Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Essential Practical Approaches

Contents
Abbreviations
Part I: Neuropsychiatric and Lung Physiology
1: Case Report: Delirium Permanence During Resolution Phase of Massive Pneumonia in Patient with COPD Exacerbation
1.1 Clinical Case
1.2 Discussion
1.2.1 Definition of Delirium
1.2.2 Risk Factors for Delirium
1.2.3 Acid–Base Balance and Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation
1.2.4 APACHE II Score
1.2.5 Infectious or Sepsis: The EEG Role
1.3 Delirium as a Main Risk Factor in Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
1.4 Pharmacological Treatment of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (LTRI)
1.5 Conclusions
References
2: Patterns of Psychology Responses in Acute and Chronic Respiratory Failure
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Psychological Response in Acute Respiratory Failure
2.3 Psychological Response in Chronic Respiratory Failure
2.4 Conclusive Remarks
References
3: Epidemiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Ventilator Management
3.1 Anxiety
3.2 Agitation
3.3 Delirium
3.4 Depression
3.5 Sleep Disorders
3.6 Stress Disorders
References
Part II: Psychiatric Disorders in Respiratory Failure: Key Concepts
4: Psychiatric Disorders and Respiratory Failure: Key Concept
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Definition and Magnitude of Problem
4.2.1 How to Assess Anxiety Disorders, Depression, and PTSD?
4.2.2 Risk Factors for Anxiety Disorders, Depression, and PTSD
4.2.3 Pathophysiology
4.2.4 Long-Term Potentiation and Stress-Related Memory
4.2.5 Treatment
4.3 Delirium and Dementia
4.3.1 Screening Tools for Delirium
4.3.2 Risk Factors, Prevention and Treatment of Delirium
4.3.3 Dementia
References
5: Concept of “Vulnerable to Stress” Critical Illness-Psychological Stress and Susceptibility in Noninvasive Ventilator Support
5.1 Vulnerable to Stress
5.2 Resilience to Stress
5.3 Why Is the Stress Vulnerability Important in NIV?
5.4 Mechanism of Stress Adaptation
5.5 Factors Related with Stress Vulnerability/Resilience
5.5.1 Vulnerability
5.5.2 Resilience
5.5.3 Health-Related Resilience
5.6 Psychological Impact of Acute and Chronic Illnesses that May Require NIMV
5.7 How to Strengthen Psychological Resilience During NIMV
5.8 Conclusion
References
6: Evaluation of Susceptibility to Psychological Stress and Psychopathology in Non-invasive Ventilatory Support
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Concept of Susceptibility
6.3 The Concept of Psychological Stress
6.4 The Problem of the ‘Threshold’ in Psychopathology
6.5 Psychological Stress and Psychopathology in Patients with Non-invasive Ventilatory Support
6.6 Assessing Susceptibility in Patients with Non-invasive Ventilatory Support
6.7 Conclusions
References
Part III: Acute Psychiatric Disorders That May Develop During Noninvasive Ventilator Support: Acute and Chronic Condition
7: Measurements and Scores: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
7.1 Questionnaire and Scoring
7.2 Interpretation of Results
7.3 Validation of HADS
7.4 Copyright Information
7.5 Criticism
7.6 Conclusions
References
8: Anxiety: Hiperventilation Syndrome
References
9: Depression and Noninvasive Ventilation
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Epidemiology
9.1.2 Etiology
9.1.3 Comorbidity and Differential Diagnosis
9.2 Depression and NIV
9.3 Management of Depression in NIV
9.4 Conclusions
References
10: Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Epidemiology
10.1.2 Etiology
10.1.3 Comorbidity and Differential Diagnosis
10.2 PTSD and NIV
10.3 Management of PTSD in NIV and ICU
10.4 Conclusions
References
11: Delirium
11.1 Definition
11.2 Prevalence in Community, Hospital and ICU Setting
11.3 Pathophysiology
11.4 Predisposing and Precipitating Factors
11.5 Clinical Manifestations and Subtypes
11.6 Diagnosis
11.7 Outcome
11.8 Management of Delirium
11.9 Therapy
11.9.1 Non-pharmacological Therapy
11.9.2 Pharmacological Therapy
11.10 Therapy in ICU
11.10.1 Pharmacological Therapy
11.11 The Controversial Relationship Between NIV e Delirium
