Novel Developments in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

CONTENTS
PREFACE
List of Contributors
Advances in Validated Chromatographic Assay of Solid Dosage Forms and Their Drug Dissolution Studies
Sevinc Kurbanoglu1, Ozgur Esim2, Ayhan Savaser2, Sibel A. Ozkan1,* and Yalcin Ozkan2
INTRODUCTION
Classification of Solid Oral Dosage Forms
Extracts
Powders
Granules
Pellicles
Pills
Capsules
Lozenges, Troches, Pastilles
Oromucosal Preparations
Tablets
Pellets
Quality Control of Solid Oral Dosage Forms
Uniformity of Dosage Units
Disintegration
Dissolution
Importance of Dissolution in Pharmacy
Comparison of Dissolution Profiles
In Vitro and In Vivo Relationships and Bioequivalence Challenges in Dissolution Method Development
Liquid Chromatography in Dissolution Testing
Validation in Chromatographic Analysis
System Suitability Tests
Linearity and Range
Limit of Detection
Limit of Quantification
Accuracy
Precision
Selectivity
Sensitivity
Robustness
Stability
Development of Method for Drug Dissolution Testing
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Novel Validated UHPLC Method for the Estimation of Drug Active Compounds
Mehmet Gumustas, Bengi Uslu and Sibel A. Ozkan*
INTRODUCTION
Liquid Chromatographic Techniques
Stationary Phases (Columns)
UHPLC Over HPLC
Detector Types for UHPLC
UV-VIS Detectors
Tunable UV (TUV) Detector
Photo Diode Array (PDA) Detector
Fluorescence (FLR) Detector
Refractive Index (RI) Detector
Evaporative Light Scattering (ELS) Detector
Mass Spectrometer (MS) Detector
Application on Drug Assay
CONCLUDING REMARKS
FUTURE DEMANDS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
HILIC Based LC/MS for Metabolite Analysis
Emirhan Nemutlu* and Sedef Kır
INTRODUCTION
Separation Mechanism
PARAMETERS EFFECTS ON SEPARATIONS
Stationary Phase Effects
Mobile Phase Effects on Separation
Organic Phase
pH
Ionic Strength
Detectors
Sample Preparation
Development Steps of HILIC Method
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
In Vitro Methods for the Evaluation of Oxidative Stress
Hande Gurer Orhan1,*, Sibel Suzen2, Tamás Bálint Csont3, Miroslav Pohanka4, Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk5, Grzegorz Węgrzyn5 and Luciano Saso6
INTRODUCTION
1. DETERMINATION OF LIPID, PROTEIN AND DNA OXIDATION PRODUCTS AS BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE TO REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES
1.1. Lipid Oxidation Products as Biomarkers
Aldehydes
Isoprostanes
1.2. Protein Oxidation Products as Biomarkers
Protein Carbonyls
Oxidized Amino Acids
1.3. DNA Oxidation Products as Biomarkers
2. DETECTION OF FREE RADICALS IN BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES BY ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
3. FLUORESCENT ASSAYS FOR DETECTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN AND NITROGEN SPECIES IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
