New Relativity in the Gravitational Universe: The Theory of Cosmic Relativity and Its Experimental Evidence

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Acronyms
Part I First Principles and Their Empirical Core
1 The Paradigm of Cosmic Relativity and Its Evidence
1.1 The First Principles
1.2 What is the Theory of Cosmic Relativity?
1.3 Why is Cosmic Relativity Necessary?
1.4 The Gravity of Our Universe
1.5 The Cosmic Gravitational Metric and the Potentials
1.6 A Phenomenological Assertion
1.7 Summary of the Primary Results of Cosmic Relativity
1.8 The Universal Clock of Cosmic Relativity
1.9 Cosmic Relativity and Its Experimental Tests
1.10 Cosmic Relativity and General Relativity
1.11 Summary
References
2 Space and Time of Our Fundamental Theories
2.1 Newton's Space and Time
2.2 Ernst Mach's Critique and Insight
2.3 Space and Time in 19th Century Physics
2.4 Space and Time in Einstein's Relativity
2.5 Speculative Space and Time
2.6 Space and Time in the Factual Universe
2.7 Philosopher's Space and Time
2.8 Space, Time, and the Principle of Relativity
2.9 Summary
References
3 Electrodynamics, Light and Relativity
3.1 Experiments to Determine the Speed of Light
3.1.1 Roemer's Method
3.1.2 Michelson's Measurements
3.2 The Ether: The Medium for the Propagation of the EM Waves
3.3 Stellar Aberration
3.4 The Speed of Light in Moving Media—Fresnel Drag
3.5 The Doppler Effect
3.6 Experiments Designed to Detect the Stationary Ether
3.7 The Trouton-Noble Experiment
3.8 The Birth of a New Theory of Relativity
3.9 Experiments on the Unipolar Induction
3.10 The Principle of Relativity and the Theories of Relativity
3.11 Summary
References
4 The Special Theory of Relativity and its Empirical Foundations
4.1 Einstein's Motivations for a Theory of Relativity
4.2 The Lorentz Transformations
4.3 The Physical Results of the Special Theory of Relativity
4.3.1 The Doppler Effect in the STR
4.3.2 The Unipolar Phenomena and the STR
4.3.3 Einstein's STR and Thermodynamics
4.3.4 The Empirical Status of the Light Hypothesis
4.4 The General Nature of Experimenters' Interpretations
4.5 The Special Theory of Relativity and Accelerated Frames
4.6 Summary
References
5 Simultaneity and the Synchronisation of Time
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Galilean Simultaneity
5.3 Einstein's Discussion of Simultaneity in the STR
5.4 Einstein's Fallacy on the Relativity of Simultaneity
5.5 H. Bergson's Critique of Einstein's Relativity of Simultaneity
5.6 The Synchronisation of Time
5.7 Summary
References
6 The Equivalence Principles
6.1 The Universality of Free Fall
6.2 The Equivalence of Inertia and Mass—The Weak Equivalence Principle
6.3 Galileo's Thought Experiment `Proof' of the UFF
6.4 Einstein's Equivalence Principle
6.5 What are Inertial Frames?
6.6 A Stronger Equivalence Principle
6.7 A Brief Account of Experimental Tests
6.7.1 Space Tests of the UFF and the WEP
6.7.2 Laser Ranging to the Moon and the WEP
6.7.3 Tests of the SEP
6.7.4 The Active and the Passive Gravitational Masses
6.8 The First Applications of the EEP: Prelude to the GTR
6.9 On the Gravitational Origin of the UFF, WEP, and EEP
6.10 Diving Deeper: Equivalent or Identical?
6.11 The Equivalence Principle and the Quantum Theory
6.12 Summary
References
7 Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
7.1 The Genesis and Its Salient Points
7.2 General Theory of Relativity (GTR) as a Theory of Gravity
7.3 The GTR from an Action Principle
7.4 The GTR as the Geometric Theory of Gravity
7.5 Einstein's `Hole Argument'
7.5.1 Revisiting the Hole Argument
7.6 The GTR and Its Galilean Metrics
7.7 Gravitation and Electrodynamics: A Comparison
7.8 The Achievements of the GTR
7.9 The GTR and Gravitomagnetism
7.10 The GTR and Gravitational Waves
7.11 The Experimental and Observational Tests of the GTR
7.12 The GTR and Mach's Principle
7.13 The GTR and Cosmology
7.14 The Unsolved Riddle of Inertia: The Incompleteness of the GTR
7.15 What Lies Beyond the GTR?
7.16 Summary
References
8 Our Universe
