New Testament Greek: A Beginning and Intermediate Grammar

Table of Contents
Abbreviations
General
Bible Versions
New Testament Books
Chapter 1. Traditional Components of Grammar
1.1 Sounds
1.2 Words
1.2.1 The Nominal System (Entities)
1.2.2 The Verbal System (Activities)
1.2.3 The Abstracts System (Characteristics)
1.2.4 The Structural System (Relations)
1.3 Phrases
1.4 Clauses
1.5 Sentences
Chapter 2. Meaning
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Grammatical Meaning
2.3 Lexical Meaning and Greek Dictionaries
2.4 More about Meaning
2.4.1 Words Do Not Have Fixed, Unchangeable Meanings
2.4.2 Words Are Sometimes Not What They Seem
2.4.3 The Exact Parameters of a Lexeme’s Meaning Can Be Blurry
2.4.4 Words Belong to Groups
2.4.5 Words Belong to Contexts
2.5 Closing Thought
Chapter 3. Alphabet, Orthography, and Punctuation
3.1 The Alphabet and Pronunciation
3.1.1 Vowels
3.1.2 Diphthongs
3.1.3 Iota Subscript
3.1.4 Syllables
3.2 Formation of Letters
3.3 Pronunciation and Punctuation Marks
Exercises
Chapter 4. Verbal System: Primary Active Endings and Tenses, Indicative Mood
4.1 Vocabulary
4.2 Verb Formation
4.3 Two Categories of Verb Tenses: Primary and Secondary
4.4 Parsing Greek Verbs
4.5 Verbal Aspect: How Tenses View Activity
4.6 Greek: A Dynamic Language
4.7 Tense Suffixes, Linking Vowels, and Endings
Exercises
Chapter 5. Nominal and Abstracts Systems: Second Declension; The Verb εἰμί
5.1 Vocabulary
5.2 The Second Declension (-ο Stems)
5.3 Formation of the Second Declension
5.4 Gender and Number
5.5 The Cases
5.5.1 Nominative
5.5.2 Genitive
5.5.3 Dative
5.5.4 Accusative
5.5.5 Direct Objects in Other Cases
5.5.6 Vocative
5.6 The Article
5.7 The Function of Adjectives
5.8 The Verb εἰμί
5.9 Idioms and Translation
5.10 Nouns Made Definite by Context
Exercises
Chapter 6. Nominal System: First Declension; Conditional Sentences
6.1 Vocabulary
6.1.1 Feminine Nouns: καρδία Type & 6.1.2 Feminine Nouns: δόξα Type
6.1.3 Feminine Nouns: φωνή Type & 6.1.4 Adjectives of the καρδία Type in the Feminine
6.1.5 Adjectives of the φωνή Type in the Feminine & 6.1.6 Feminine Forms of Adjectives Already Presented & 6.1.7 First-Declension Masculine Nouns
6.1.8 Second-Declension Feminine Nouns & 6.1.9 Article
6.1.10 Conjunctions & 6.1.11 Second Declension, Irregular Form
6.2 The First Declension (-α Stems): Feminine Nouns and Adjectives
6.3 First-Declension Masculine Nouns
6.4 Formation of the Feminine Article
6.5 Second-Declension Feminine Nouns
6.6 The Name “Jesus”
6.7 First-Class Conditional Sentences
6.8 Nouns in the Attributive Position
Exercises
Chapter 7. Nominal System: Personal and Relative Pronouns
7.1 Vocabulary
7.2 Personal Pronouns
7.2.1 Formation of Personal Pronouns
7.2.2 Function of Personal Pronouns
7.2.3 Special Issues Concerning αὐτός, -ή, -ό
7.3 Relative Pronouns
7.3.1 Formation
7.3.2 Syntax
7.3.3 Function
7.4 οὐ, οὐκ, οὐχ in Rhetorical Questions & 7.5 Conjunctions and Sentence Structure
Exercises
Chapter 8. Nominal System: Demonstrative and Reflexive Pronouns
8.1 Vocabulary
8.2 Demonstrative Pronouns
8.3 Reflexive Pronouns
8.4 Confusing People
Exercises
Chapter 9. Structural Word System: Prepositions; Compound Verbs; ὅτι
9.1 Vocabulary
9.2 Prepositions
9.3 Compound Verbs
9.4 Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives and Substantives
9.5 The Conjunction ὅτι
9.5.1 Causal Clauses
9.5.2 Object Clauses
9.5.3 Direct Discourse
9.5.4 Indirect Discourse
Exercises
