Next Generation Wireless Terahertz Communication Networks

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements
Editor Biographies
Contributor Biographies
Preface
Terahertz Communication Networks
Intended Audience
Organization of the Book
Note
Chapter 1 The Meeting Point of Terahertz Communications, Sensing, and Localization
1.1 Introduction
1.2 THz Communications
1.2.1 Use Cases for THz Communications
1.2.2 Challenges and Solutions
1.2.3 A Model of the THz Communications System
1.3 THz Sensing and Imaging
1.4 THz Localization
1.4.1 Time of Arrival Ranging
1.4.2 Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) Ranging
1.4.3 Received Signal Strength (RSS) Ranging
1.4.4 Angle of Arrival (AoA) Ranging
1.4.5 Localization Using THz Signals
1.5 Implementation Aspects
1.6 Conclusion
References
Part I Terahertz Transceiver and Devices
Chapter 2 Terahertz Communications With Resonant Tunnelling Diodes: Status and Perspectives
Acronyms and Symbols
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Need for High-Speed Wireless Connectivity
2.1.2 Increasing the Speed of Wireless Transmission
2.1.3 Challenges to Realising THz Communications
2.1.4 Link Budget and Antennas
2.1.5 Enabling Technologies for THz Communications: Electronic and Photonic
2.1.6 Photonic-Based THz Sources
2.1.7 Electronic Transmitters
2.2 Resonant Tunnelling Diode Technology
2.2.1 RTD Device Technology
2.2.2 RTD Device Modelling and Design
2.2.3 RTD Oscillator Design
2.3 THz RTD Oscillators
2.3.1 Overview
2.3.2 RTD Oscillators Up To 300 GHz
2.3.3 RTD Oscillators Above 300 GHz
2.3.4 Other THz RTD Oscillators
2.4 THz RTD Detectors
2.4.1 Overview and General Working Principles
2.5 RTD-based THz Wireless Communication
2.5.1 Overview
2.5.2 Wireless System Architecture
2.5.3 THz RTD Transmitters
2.5.4 THz RTD Receivers
2.5.5 All-RTD THz Transceivers
2.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
Appendix A
References
Chapter 3 Characterisation of Emitters and Detectors
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Metrology Definitions and Parameters
3.3 Emitter Frequency and Spectrum
3.3.1 Heterodyne Frequency Measurements
3.3.2 Interferometric Spectral Measurements
3.4 Emitter Power
3.4.1 Types of Power Measurement Devices, Their Operation and Properties
3.4.2 Issues in Power Measurements
3.5 Emitter Beam Profile
3.5.1 Characterisation of Emitter Beam Profiles
3.5.2 Intensity Profile Mapping
3.5.3 Field Profile Mapping
3.6 Detector Responsivity
3.7 Detector Acceptance
References
Part II Terahertz Channel Characteristics and Modelling
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Interference Modelling By Stochastic Geometry in THz Networks
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Brief Background On Stochastic Geometry
4.3 THz Band Propagation
4.3.1 Free Space Path Loss
4.3.2 Molecular Absorption Loss
4.3.3 Multipath Propagation
4.3.4 Signal Blockage By Objects
4.3.5 Beam Misalignment
4.3.6 Received Power and SINR
4.4 Interference in THz Networks
4.4.1 Interference Modeling By Stochastic Geometry
4.4.2 System Model
4.4.3 The Aggregate Interference
4.4.4 Directional Antennas
4.4.5 Moments of the Interference
4.4.6 Numerical Examples
4.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Terahertz Communication Channel Characteristics and Measurements
5.1 An Overview of THz Communication Channels
5.2 Related Works
5.3 mm-Wave Versus THz Channels
5.4 Motivation for THz Channelization and Measurements
5.5 The Terahertz Channelization Scenarios
5.5.1 Large-Scale THz Statistics
5.5.2 Small-Scale THz Statistics
5.5.2.1 Outdoor THz Channel Characterization