11.11.1 Delirium as Enemy of NIV
11.11.2 NIV as an Ally for Patients with Delirium
11.11.3 NIV as Promoter of Delirium
11.12 Conclusive Remarks
References
Part IV: Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders in Respiratory Failure: Non-invasive Ventilator Support
12: Risk Factors for Prolonged Psychiatric Morbidity During Noninvasive Ventilator Support
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Characteristics of the Device and Psychiatric Morbidity
12.2.1 The Types of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilators
12.2.2 Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilator Settings
12.3 Implementation Process and Psychiatric Morbidity
12.3.1 Features of the Place of Application
12.3.2 Duration of Application
12.4 Patient Characteristics and Psychiatric Morbidity
12.4.1 Stress Response and Coping Styles of Patients
12.4.2 Patients’ Feelings of Fear and Discomfort
12.4.3 Lifestyle Changes and Patient Perceptions of Treatment
12.5 Characteristics of the Health Care Practitioner and Psychiatric Morbidity
12.6 Conclusion
References
Part V: Noninvasive Ventilation: Acute Respiratory Failure
13: Psychopathological Problems in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (C.O.P.D.): An Holistic “Mind-Body” Comprehension
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Psycho-dynamic Premises
13.2.1 Etiology and Pathophysiology of Psychopathological Disorders in C.O.P.D. Patients
13.3 The Extent of Prevalence of Mental Disorders in C.O.P.D. Patients: Epidemiological Background
13.4 Panic Attacks
13.4.1 How to Quantify Mental Disorders in C.O.P.D. Patients?
13.4.1.1 Potential Screening Tools
13.4.1.2 Pharmacological and Psychological Intervention
13.5 Depression in C.O.P.D. Patients: Biological and Psychological Interpretation
13.5.1 Depression Therapy: Antidepressant Medication
13.5.2 Managing Anxiety in C.O.P.D. Patients
13.5.3 Psychological Therapies for the Treatment of Depression in Patients with C.O.P.D.
13.6 Conclusions
13.7 Final Remarks
References
14: Noninvasive Ventilation in Asthma
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Respiratory System Mechanics and Gas Exchange in Acute Exacerbations
14.3 Use of NIV in Asthma
14.4 Difficulties of NIV During Asthma Exacerbations
14.5 Physiological Basis of NIV in Acute Asthma
14.6 Practical Approaches in NIV Application
14.7 Conclusions
References
15: Neuromuscular Disorders
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Neuromuscular Diseases
15.3 Symptoms and Signs of Neuromuscular Diseases
15.4 Monitoring Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases
15.5 Noninvasive Ventilation in Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases
References
16: Acute Respiratory Failure in Pneumonia
16.1 According to the Anatomical Placement
16.2 According to the Etiology
16.2.1 Infectious
16.2.2 Noninfectious
16.3 According to the Clinical Picture
16.4 According to the Empirical Treatment Approach
16.4.1 Pneumonia Developed in Immunocompromised Patients
16.5 Others
16.6 Effect of Positive Airway Pressure on Circulatory System
16.7 Effects of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on the Respiratory System
16.8 Respiratory Support to the Special Conditions with Pneumonia
References
17: Acute Neurological Disorders
17.1 Acute Neurological Disorders
17.2 Recognition of Acute Neuromuscular Respiratory Failure
17.3 Basic Principles of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation
17.4 Indications of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation in Acute Neurological Disorders
References
18: Noninvasive Ventilation in a Pandemic, Bioterrorism, High-Risk Infections
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Bioterrorism
18.3 High-Risk Infections and Pandemic
18.4 Conclusion
References
Untitled
19: Long-Term Ventilator-Dependent Patients: Noninvasive Ventilation
19.1 Definition
19.2 Pathophysiology
19.3 Indications of Long-Term Noninvasive Mechanic Ventilation
19.4 Initiating and Management of Ventilation Process
References
Part VI: Noninvasive Ventilation: Chronic Respiratory Failure