Chapter 10. Verbal System: Secondary Active Endings and Tenses; Imperfect Tense; Imperfect of εἰμί; Second-Class Conditional Sentences with the Imperfect; Abstracts System: Adverbs
10.1 Vocabulary
10.2 Secondary Tenses
10.3 Imperfect Tense, Active Voice
10.4 Imperfect of εἰμί
10.5 Second-Class Conditional Sentences with the Imperfect
10.6 Adverbs
Exercises
Chapter 11. Verbal System: Aorist Tense, Active and Passive Voices
11.1 Vocabulary
11.2 Mastering Principle Parts
11.3 Principle Parts
11.4 The Aorist Indicative
11.4.1 Formation of the First Aorist Active
11.4.2 Formation of the Second Aorist Active
11.4.3 Functions of the Aorist Tense
11.4.4 Formation of the First Aorist Passive
11.4.5 Formation of the Second Aorist Passive
11.4.6 Function of the Passive Voice
11.5 Agents of Passive Action
11.6 First Aorist Suffixes on Second Aorist Stems
11.7 More on Agents of Passive Action
11.8 Grammarians Love Their Labels
Exercises
Chapter 12. Verbal System: Perfect and Pluperfect Active; Second-Class Conditional Sentences with the Aorist
12.1 Vocabulary
12.2 Perfect Tense, Active Voice
12.2.1 Definition
12.2.2 Formation
12.2.3 Functions
12.3 Pluperfect Tense, Active Voice
12.4 οἶδα and ᾔδειν
12.5 Second-Class Conditional Sentences with the Aorist
Exercises
Chapter 13. Verbal System: Primary Middle Endings, Indicative Mood; Deponent Verbs; Future of εἰμί; Nominal System: Reciprocal Pronouns
13.1 Vocabulary
13.2 Significance of Middle and Passive Voices
13.3 Formation and Translation of Primary Middle and Passive Voices
13.3.1 Present Tense, Middle and Passive Voices
13.3.2 Future Tense, Middle Voice
13.3.3 Future Tense, Passive Voice
13.3.4 Perfect Tense, Middle and Passive Voices
13.4 Deponent Verbs
13.5 εἰμί: Future Tense
13.6 Reciprocal Pronouns
13.7 Aspect and Verb Formation
Exercises
Chapter 14. Verbal System: Secondary-Tense Endings for Middle/Passive Voice, Indicative Mood
14.1 Vocabulary
14.2 Formation and Translation of Secondary Tenses, Middle and Passive Voices
14.2.1 Imperfect Tense, Middle and Passive Voices
14.2.2 Aorist Tense, Middle Voice
14.2.3 Pluperfect Tense, Middle and Passive Voices
14.3 The Indicative Mood: A Review
Exercises
Chapter 15. Nominal System: Third-Declension Masculine and Feminine Nouns; Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns
15.1 Vocabulary
15.2 The Third Declension
15.3 Masculine and Feminine Stems and Endings
15.4 Formation of Third-Declension Masculine and Feminine Nouns: Stems Ending with a Consonant
15.4.1 Consonant Contractions
15.4.2 Stems Ending in Palatals
15.4.3 Stems Ending in Dentals
15.4.4 Stems Ending in Liquids and Nasals
15.5 Formation of Third-Declension Feminine and Masculine Nouns: Stems Ending with a Vowel
15.6 Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns
15.7 Neuter Plural Subjects with Singular Verbs
Exercises
Chapter 16. Nominal and Abstracts Systems: Third-Declension Neuter Nouns; Adjectives and Numerals
16.1 Vocabulary
16.2 Neuter Stems and Endings
16.3 Formation of Third-Declension Neuter Nouns
16.4 A Summary of Third-Declension Nouns Presented in the Text
16.5 Adjectives and Numerals
16.5.1 Third-Declension Adjectives and Numerals
16.5.2 First- and Third-Declension Type
16.5.3 Mixed-Declension Types
16.6 Translation Tips for πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν
Exercises
Chapter 17. Verbal System: Contract Verbs; Liquid Verbs; Abstracts System: Comparative and Superlative Forms
17.1 Vocabulary
17.2 Formation of Contract Verbs