5.5.2.2 THz Indoor Channel Characterization
5.5.2.3 THz Chip-To-Chip Channel Characterization
5.5.2.4 THz Channel Characteristics in Nano Communications
5.6 THz Channel Measurement Metrics
5.6.1 THz Antenna Measurement
5.6.2 THz Channel Distance Measurement
5.6.3 THz Channel Spectrum Capacity
5.6.4 THz Channel Dynamic Range
5.6.5 THz Doppler Frequency Characteristics
5.7 Methodologies of THz Channel Measurement
5.7.1 Reflection and Diffraction Measurements
5.7.2 Spatial THz Channel Measurement
5.7.3 Measurement of Broadband Characteristics
5.7.4 MIMO THz Channel Measurements
5.7.5 THz Intra-Device Channel Measurement
5.8 THz Channel Measurement Versus Channel Analysis
5.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 An Overview of the Terahertz Communication Networks and LOS and NLOS Propagation Techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Concepts of Terahertz Communication
6.3 Terahertz’s Communication Fiber Optics
6.4 Wireless Terahertz Communication Networks
6.5 THz LOS and NLOS Propagation Techniques
6.5.1 LOS (Line of Sight)
6.5.2 nLOS (Near Line of Sight)
6.5.3 NLOS (Non-Line of Sight)
6.6 Scientific Review
6.7 Discussion
6.8 Challenges in Using THz Technology
6.9 Conclusion
6.10 Future Trends
References
Part III Terahertz Antenna Design
Chapter 7 Advancement in Terahertz Antenna Design and Their Performance
7.1 Introduction
7.2 THz Communication
7.3 THz Sources
7.4 THz Antennas
7.4.1 Planar Antennas and Arrays
7.4.2 Reflectarrays
7.4.3 Lens Antennas
7.4.4 Horn Antennas
7.4.5 CNT Antennas
7.4.6 Graphene Antennas
7.5 Promising Material for THz Antenna
7.6 Fabrication of THz Antennas
7.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Antenna Misalignment and Blockage in THz Communications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Antenna Misalignment
8.2.1 Antenna Misalignment Modeling and Impact Assessment in THz Wireless Systems
8.2.1.1 Gaussian Distributed Beamsteering Errors
8.2.1.2 Two-Dimensional Gaussian Shaking of a Single Node
8.2.1.3 Wind Vibration Antenna Misalignment Model
8.2.2 Beam Misalignment Mitigation Approaches
8.2.2.1 Beam-Tracking
8.2.2.2 Relaying
8.3 Blockage
8.3.1 Blockage Types and Models
8.3.2 Statistical Characterization
8.3.2.1 Urban Outdoor Micro-Cellular Model
8.3.2.2 Random Shape Theory-Based Model
8.3.2.3 LoS Ball Model 1
8.3.2.4 LoS Ball Model 2
8.3.3 Blockage Mitigation Approaches
8.3.3.1 Coordinated Multipoint
8.3.3.2 Reflected Links
8.4 Conclusions
Notes
References
Chapter 9 Hybrid Beamforming in Wireless Terahertz Communications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basics and Ergodic Capacity Analysis of Hybrid Beamforming in THz Wireless Systems
9.2.1 System Model
9.2.1.1 Hybrid Beamforming Architecture
9.2.1.2 THz Channel Model
9.2.2 Analysis of Ergodic Capacity
9.2.3 Numerical Results
9.3 Frequency Selective Hybrid Beamforming in Wideband THz Wireless Systems
9.3.1 Statistical Eigen Scheme With Digital Compensation Beamforming
9.3.1.1 Analog Beamforming Design
9.3.1.2 Digital Beamforming Design
9.3.2 Multiuser Hybrid Beamforming
9.3.3 Distance-Aware Multi-Carrier Modulation
9.4 Summary
References
Chapter 10 Ultra-Massive MIMO in THz Communications: Concepts, Challenges and Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 MIMO Gigahertz to Terahertz Era
10.2.1 Related Works
10.3 Ultra-Massive MIMO Communications
10.3.1 Dynamic UM-MIMO
10.3.2 Multi-Band UM-MIMO
10.4 UM-MIMO in THz Band
10.4.1 UM-MIMO Channel Condition
10.4.2 Graphene-Enabled Terahertz-Band
10.5 Plasmonic Nano-Antenna Array
10.5.1 Antenna Miniaturization
10.5.2 Antenna Integration
10.5.3 Antenna Feeding and Control