20: Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
20.1 Background and Epidemiological Perspective
20.2 Pathophysiology and Management
20.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
21: Psychotic Disorders and NIV
21.1 Introduction
21.2 More Frequent Clinical Pictures
21.3 Psychosis and NIV
References
22: Neurodegenerative Disorders/Dementia
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Cognitive Symptoms in Dementia
22.3 Functional Limitations and Stages of Dementia
22.4 Behavioural Disorders in Dementia
22.5 Causes of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD)
22.6 Dementia and Comorbidities
22.7 Noninvasive Ventilation in People with Dementia
22.7.1 The Level of Cognitive Impairment
22.7.2 The Stage of Dementia
22.7.3 The Presence of BPSD
22.7.4 Caregiver Stress and Burn out
References
23: Chronic Neurological Disorders
23.1 Neuromuscular Diseases (NMDs)
23.1.1 Pathophysiology of Respiratory Failure in Neuromuscular Disease
23.1.2 Respiratory Management in NMDs
23.1.3 Nocturnal and Daily Non-invasive Mechanical Ventilation in NMDs
23.2 Motor Neurone Disease (MND)
23.3 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
23.4 Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
23.5 Post-polio Syndrome (PPS)
23.6 Disorders of Neurological Control of Breath
23.7 Congenital Neurologic Disease Associated with Central Hypoventilation
23.7.1 Chiari Malformation
23.7.2 Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
23.8 Acquired Neurologic Disorders of Control of Breath
23.8.1 Spinal Cord Injury
23.8.2 Cerebral Tumours
23.8.3 Infections
23.9 Conclusions
References
Part VII: Outcome, Quality of Life, Palliative Care
24: Risk Factors for Prolonged Psychiatric Morbidity During Noninvasive Ventilator Support
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Characteristics of the Device and Psychiatric Morbidity
24.2.1 The Types of Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilators
24.2.2 Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilator Settings
24.3 Implementation Process and Psychiatric Morbidity
24.3.1 Features of the Place of Application
24.3.2 Duration of Application
24.4 Patient Characteristics and Psychiatric Morbidity
24.4.1 Stress Response and Coping Styles of Patients
24.4.2 Patients’ Feelings of Fear and Discomfort
24.4.3 Lifestyle Changes and Patient Perceptions of Treatment
24.5 Characteristics of the Healthcare Practitioner and Psychiatric Morbidity
24.5.1 Meeting the Patient’s Information Needs
24.6 Conclusion
References
25: Neurology and Psychiatric Sequelae of Intensive Care: Impact on Quality of Life
25.1 In Patients Without Initial Acute Brain Damage
25.2 In Patients with Initial Acute Brain Damage
25.3 Neurological Symptomatology
25.4 Psychiatric Symptomatology
25.5 Impact on Quality of Life
References
26: Neurology and Psychiatric Disorders: Long-Term Implications for the Healthcare System
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Intensive Care Can Lead to Mental Disorders, Cognitive Impairment, and Disability
26.3 People with Neurology and Psychiatric Disorders May Have Greater Need of NIV
26.3.1 COPD and Mood Disorders
26.3.2 COPD and Dementia
26.3.3 OSAS
26.4 Why Mental and Psychiatric Disorders Matter for Global Health?
26.5 Cost of Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases for Society and for Healthcare System
26.5.1 Direct Costs
26.5.1.1 Cost of NIV in General People, in Acute and in Chronic Setting
26.5.1.2 The Cost of NIV in Patients with Neurology and Psychiatric Disorders
26.5.2 Indirect Costs
26.5.2.1 The Costs of Dementia: An Example of Pathology with High Economic and Social Impact
26.5.2.2 NIV in Patients with Dementia and Palliative Care: An Example of Costs and Benefits Beyond Economic Calculation
26.6 Long-Term Implications: Quality of Life and Mortality
26.6.1 Mortality in Mental Disorders and Global Disease Burden Implications
26.6.2 Neurology and Psychiatric Disorders and Implications for Healthcare System: Is It an Adjustment or Implementation of Care Necessary? Are We Doing What We Can? Can We Do Better?