17.2.1 General Rules of Vowel Dominance in Contraction
17.2.2 -ο Stem Contract Verbs
17.2.3 -α Stem Contract Verbs
17.2.4 -ε Stem Contract Verbs
17.2.5 Principal Parts of Contract Verbs
17.2.6 Non-Contract Verbs with Contract Linking Vowels in the Future Tense & 17.2.7 -ιζω Verbs in the Future Tense
17.3 Formation of Liquid Verbs
17.4 Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjectives and Adverbs
17.5 Additional Uses of the Nominative Case
Exercises
Chapter 18. Verbal System: -μι Verbs
18.1 Vocabulary
18.2 -ω and -μι Verbs
18.3 Conjugation of -μι Verbs
18.3.1 The First Principal Part
18.3.2 The Third Principal Part
18.3.3 Second and Fourth through Sixth Principal Parts
18.4 ἀφίημι, ἀπόλλυμι, δείκνυμι
18.4.1 ἀφίημι: I cancel
18.4.2 ἀπόλλυμι: I ruin
18.4.3 δείκνυμι: I show
Exercises
Chapter 19. Participles; Formation of Participles
19.1 Vocabulary
19.2 The Participle
19.3 Formation of Participles
19.3.1 Nominal Endings
19.3.2 The Present Active Participle
19.3.3 The Present Middle/Passive Participle
19.3.4 The First Aorist Participle
19.3.5 Second Aorist Active
19.3.6 First Aorist Middle
19.3.7 Second Aorist Middle
19.3.8 The First Aorist Passive Participle
19.3.9 The Second Aorist Passive Participle
19.3.10 The Perfect Active Participle
19.3.11 The Perfect Middle/Passive Participle
19.4 Contract, Liquid, and -μι Verbs
19.4.1 Present Participles: Contract Verbs
19.4.2 Aorist-Tense Participles of Liquid Verbs
19.4.3 Present- and Aorist-Tense Participles: -μι Verbs
Exercises
Chapter 20. Functions of Participles: Adjectival
20.1 Vocabulary
20.2 Translating Participles
20.3 The Participle and Time
20.3.1 Present-Tense Participles
20.3.2 Aorist-Tense Participles
20.3.3 Perfect-Tense Participles
20.3.4 Future-Tense Participles
20.4 The Adjectival Participle
20.5 ὑπάρχω as “Possessions”
20.6 The Granville Sharp Rule
Exercises
Chapter 21. Functions of Participles: Adverbial and Complementary; Genitive Absolute; Periphrastic Tenses
21.1 Vocabulary
21.2 Adverbial (Circumstantial) Participles
21.3 Types of Adverbial Participles
21.3.1 Cause
21.3.2 Concession
21.3.3 Condition
21.3.4 Manner & 21.3.5 Means
21.3.6 Purpose & 21.3.7 Time
21.3.8 Attendant Activity
21.4 The Complementary Participle
21.5 The Genitive Absolute
21.6 Periphrastic Tenses
21.6.1 The Present Periphrastic Tense
21.6.2 The Imperfect Periphrastic Tense
21.6.3 The Future Periphrastic Tense
21.6.4 The Perfect Periphrastic Tense
21.6.5 The Pluperfect Periphrastic Tense
Exercises
Chapter 22. Verbal System: The Subjunctive Mood
22.1 Vocabulary
22.2 The Subjunctive Mood
22.3 Tense and the Subjunctive Mood
22.4 Formation of the Subjunctive-Mood Tenses
22.4.1 Tense Endings
22.4.2 Tense Stems
22.4.3 Paradigms of the Present Tense
22.4.4 Paradigms of the Aorist Tense
22.4.5 Paradigms of Liquid- and Nasal-Stem Verbs & 22.4.6 Paradigms of Contract Verbs
22.4.7 Paradigm of εἰμί (Only in the Present Tense)
22.4.8 Paradigms of the -μι Verbs
22.5 Primary Functions of the Subjunctive Mood
22.5.1 Hortatory Subjunctive
22.5.2 Subjunctive of Prohibition
22.5.3 Deliberative Subjunctive
22.5.4 Subjunctive of Negated Future
22.6 Subordinate Clauses and the Subjunctive Mood
22.6.1 ἵνα or ὅπως with the Subjunctive to Introduce Purpose Clauses
22.6.2 ὅταν with the Subjunctive to Express Indefinite Time
22.6.3 Indefinite Relative Clauses Expressing Conditional Thought
22.7 Third-Class Conditional Sentences: The Subjunctive Mood