10.6 UM-MIMO Signal Processing
10.6.1 Hybrid Beamforming
10.6.2 Spatial Modulation
10.6.3 Multi-Carrier Configuration and Control
10.7 UM-MIMO System Challenges
10.7.1 Fabrication of Plasmonic Nano-Antenna Arrays
10.7.2 UM-MIMO Channel Modeling
10.7.3 Network Layer Design
10.8 Ultra-Massive MIMO Array of Sub-Array Design
10.9 UM-MIMO Applications
10.9.1 5G Backhaul
10.9.2 Medical UWB Imaging
10.9.3 Ultra-Dense Wireless Networks
10.9.4 Indoor UWB
10.10 Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 11 Design of Passive Components for Microwave Photonics-Based Millimetre Wave Systems
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Unit Radiating Cell Or Antenna
11.2.1 Patch Antenna
11.2.2 Coupling of Microstrip Antenna
11.2.3 Antenna Efficiency
11.2.4 Antenna Directivity and Gain
11.2.5 Antenna Bandwidth
11.3 Phased Array Theory
11.3.1 Array Factor of Linear Array
11.3.2 Grating Lobes
11.3.3 Scan Blindness
11.3.4 Planar Array
11.4 Millimetre Wave Generation and Phase Shifting Techniques
11.4.1 Sub-THz Signal Generation Using Microwave Photonic (MWP) Techniques
11.4.1.1 Microwave Photonic Systems
11.4.1.2 Photonics-Based Phase Shifters for Millimetre-Wave Applications
11.5 A Millimetre-Wave Antenna Design Based On BCB Deposition
11.5.1 Design of a Unit Cell
11.5.2 Design of the One-Dimensional Antenna Array
11.5.3 Design of Two-Dimensional Array
11.5.4 Biasing Structure
11.6 Via-Less Planar Interconnect for Integrated Circuits On InP
11.6.1 Via-Less Planar Technology for InP
11.6.2 Microstrip to Rectangular Waveguide Transition
11.7 Conclusions
Notes
Part IV Terahertz Links, Application, and Deployment
Chapter 12 Terahertz Band Intersatellite Communication Links
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Intersatellite Communications Links
12.3 Terahertz Band Communications
12.3.1 Comparison With Other Technologies
12.3.1.1 Millimeter Wave Band Communication
12.3.1.2 Free-Space Optical Communication
12.3.2 Terahertz Band Intersatellite Links
12.4 Link Budget Analysis
12.4.1 Terahertz Propagation in Space
12.4.1.1 Loss in Terahertz Frequencies
12.4.1.2 System Noise
12.4.2 Geostationary Earth Orbit-To-Geostationary Earth Orbit Links
12.4.3 Low-Earth Orbit CubeSat Links
12.5 Future Research Directions
12.5.1 Terahertz Ultra-Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output
12.5.2 5G and Beyond 5G Satellite Networks
12.5.3 Internet of Space Things
12.5.4 Hybrid Space–Air Network
12.6 Challenges
12.6.1 High Path Loss
12.6.2 Interference
12.6.3 Space Debris
12.6.4 Doppler Spread
12.6.5 Device Linearity
12.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Notes
Chapter 13 Terahertz Front End Technology and Deployment for Ultra-High Capacity Links
13.1 Introduction
13.2 MMIC and Antenna Technology for THz Links
13.2.1 THz Power Amplifiers
13.2.2 THz Low-Noise Amplifiers
13.2.3 Mixers
13.2.4 THz Antennas
13.3 Sub-Assembly, Transition and Packaging
13.4 Challenges in the THz Propagation
13.5 Network Design and Performances for Ultracapacity Distribution
13.5.1 Specifications
13.5.2 Architecture
13.5.3 Capacity
13.5.4 Latency
13.6 Future Concepts Beyond 5G
13.6.1 The Future of THz Networks
13.6.2 Configurations and Optimisation
13.7 Conclusions
Notes
Chapter 14 Terahertz Waveguides for Next Generation Communication Network: Needs, Challenges and Perspectives
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Applications of THz Waveguides/Fibers for Communication
14.2.1 Telecommunication Applications
14.2.2 Data Centers
14.2.3 Vehicular Communication and Distributed Antennas/Sensors
14.2.4 Transmission of Uncompressed Ultra-High-Definition Videos
