular Diseases
14.6.6 Ulcerative Colitis
14.6.7 Dermatological Disorders
14.7 Toxicological Studies
14.7.1 Single-Dose Toxicity
14.7.2 Repeat Dose Toxicity
14.7.3 Genotoxicity
14.7.4 Reproductive and Development Toxicity
14.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies
14.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
14.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
15: Cydonia oblonga Mill.
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Description of Cydonia oblonga Mill.
15.1.2 Taxonomical Aspect with Photograph
15.1.3 Synonyms
15.1.4 Local Names
15.1.5 Occurrence/Habitat
15.1.6 Importance
15.1.7 Objective of This Chapter
15.2 Distribution and Status of Species
15.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses: In Turkey and Throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
15.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques (Classification and Structures of Few Representatives)
15.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities (All Major Therapeutic Activity with In Vitro and In Vivo Studies, Mechanism of Action)
15.5.1 In Vitro Studies
Antiproliferative Activity
Proliferative Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Antimicrobial Activity
Anti-inflammatory Activity
Antihaemolytic Activity
15.5.2 In Vivo Studies
Antidepressant Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Wound Healing Activity
Effect on UV Damage
Antihyperlipidaemic Activity
Antihypertensive Activity
Antihyperglycaemic Activity
Effect on Male Sexual Dysfunction
Antithrombotic Activity
Nootropic Activity
Effect on Ulcerative Colitis
Antiulcer Activity
Antiatheresclerotic Activity
15.6 Clinical Studies (Ongoing, Proposed and Completed Studies)
15.6.1 Effect on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
15.6.2 Effect on Menstrual Bleeding
15.6.3 Effect on Nausea and Vomiting
15.7 Toxicological Studies (Dose and Safety Profile, Acute, Chronic and Mutagenicity Studies to Demonstrate Broad-Spectrum Safety, GRAS Status)
15.7.1 Dose and Safety Profile
Internal Usage
External Usage
Method of Administration
Contraindications
Interactions with Other Medications
Pregnancy and Lactation
Works Required Attention
Overdose
Duration of Use
15.7.2 Acute, Chronic and Mutagenicity Studies to Demonstrate Broad-Spectrum Safety
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity
15.7.3 GRAS Status
15.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods and Pharmacokinetic Studies (with Special Focus on Bioavailability and Metabolism of Active Constituents)
15.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
15.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
16: Cynara scolymus L.
16.1 Introductions
16.2 Distribution and Status of Species
16.3 Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses: In Turkey and Throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
16.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques (Classification and Structures of Few Representatives)
16.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities (All Major Therapeutic Activity with In Vitro and In Vivo Studies, Mechanism of Action)
16.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
16.5.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity
16.5.3 Antimicrobial Activity
16.5.4 Antiparasitic Activity
16.5.5 Anti-Acetylcholinesterase (Anti-AChE) Activity
16.5.6 Effects on Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
16.5.7 Prebiotic Effects
16.5.8 Protective Effects
16.5.9 Anticancer Effects
16.5.10 Antiaging Effects
16.5.11 Antispasmodic Activity
16.5.12 Xanthin Oxidase Inhibitory Activity
16.5.13 Effects on Cardiac Muscle
16.6 Clinical Studies
16.7 Toxicological Studies
16.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies (with Special Focus on Bioavailability and Metabolism of Active Constituents)
16.9 Gap between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
16.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
17: Equisetum arvense L.