22.8 Questions That Anticipate an Answer
Exercises
Chapter 23. Verbal System: Infinitives; Indirect Discourse
23.1 Vocabulary
23.2 The Infinitive and Tense Aspect
23.3 Noun Characteristics of the Infinitive
23.4 Formation of the Infinitive
23.5 Functions of the Infinitive
23.5.1 Complementary Infinitive
23.5.2 Idiomatic Constructions
23.5.3 Purpose
23.5.4 Time
23.5.5 Cause
23.5.6 Infinitives as Subjects of Verbs
23.5.7 Infinitives as Direct Objects of Verbs
23.5.8 Infinitives as Secondary Objects and Complements
23.5.9 Subject Accusatives of Infinitives
23.6 The Use of ὥστε
23.7 Indirect Discourse
23.8 Translating Time and Point of View in Indirect Discourse
23.9 Less Common Idiomatic Uses of the Infinitive
Exercises
Chapter 24. Verbal System: Imperative Mood; Optative Mood; Fourth-Class Conditional Sentences
24.1 Vocabulary
24.2 Overview of the Imperative Mood
24.3 Formation of the Imperative
24.3.1 Personal Endings
24.3.2 Regular -ω Conjugation Verb
24.3.3 Present-Tense Contract Verbs
24.3.4 Liquid Verbs & 24.3.5 -μι Verbs
24.4 Functions of the Imperative
24.5 Formation of the Optative Mood
24.6 Functions of the Optative
24.7 Fourth-Class Conditional Sentences: The Optative Mood
24.8 Variations in Conditional Clauses: Modifications of the Protasis
Exercises
Chapter 25. Nominal System: Uses of the Genitive, Dative, and Accusative Cases
25.1 Vocabulary & 25.2 Case and Time
25.3 The Genitive Case
25.3.1 Adjectival Genitives
25.3.2 Adverbial Genitives
25.4 The Dative Case
25.4.1 Dative Expressing Personal Interest
25.4.2 The Locative Dative
25.4.3 The Instrumental Dative
25.5 The Accusative Case
Exercises
Appendix 1: Accents
Introduction ~ Chapter 3
Chapter 3: 5 ~ Chapter 4
Chapter 4: 12 ~ Chapter 5
Chapter 5: 15–17
Chapter 5: 18 ~ Chapter 6
Chapter 7 ~ Chapter 15
Chapter 5: 24–27
Chapter 17 ~ Chapter 22
Chapter 23 ~ Chapter 24
Appendix 2: Tables
Table 1: First-Declension Nouns
Table 2: Second-Declension Nouns
Table 3: The Article
Table 4: Adjectives
Table 5: Interrogative Pronouns, Third-Declension Endings
Table 6: The Verb εἰμί, I am
Table 7: Verb Endings, Indicative Mood
Table 8: Tense Suffixes, Linking Vowels, and Endings, Indicative Mood
Table 9: Contract Verb Suffixes When Contracted
Table 10: Verb Contraction Chart
Table 11: Conditional Sentences
Table 12: Some Common Irregular Verbs
Present Active
Imperfect Active & Future Active
Aorist Active & Perfect Active
Perfect Middle/Passive
Aorist Passive
Appendix 3: Greek-English Vocabulary
Α ~ ἀδελφός
αἷμα ~ ἀνοίγω
ἀντί ~ ἀσπάζομαι
αὐτός ~ Γ
γραμματεύς ~ Δ
διδαχή ~ Ε
ἔθνος ~ ἔξεστι(ν)
ἐξουσία ~ εὐλογέω
εὑρίσκω ~ Θ
θηρίον ~ Κ
καλῶς ~ Λ
λογίζομαι ~ Μ
μή ~ Ο
ὅλος ~ οὕτως
οὐχί ~ Π
περιπατέω ~ πρός
προσέρχομαι ~ Σ
στρέφω ~ Τ
τρίτος ~ Υ
Χ ~ Ω
Appendix 4: English-Greek Vocabulary
A ~ as
as far as ~ C
cleanse ~ E
every ~ G
H ~ K
L ~ N
not ~ P
promise ~ S
shine ~ T
thus ~ W
wine ~ Y
Appendix 5: Principal Parts of Common Verbs
Index of Subjects
aorist tense ~ C
conditional clauses, imperatival clauses as protases ~ E
εἰμί, periphrastic use ~ I
imperative mood ~ M
minuscule ~ P
Passive voice ~ principal parts of verbs
principal parts of verbs, means of identifying moods ~ T
tense suffixes, imperative mood ~ W
Index of Scriptures and Greek Literature Cited or Discussed in the Text
New Testament, Mark 5:29 – John
New Testament, John 17:2 – Hebrews
New Testament, Hebrews 2:13 ~ Greek Literature
The regular verb of the omega conjugation (λύω) with selected irregular forms (λείπω)