4. VOLTAMMETRY OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT ANTIOXIDANTS.
5. MEASUREMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS IN BACTERIA
5.1. Direct and Indirect Probe-based Measurement of ROS
5.2. Measurement of the Oxidative Damage to Biomolecules
Measurement of Protein Damage
Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation
5.3. Measurement of Antioxidants
CONCLUSIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
The Application of Vibrational Spectroscopy in Studies of Structural Polymorphism of Drugs
Przemysław Zalewski1, Gabriela Wiergowska1,2, Joanna Goscianska3, Kornelia Lewandowska4 and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek1,*
INTRODUCTION
Polymorphism of Active Pharmaceutical Substance
The Influence of Polymorphism and Amorphization on the Physicochemical Properties of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Excipients
Vibrational Methods Used for Identification of Crystalline and Amorphous Forms of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Excipients
Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy
Raman Spectroscopy
Polymorphism of Excipients
Methods of Stabilization of Polymorphic and Amorphous Forms of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Conductive Polymers and Their Applications in Biomedical Analysis
Sławomira Skrzypek* and Paweł Krzyczmonik
INTRODUCTION
CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS
NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS
Quantum Dots
Core-type Quantum Dots
Core-shell Quantum Dots
Alloyed Quantum Dots
Carbon Nanostructured Materials
Fullerenes and Nanotubes
Graphene
Functionalization with Nanoparticles
Functionalization with Organic Compounds
Functionalization with Polymers
Functionalization with Biomaterials
TYPES OF DETECTION IN BIOSENSORS
Potentiometric Detection
Amperometric Detection
Detection of Oxygen
Detection of Hydrogen Dioxide
Detection of NADH
BIOSENSORS
Glucose Biosensors
Cholesterol Biosensors
Biosensor Based on Laccase
Urea Biosensors
Affinity Biosensors
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
New Trends in Electrochemical Sensors Modified with Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Pharmaceutical Analysis
Burcin Bozal-Palabiyik, Burcu Dogan-Topal, Sibel A. Ozkan and Bengi Uslu*
INTRODUCTION
CARBON NANOTUBES
The Structure and Properties of CNTs
Synthesis and Characterization of CNTs
Preparation of CNT-Based Electrodes
Advantages and Limitations of CNT-Modified Electrodes
Applications of CNTs in Pharmaceutical Analysis
GRAPHENE
The Structure and Properties of Graphene
Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene
Preparation of Graphene-Based Electrodes
Advantages and Limitations of Graphene-Modified Electrodes
Applications of Graphene in Pharmaceutical Analysis
CONCLUSION
ABBRAVIATIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Electrochemical Nanobiosensors in Pharmaceutical Analysis
Sevinc Kurbanoglu1,2, Sibel A. Ozkan1 and Arben Merkoçi2,3,*
INTRODUCTION
(Bio)Receptors
Immobilization of the Biological Materials
Adsorption
Encapsulation
Entrapment
Covalent Binding
Crosslinking
Transducer Part of the Biosensors
Nanomaterials in Nanobiosensing
Applications of Electrochemical Nanobiosensors in Pharmaceutical Analysis
a. Antibiotics, Antibacterials and Antimicrobials
b. Cardiac Stimulant
c. Antineoplastic Agents
d. Antiviral Drugs
e. Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Drugs
f. Antiemetic Drugs
g. Adrenergic Agonist
h. Antiparasitic
i. Antimalarial
j. Vitamins, Minerals, Antioxidants, Nutritional Drugs
k. Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory Drugs
l. Pesticides
CONCLUSIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Optical Sensor Arrays for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analyses
Pavel Anzenbacher, Jr*, 1 and Mehmet Gokhan Caglayan2
INTRODUCTION
Chemometric Analysis of Optical Array Sensors
Principal Component Analysis
Linear Discriminant Analysis
Support Vector Machines
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
Neural Networks
Optical Array Sensing in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analyses
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Science
Imran Ali1,*, Zeid A. Alothman2, Abdulrahman Alwarthan2 and Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein3,*
INTRODUCTION
Significance of the Ionic Liquids
Applications of the Ionic Liquids
Extraction
Separation
Liquid Chromatography
Capillary Electrophoresis
Gas Chromatography
Electrochemistry
Spectroscopy
TOXICITY
FUTURE PROSPECTIVE
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
New Trends in Enantioanalysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds using Electrochemical Sensors
Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden*
ENANTIOANALYSIS – A NEED FOR PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
TYPES OF ENANTIOSELECTIVE, ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS USED IN ENANTIOANALYSIS
DESIGN OF ENANTIOSELECTIVE SENSORS
Chiral Selectors Used in the Design of the Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes
Design of Carbon Paste Based Enantioselective Electrodes
Design of Diamond Paste Based Enantioselective Electrodes
Design of PVC Based Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes
Design of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Based Enantioselective Sensors
PHARMACEUTICAL ENANTIOANALYSIS USING POTENTIOMETRIC SENSORS
Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes Based on Polyaniline Films
Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes Based on Cyclodextrins
Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes Based on Maltodextrins
Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes Based on Antibiotics
Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrode Based on Crown Ethers
Enantioselective, Potentiometric Membrane Electrode Based on Fullerenes
PHARMACEUTICAL ENANTIOANALYSIS USING AMPEROMETRIC SENSORS
PHARMACEUTICAL ENANTIOANALYSIS USING STOCHASTIC SENSORS
CONCLUSIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
SUBJECT INDEX