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Distribution and Status of Species
17.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses
17.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques
17.5 Scientific Evidences
17.5.1 Antioxidant Effect
17.5.2 Anticancer Effect
17.5.3 Antimicrobial Effect
17.5.4 Activity on Smooth Muscles
17.5.5 Central Nervous Effect
17.5.6 Dermatological Effects
17.5.7 Antidiabetic Effect
17.5.8 Anti-inflammatory and Antinociceptive Effects
17.5.9 Effects on Urinary System
17.5.10 Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation
17.5.11 Hepatoprotective Effect
17.5.12 Anti-leishmanial Effects
17.5.13 Effect on Bones
17.5.14 Effect on RBC Membrane Stability
17.5.15 Hyaluronidase Inhibitory Activity
17.6 Clinical Studies
17.7 Toxicological Studies
17.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies
17.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
17.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
18: Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Botanical Description
18.2 Distribution and Status of Species
18.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses in Turkey and Throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
18.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques (Classification and Structures of Few Representatives)
18.4.1 Essential Oil
18.4.2 Phenolic Compounds
18.4.3 Other Compounds
18.4.4 Nutritional Composition
18.4.5 Extraction Techniques
18.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities
18.5.1 In Vitro Studies
Larvicidal Activity
Acaricidal Activity
Antiosteoporotic Activity
Anti-hyaluronidase Activity
Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Antiplatelet Activity
Antitumour Activity
Insect Repellent Activity
Anaesthetic Activity
Secretolytic and Expectorant Activity
Effect on the Muscular System
18.5.2 In Vivo Studies
Effect on the Nervous System
Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity
Antidiabetic Activity
Antigenotoxic Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Antiosteoporotic Activity
Antitumour Activity
Effect on the Liver
Estrogenic Effect
Effect on the Digestive System
Other Effects
18.6 Clinical Studies
18.6.1 Effect on the Nervous System
18.6.2 Insect Repellent Effect
18.6.3 Estrogenic Effect
18.6.4 Effect on the Digestive System
18.7 Toxicological Studies
18.7.1 Acute Toxicity
18.7.2 Subchronic Toxicity
18.7.3 Reproductive Toxicity
18.7.4 Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity, and Teratogenicity
18.7.5 GARS Status
18.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies
18.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
18.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
19: Fraxiınus ornus L.
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Distribution
19.1.2 Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses
19.2 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition
19.2.1 Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition
19.2.2 Extraction
19.3 Pharmacological Activities
19.3.1 Antioxidant Activity
19.3.2 Antimicrobial Activity
19.3.3 Antiviral Activity
19.3.4 Anti-inflammatory Activity
19.3.5 Skin-Regenerating Activity
19.3.6 Anticoccidial Activity
19.3.7 Hypoglycemic Activity
19.4 Clinical and Toxicological Studies
19.4.1 Clinical Study
19.4.2 Toxicological Study
19.5 Available Commercial Products
19.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
20: Fumaria officinalis L.
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Distribution and Status of Species
20.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses
20.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques
20.5 Scientific Evidences
20.6 Clinical Studies
20.7 Toxicological Studies
20.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies
20.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
20.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
21: Helichrysum plicatum DC.
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Distribution and Status of Species
21.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses
21.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques
21.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities
21.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
21.5.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity
21.5.3 Antiurolithiatic Activity
21.5.4 Insecticidal Activity
21.5.5 Central Nervous System Activity
21.5.6 Anticancer Activity
21.5.7 Antidiabetic Activity
21.5.8 Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity
21.5.9 Protective of Liver and Kidney
21.5.10 Other Activities
21.6 Clinical Studies
21.7 Toxicological Studies
21.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies
21.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
21.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
22: Hyoscyamus niger L.
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Origin, Distribution, and Local Names
22.3 Ethnobotanical Uses
22.4 Phytochemistry
22.5 Biological Activities
22.6 Toxic Effects
References
23: Juglans regia L.
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Distribution and Status of Species
23.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses: In Turkey and throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
23.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques
23.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities
23.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
23.5.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity
23.5.3 Cardiovascular Activity
23.5.4 Central Nervous System Activity
23.5.5 Anticancer Activity
23.5.6 Antidiabetic Activity
23.5.7 Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity
23.5.8 Protective of Liver and Kidney
23.5.9 Other Activities
23.6 Clinical Studies
23.6.1 Cardiovascular Activity
23.6.2 Antidiabetic Activity
23.7 Toxicological Studies
23.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies
23.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidence
23.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
24: Laurus nobilis L.