26.6.3 Can We Reduce and Prevent the Burden of Neurology and Psychiatric Disease?
26.7 Conclusive Remarks
References
27: Neurocognitive and Emotional Morbidity and Quality of Life
27.1 Benefits of Noninvasive Ventilation Treatments on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients: A Psychological Perspective
27.2 Impact of Noninvasive Ventilation Treatment on Chronic Respiratory Failure Patients’ Cognitive and Psychological Aspects
27.2.1 Cognitive and Psychological Symptoms in Chronic Respiratory Failure Patients
27.2.2 Cognitive and Psychological Outcomes of Noninvasive Ventilation Treatments
References
28: Psychological, Social, and Economic Impacts
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Impact of NIV on CRF
28.2.1 Partner Quality of Life and Relationship Satisfaction
28.2.2 Economic Burden
28.3 Psychological, Social, and Economic Impacts of NIV on Palliative Care: Family Members and Healthcare Professional Perceptions
28.4 Conclusion
References
29: Neurology and Psychiatric Cognitive Recovery
29.1 Neurofunctional, Neuroanatomical, and Cognitive Changes Related to Respiratory Failure. What Challenges for Recovery?
29.1.1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
29.1.2 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Brain Injury
29.1.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
References
30: Non Invasive Ventilation
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Ethical Evaluation
30.3 NIV and DNI
30.4 DNI and Psychiatric Disorders
30.5 DNI and Neurological Disorders
30.6 Conclusion
References
31: Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Pulmonary Rehabilitation
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Neuropsychological Impairment/Cognitive Dysfunction
31.3 Anxiety
31.4 Depression
31.5 Pathogenesis of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Chronic Lung Disease
31.6 Role of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
References
Part VIII: Treatment: Interventions and Prevention
32: Physical Activity/Emotional Response in Non-invasive Ventilator Users
32.1 Background
32.2 The Decision-Making Process
32.3 Conclusion
References
33: New Technologies (Tele-Health and Other Trends) Directed in Neurology and Psychiatric Disorders in Home Care
33.1 Telemedicine and Tele-Health: Definition
33.2 Telemedicine and Tele-Health: Terminology
33.3 Technologies Used in Telemedicine and Tele-Health in Mental Disorders
33.3.1 Videoconferencing Services
33.3.2 Websites
33.3.3 Smartphones
33.3.4 Social Media
33.3.5 Chatbots
33.3.6 Virtual Reality
33.4 Benefits of Telemedicine and Tele-Health in Mental Disorders
33.5 Telemedicine and Tele-Health in Mental Disorders During COVID-19 Pandemic
33.6 Telemedicine and Tele-Health in Neurologic Diseases
33.6.1 Parkinson’s Disease and Essential Tremor
33.6.2 Dystonia
33.6.3 Huntington Disease
33.6.4 Tourette Syndrome
33.6.5 Neuromuscular Diseases
33.6.6 Stroke
33.6.7 Dementia
33.7 Telemedicine and Tele-Health in Psychiatric Diseases
33.7.1 Anxiety, Panic Disorder, and Depression
33.7.2 Schizophrenia and Psychosis
33.7.3 Eating Disorders
33.7.4 Telemedicine and Tele-Health in Emergency: Prevention of Suicide
33.7.5 Telemedicine and Tele-Health and Adherence to Therapy in Psychiatric Disorders
33.8 Conclusive Remarks
References
34: Prevention Tools for Neurology and Psychiatric Disorders in Noninvasive Ventilation (Delirium Prevention/Management Sleep Promotion)
34.1 Delirium in NIV: Background and Assessment
34.2 Predisposing and Precipitating Factors of Delirium
34.3 Nonpharmacological Prevention and Management
34.4 Pharmacological Intervention
References
Part IX: Further Research
35: The Role of Neurocognitive Disorders in Sustaining “Ageism as a Key Factor for Noninvasive Ventilation Failure”
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Ageism: Historical Background
35.2.1 Ageism: Definition, Operationalized Concept, and Black Holes
35.3 Ageism and Its Impact on the Healthcare
35.4 The Usefulness of NIMV in Caring for Critically Old Patient
35.5 Neurocognitive Disorders: Clusters, an Etiological Subtype, and Epidemiology
35.6 Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Aging: A Deleterious Cocktail for Ageist Culture
35.7 Stigma Reduction Interventions in the Healthcare System
35.8 Conclusions
References
36: Neuropsychiatric Disorders During Non-Invasive Ventilation
36.1 A Global View of the Problem
36.2 A Multidimensional View of the Problem
36.3 Conclusion
References