14.2.5 Intra/Inter-Chip Communications
14.3 Challenges and Important Parameters of THz Waveguides
14.3.1 Losses
14.3.2 Excitation Efficiency
14.3.3 Dispersion
14.3.4 Flexibility, Bending Losses, and Fabrication Considerations
14.4 Types of Waveguides
14.4.1 Metallic Waveguides
14.4.1.1 Single-Wire and Two-Wire Waveguides
14.4.1.2 Metallic Parallel Plate Waveguides
14.4.2 Dielectric Waveguides
14.4.2.1 Hollow-Core Dielectric Waveguides
14.4.2.2 Porous Core Dielectric Waveguides
14.4.2.3 Solid Core Subwavelength Dielectric Waveguides
14.5 THz Waveguides as Communications Devices
14.5.1 Dispersion Compensation Waveguides
14.5.2 Frequency-Division Multiplexing With Metallic Parallel-Plate Waveguides
14.5.3 Couplers, Splitters, and Add-Drop Multiplexers
14.6 Conclusion
Notes
Chapter 15 NextGen Granular Resource Management in the THz Spectrum for Indoor and Outdoor Mobile Deployment
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Heading to a Chaotic Future
15.1.2 THz Spectrum: Framing the Solution Space
15.1.3 Our Contribution and Outline
15.2 THz Resources
15.2.1 Need for Granular Resource Management
15.2.2 Fixed Resources
15.2.3 Varying Resources
15.2.4 Imposed Constraints
15.3 THz Resource Management Schemes
15.3.1 Scheme A: Mobility
15.3.2 Scheme B: Verticals
15.3.3 Scheme C: Granular Identification
15.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Notes
Notes
Chapter 16 Smart Terahertz Wireless Communication Zones
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 IoT-based Smart City
16.1.2 Smart Communication Zones
16.1.3 Terahertz Communication Opportunities Versus Challenges
16.1.4 Outline
16.2 State-of-the-Art in Terahertz Wireless Communication
16.2.1 Transceiver Hardware Design
16.2.2 Channel Properties
16.2.3 Physical Layer Techniques
16.3 Terahertz Wireless Channel Modeling and Characterization
16.3.1 Basic Channel Properties
16.3.1.1 Spreading Loss
16.3.1.2 Absorption Loss
16.3.1.3 Sky Noise
16.3.1.4 Molecular Absorption Noise
16.3.2 Multi-ray Channel Model
16.3.2.1 Reflected Wave
16.3.2.2 Diffracted Wave
16.3.2.3 Scattered Wave
16.3.3 LOS and NLOS Characterization
16.4 Signal Processing Design and Multiantenna Techniques for Spectral Efficiency Enhancement
16.4.1 Modulation Schemes
16.4.1.1 Pulse-based Modulation
16.4.1.2 Distance-Aware Multi-Carrier Modulation
16.4.2 Coding Schemes
16.4.2.1 Error Preventing Codes
16.4.2.2 Minimum Energy Coding
16.4.2.3 Minimum Energy Source Coding
16.4.3 MIMO Schemes
16.4.3.1 Adaptive Beamforming
16.4.3.2 Multiplexing
16.5 Optimal Cooperation Over Shorter Links for Enhancing the QoE for High Data Rate Applications
16.5.1 Medium Access Control
16.5.2 Cooperation Among Nodes
16.5.3 Relaying
16.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Research Directions
16.6.1 Deeper Channel Investigations
16.6.2 Communication Techniques
16.6.3 Cooperation and Relaying
16.6.4 Security Concerns
References
Chapter 17 Integration Frameworks for THz Wireless Technologies in Data Centre Networks
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 The Need for Terahertz Technology
17.1.2 Background
17.1.3 Comparison With Related Works
17.1.4 Assumptions
17.2 Integration Frameworks for THz Wireless Links in a Software-Defined Network
17.2.1 A Hardware Control System for THz Wireless Links
17.2.2 OpenFlow Implementation
17.2.3 P4 Implementation
17.2.4 NETCONF
17.2.5 Summary
17.3 THz Network Function Virtualization
17.3.1 Topology Discovery
17.3.2 Real-Time Features: Time Division Multiple Access
17.3.3 THz Routing, Load Balancing and Fail-Over
17.4 Conclusions
17.4.1 Future Research Directions and Challenges
References
Index