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Distribution and Status of Species
24.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses
24.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques
24.4.1 Essential Oil
24.4.2 Fixed Oils
24.4.3 Sesquiterpenoids
24.4.4 Norisoprenoids
24.4.5 Tocopherols
24.4.6 Flavonoids
24.4.7 Proanthocyanidins
24.4.8 Other Phenolic Compounds
24.4.9 Others
24.5 Scientific Evidences
24.5.1 In vitro Studies
Antimicrobial
Antiviral
Antidiabetic
Antioxidant Activity
Antiproliferative
Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory
Anticholinergic Activity
Insecticidal
Antiprotozoal
Cytotoxic
Neuroprotective Effect
Other Activities
24.5.2 In vivo Studies
Anticonvulsant
Antidiabetic
Antidiarrheal
Antioxidant
Antiprotozoal
Gastroprotective
Hepatoprotective
Wound Healing
Neuroprotective
Other Activities
24.6 Clinical Studies
24.7 Toxicological Studies
24.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods and Pharmacokinetic Studies
24.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
24.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
25: Liquidambar orientalis Miller
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Origin and Distribution
25.3 Botanical Properties
25.4 Uses
25.5 Chemistry
25.5.1 Compounds
25.5.2 Phenolic Components
25.6 Pharmacological Uses
25.6.1 Antimicrobial Effects
25.6.2 Antioxidant Capacity
25.6.3 Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity, and Mutagenicity
25.6.4 In Vivo Experiments
25.6.5 Anti-Methanogenic Potential
25.6.6 Molecular Studies
25.7 Toxicity Studies
25.7.1 Contact Toxicity
25.7.2 Fumigant Toxicity
25.7.3 Hepatotoxicity
25.8 Precautions and Adverse Reactions
25.8.1 Overdosage
25.8.2 Dosages
25.9 Challenges and Future Recommendation as Potential Drug Candidate
References
26: Matricaria chamomilla L.
26.1 Introduction
26.1.1 Description of Matricaria chamomilla L.
26.1.2 Taxonomical Aspect with Photograph
26.1.3 Synonyms
26.1.4 Local Names
26.1.5 Occurrence/Habitat
26.1.6 Importance
26.1.7 Objective of This Chapter
26.2 Distribution and Status of Species
26.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses in Turkey and Throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
26.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques (Classification and Structures of Few Representatives)
26.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities (All Major Therapeutic Activities with In Vitro and In Vivo Studies, Mechanism of Action)
26.5.1 In Vitro Studies
Anti-inflammatory Activity
Antimicrobial Activity
Antioxidant Activity
Antispasmodic Activity
Chemopreventive Activity
Enzyme İnhibitory Activity
Antiparasidic Activity
26.5.2 In Vivo Studies
Anti-inflammatory Activity
Chemopreventive Activity
Neuroprotective Activity
Antiulcer Activity
Antipruritic Activity
Sedative Activity
Nephroprotective Activity
Antidiarrheal and Antioxidant Activity
Wound Healing Activity
Immunomodulating Activity
26.5.3 Ex Vivo Studies
Antispasmodic Activity
26.6 Clinical Studies (Ongoing, Proposed, and Completed Studies)
26.6.1 Anxiolytic Effect
26.6.2 The Effect on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
26.6.3 The Platelets Activity
26.6.4 Effect on Knee Osteoarthritis
26.6.5 Effect on Migraine
26.6.6 Effect on Breast Pain (Mastalgia)
26.6.7 Effect on Minor Aphthous Stomatitis
26.7 Toxicological Studies (Dose and Safety Profile, Acute, Chronic, and Mutagenicity Studies to Demonstrate Broad Spectrum Safety, GARS Status)
26.7.1 Dose and Safety Profile
Internal Usage
External Usage
Method of Administration
Contraindications
Interactions with Other Medications
Pregnancy and Lactation
Works Required Attention
Overdose
Duration of Use
26.7.2 Acute, Chronic, and Mutagenicity Studies to Demonstrate Broad Spectrum Safety
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity
26.7.3 GRAS Status
26.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies (with Special Focus on Bioavailability and Metabolism of Active Constituents)
26.8.1 Commercial Formulations/Products
26.8.2 Pharmacokinetic Studies
26.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
26.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
27: Melissa officinalis L.
27.1 Introduction
27.1.1 Description of Melissa officinalis L.
27.1.2 Taxonomical Aspect with Photograph
27.1.3 Synonyms
27.1.4 Local Names
27.1.5 Occurrence/Habitat
27.1.6 Registered Pharmacopoeias and Monographs
27.1.7 Importance
27.1.8 Objective of This Chapter
27.2 Distribution and Status of Species
27.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses in Turkey and Throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
27.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques (Classification and Structures of Few Representatives)
27.4.1 Volatile Compounds
27.4.2 Triterpenes
27.4.3 Phenolic Compounds
Phenolic Acids
Flavonoids
27.4.4 Other Compounds
27.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities (All Major Therapeutic Activity with In Vitro and In Vivo Studies, Mechanism of Action)
27.5.1 Antiviral Effect
In Vitro Experiments
27.5.2 Antimicrobial Effect
In Vitro Experiments
27.5.3 Antispazmodic Effect
In Vitro Experiments
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.4 Antioxidant Capacity
In Vitro Experiments
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.5 Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Effect
In Vitro Experiments
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.6 Enzyme Inhibition Effect
In Vitro Experiment
27.5.7 Genotoxic Effect
In Vitro Experiments
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.8 Sedative Effect
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.9 Antidepressant Effect
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.10 Anxiolytic Effect
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.11 Antiulcer Effect
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.12 Anti-inflammatory Effect
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.13 Antinociceptive Effect
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.14 Hypolipidemic Effect
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.15 Antidiabetic Effect
In Vivo Experiments
27.5.16 Effect of Cardiovascular System
27.5.17 Neuroprotective Effect
27.6 Clinical Studies (Ongoing, Proposed, and Completed Studies)
27.6.1 Effect on Cognitive Performance and Attention Increase
27.6.2 Effect on Alzheimer Disease
27.6.3 Sedative Effect
27.6.4 Antispazmodic Effect
27.6.5 Antiviral Effect
27.6.6 Analgesic Effect
27.6.7 Effect on Cardiovascular System and Diabetes
27.6.8 Effect on Anxiety and Insomnia
27.7 Toxicological Studies (Dose and Safety Profile, Acute, Chronic, and Mutagenicity Studies to Demonstrate Broad Spectrum Safety, GARS Status)
27.7.1 Dose and Safety Profile
Internal Usage
Adults
External Usage
Adults
Method of Administration
Contraindications
Interactions with Other Medications
Pregnancy and Lactation
Works Required Attention
Overdose
Duration of Use
27.7.2 Acute, Chronic, and Mutagenicity Studies to Demonstrate Broad Spectrum Safety
Acute Toxicity
Chronic Toxicity
Mutagenicity and Teratogenicity
27.7.3 GRAS Status
27.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies (with Special Focus on Bioavailability and Metabolism of Active Constituents)
27.8.1 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Method
27.8.2 Pharmacokinetic Studies
27.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
27.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
28: Momordica charantia L.
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Bioactive and Nutritional Composition of Momordica charantia, Existing Extraction Techniques, and Biological Applications of These Components
28.2.1 Phenolic Compounds and Flavonoids
28.2.2 Saponins and Terpenoids
28.2.3 Proteins and Peptides
28.2.4 Polysaccharides
28.2.5 Other Components
28.3 Preclinical Pharmacological Activities of Momordica charantia
28.3.1 Antidiabetes Effects of Bitter Melon
28.3.2 Antiobesity Effects of Bitter Melon
28.3.3 Antidyslipidemia Effects of Bitter Melon
28.3.4 Anticancer Effects of Bitter Melon
Breast Cancer
Ovarian Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Liver Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Gastric Cancer
Head and Neck Carcinoma (Oral Cancer)
Lung Cancer
Leukemia
28.3.5 Anti-inflammatory Effects of Bitter Melon
Colitis
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Macrophages Inflammation
Pulmonary Epithelial Cells Inflammation
Sepsis
28.3.6 Antimicrobial Effects of Bitter Melon
28.3.7 Antimalarial Effects of Bitter Melon
28.3.8 Neuroprotective Effects of Bitter Melon
Alzheimer’s Disease and Memory Deficits
Neuroinflammation
Anxiety and Depression
Cerebral Ischemia
28.3.9 Hepatoprotective Effects of Bitter Melon
28.3.10 Renoprotective Effects of Bitter Melon
28.3.11 Reproductive Health Effects of Bitter Melon
28.3.12 Antiulcer Effects of Bitter Melon
28.3.13 Wound-Healing Effects of Bitter Melon
28.3.14 Miscellaneous Effects of Bitter Melon
28.4 Clinical Studies
28.5 Safety, Toxicity, and Drug Interactions of Momordica charantia
28.6 Available Commercial Formulations/Products and Pharmacokinetics Studies
28.7 Conclusion and Future Direction
References
29: Nigella sativa L.
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Systematic Position
29.3 Common Names (English)
29.4 Local Names
29.5 Etymology
29.6 Botanical Description of N. sativa L.
29.7 Distribution and Status of N. sativa L.
29.8 Comparison of Traditional Uses of N. sativa L. in Turkey and Throughout the World
29.9 Bioactive and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques of N. sativa L.
29.9.1 Lipids and Sterols
29.9.2 Aromatic Compounds
29.9.3 Saponosides
29.9.4 Polyphenols and Flavonoids
29.9.5 Alkaloids
29.9.6 Proteins
29.9.7 Vitamins and Minerals
29.10 Pharmacological Properties of N. sativa L.
29.10.1 Antioxidant Properties
In Vitro Studies
In Vivo Studies
29.10.2 Antihistaminic Properties
29.10.3 Anti-inflammatory Properties
In Vitro Studies
In Vivo Studies
29.10.4 Immunomodulatory Properties
29.10.5 Anti-infectious Properties
Antimicrobial Properties
Antifungal Properties
Antiviral Properties
Anti-parasitic Properties
Antidiabetic Properties
29.10.6 Cardiovascular Properties
Direct Anti-hypertensive Action
Action on Hyperlipidaemia and Atherosclerosis
29.10.7 Gastrointestinal Properties
29.10.8 Antihepatotoxic, Hepatoprotective, and Antinephrotoxic Properties
Hepatoprotective Action
Nephroprotective Activity
29.10.9 Neurological Properties
Antinociceptive Properties
Neuroprotective Properties
Anticonvulsant and Sedative Properties
Anxiolytic Properties
29.10.10 Properties on Reproductive and Fertility Functions
Actions on Spermatogenesis
Galactogenic Properties
Estrogenic Properties
Contraceptive Properties
29.10.11 Antitumour Properties
29.10.12 Anti-angiogenic Properties
29.11 Toxicological Studies of N. sativa L.
29.12 Available Commercial Formulations of N. sativa L.
29.13 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific Evidences
29.13.1 Diabetes Mellitus
29.13.2 Allergy, Hay Fever, Asthma
29.13.3 Common Cold
29.13.4 Bronchitis, Cough
29.13.5 Acne
29.13.6 Headache
29.13.7 Insomnia, Gastric Acidity
29.14 Considerations for Using N. sativa Preparations
29.14.1 Drug Interaction and Other Interactions
29.14.2 Warnings and Adverse Reactions
29.14.3 Pregnancy and Lactation
29.14.4 Duration of Use
29.14.5 Overdose
29.14.6 Storage
29.15 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
30: Olea europaea L.
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Distribution
30.3 Traditional Uses
30.4 Phytochemicals
30.4.1 Fruit
30.4.2 Olive Oil
30.4.3 Leaves
30.4.4 Stem
30.4.5 Bark
30.5 Pharmacological Activities
30.6 Clinical Research
30.7 Toxicity
30.8 Commercial Products
30.9 Conclusion
References
31: Papaver somniferum L.
31.1 Introduction (Occurrence/Habitat, Importance, Objective of This Chapter)
31.1.1 Vernaculars
31.1.2 Taxonomical Classification
31.2 Distribution and Status of Species
31.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses: In Turkey and Throughout the World
31.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques
31.4.1 Opium
31.4.2 Seed and Seed Oil
31.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities
31.5.1 Analgesic Effect
31.5.2 Antitussive Effect
31.5.3 Antispasmodic Effect
31.5.4 Anticancer Effect
31.5.5 Antimicrobial Effect
31.6 Clinical Studies
31.7 Toxicological Studies
31.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods and Pharmacokinetic Studies
31.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
31.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
32: Rheum ribes L.
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Distribution and Status of the Species
32.3 Traditional/Ethnomedicinal Uses
32.4 Composition
32.5 Pharmacological Activities
32.5.1 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity
32.5.2 Antibacterial Activity
32.5.3 Anticancer Activity
32.5.4 Anti-diabetic Activity
32.5.5 Anti-inflammatory Activity
32.5.6 Antioxidant Activity
32.5.7 Antiparasitic Activity
32.5.8 Antiviral Activity
32.5.9 Dermatological Usage
32.5.10 Hepatoprotective Activity
32.5.11 Obesity
32.5.12 Renoprotective Activity
32.5.13 Other Activities/Usages
32.6 Side Effects
32.7 Toxicity
32.8 Commercial Formulations
32.8.1 Commercial Preparations Related to Well-Being
32.8.2 Cosmetic Preparations
32.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
32.10 Challenges and Future Recommendation
References
33: Rosa canina L.
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Origin and Distribution
33.3 Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses
33.4 Bioactive Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition
33.5 Pharmacological Activities
33.6 Clinical Studies
33.7 Toxicity and Side Effects
33.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods and Pharmacokinetic Studies
33.9 Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
33.10 Potential Drug Candidate
References
34: Rosmarinus officinalis L.
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Distribution and Status of Species
34.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/ Local Uses
34.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques (Classification and Structures of Few Representatives)
34.4.1 Volatile Compounds
34.4.2 Nonvolatile Compounds
34.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities
34.5.1 Antitumor Activity
34.5.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity
34.5.3 Antihyperglicemic Activity
34.5.4 Antithrombotic Activity
34.5.5 Antioxidant Activity
34.6 Clinical Studies
34.7 Toxicological Studies
34.7.1 Dose and Safety Profile
34.7.2 Single Dose (Acute) Toxicity
34.7.3 Repeated Dose Toxicity
34.7.4 Mutagenicity
34.7.5 GRAS
34.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods and Pharmacokinetic Studies
34.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
34.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
35: Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Distribution and Status of Species
35.3 Comparison of Traditional/ Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses in Turkey and Throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
35.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques
35.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities
35.6 Clinical Trials
35.7 Toxicological Studies
35.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods and Pharmacokinetic Studies
35.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
35.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
36: Urtica dioica L.
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Distribution of Urtica dioica L.
36.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses
36.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition
36.5 Scientific Evidences
36.5.1 In Vitro Studies
Antioxidant
Antimicrobial
Antiviral
36.5.2 In Vivo Studies
Antioxidant
Antidiabetic
Anticancer
Hypotensive
Others
36.6 Clinical Studies
36.7 Toxicological Studies
36.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods, and Pharmacokinetic Studies
36.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
36.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
37: Valeriana officinalis L.
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Botanical properties
37.3 Habitat
37.4 Medicinal Parts
37.5 Traditional Uses
37.6 Chemical Constituent
37.7 Pharmacological Activities
37.7.1 Anxiolytic and Antidepressant
37.7.2 Anticonvulsant Effect
37.7.3 Myorelaxant Effects
37.7.4 Tension-Type Headache
37.7.5 Cardiovascular System Diseases
37.7.6 Gastrointestinal Activity
37.7.7 Insomnia Treatment
37.8 Toxicity
37.8.1 Acute Toxicity
37.8.2 Chronic Toxicity
37.9 Adverse Reactions
37.10 Drug Interactions
37.11 Use in Pregnancy and Lactation
References
38: Viburnum opulus L.
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Distribution and Status of Species
38.3 Comparison of Traditional/Ethnomedicinal/Local Uses in Turkey and Throughout the World (Asia and Europe)
38.4 Bioactive/Nutraceutical and Nutritional Composition and Available Extraction Techniques (Classification and Structures of Few Representatives)
38.5 Scientific Evidences: Pharmacological Activities (All Major Therapeutic Activity with In Vitro and In Vivo Studies, Mechanism of Action)
38.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
38.5.2 Antimicrobial Activity
38.5.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity
38.5.4 Cytotoxic Effects
38.5.5 Effects on Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism
38.5.6 Effects on Gynecological Disorder
38.5.7 Effects on Urinary System Disorders
38.5.8 Effects on Osteoporosis
38.5.9 Effects on Blood Vessels
38.5.10 Protective Effects
38.6 Clinical Studies
38.7 Toxicity
38.8 Available Commercial Formulations/Products, Uses, Administration Methods and Pharmacokinetic Studies (with Special Focus on Bioavailability and Metabolism of Active Constituents)
38.9 Gap Between Ethnomedicinal and Scientific/Clinical Evidences
38.10 Challenges and Future Recommendations as Potential Drug Candidate
References
Index