8.1 Our Physical Universe Before 1930
8.2 The Universe as Observed
8.2.1 The Large Scale Distribution of Matter
8.2.2 The Expansion of the Universe
8.2.3 The Velocity-Distance Relation From Observations
8.3 Einstein's Cosmological Constant
8.3.1 The Cosmological Principle and the Expansion
8.3.2 The Concept of a `Critical Density'
8.3.3 The Measurements of the Deceleration Parameter
8.4 The Reason Behind the Expansion of the Universe
8.5 The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
8.6 The Large Scale Distribution of Matter
8.6.1 The Dark Matter
8.6.2 The Curvature of the Universe
8.6.3 The Dark Energy
8.6.4 The Dark Energy and the Quantum Vacuum
8.6.5 An Interpretation of the Critical Density
8.7 The Interpretation of the Expansion of the Universe
8.8 The `Absolute' Features of Our Universe
8.9 Summary
References
9 Time Dilation and the Twin-Paradox
9.1 Cautionary Introduction
9.2 Time Dilation in Lorentz-Poincaré Relativity
9.3 Time Dilation in Einstein's STR
9.4 Langevin's Twin-Paradox
9.5 The Real Twin-Paradox in the STR
9.6 The Predictions for Motional Time Dilation
9.7 Experiments on Motional Time Dilation
9.7.1 Time Dilation of Unstable Particles
9.7.2 Experiments on Atomic Systems
9.7.3 Experiments on the Comparison of Atomic Clocks
9.8 The Hafele-Keating Experiment
9.9 Popular `Resolutions' of the Twin-Paradox
9.9.1 Langevin's Solution in the Acceleration
9.9.2 Resolution Sans Acceleration
9.10 Einstein's Gravitational Resolution of the Paradox
9.11 Summary
References
Part II The New Physical World of Cosmic Relativity
10 Cosmic Relativity—The Theory and Its Primary Fundamental Results
10.1 The Universe that Determines the Physics of Relativity
10.2 A Hypothetical Scenario in Electrodynamics
10.3 A Theory of Relativity and Dynamics Without Postulates
10.4 Physics in the Gravitationally Charged Universe
10.5 The Gravitational Foundation of Cosmic Relativity
10.6 The Primary Results in Cosmic Relativity
10.6.1 The Modification of Duration and Distance
10.6.2 Interpretation in Terms of the Gravitational Potentials
10.6.3 The Time Dilation of Physical Clocks
10.6.4 Cosmic Relativity and the Principle of Relativity
10.6.5 The Propagation of Light
10.7 Cosmic Relativity and Dynamics
10.7.1 Laws of Dynamics: Newton's Law of Motion
10.8 Cosmic Relativity and the Origin of Inertia
10.8.1 Cosmic Relativity and the Inertial Forces
10.8.2 The Centrifugal Force
10.8.3 The Coriolis Force
10.9 The Twist in Tropical Cyclones
10.10 Cosmic Relativity and the Principles of Equivalence
10.10.1 Newton's Law and the WEP
10.10.2 `Weightlessness' in Free Fall and the EEP
10.10.3 Two Kinds of Gravitational Forces and the Geodesic Principle
10.10.4 The Equivalence Principle and Universality of Free Fall
10.11 The EEP and the Time Dilation of Clocks in an Accelerated Frame
10.12 Clocks and Time Dilation in Cosmic Relativity
10.12.1 Time Dilation in the STR
10.12.2 Motional Time Dilation in Cosmic Relativity
10.12.3 Synchronisation of Clocks in Cosmic Relativity
10.12.4 The Addition of Velocities in Cosmic Relativity
10.13 Cosmic Relativity and the Electrodynamics of Moving Media
10.13.1 The Doppler Shift
10.13.2 The Optical Aberration and the Fresnel Drag
10.14 The Unipolar Induction
10.15 Cosmic Relativity and the Spin Angular Momentum
10.16 Summary
References
11 The Crucial Experimental Tests of Cosmic Relativity
11.1 The Nature of Propagation of Light
11.1.1 Past Experiments on the One-Way Propagation of Light
11.2 True Relative Velocity of Light—The Prediction
11.3 The True Relative Velocity of Light—A Prelude to a Test
11.3.1 The Propagation of Light in a Moving Frame
11.3.2 A Simple Demonstration of the Conflict Between the PoR and the Light Hypothesis
11.4 The Experiment on the One-Way Relative Velocity of Light
11.5 Motional Time Dilation: The Predictions
11.6 Cosmic Relativity and Clock Synchronisation
11.7 Experimental Tests of Time Dilation: Atomic Clocks
11.8 Experimental Tests of Time Dilation: GNSS and GPS
11.8.1 Time Dilations in the GNSS Satellites
11.8.2 The GNSS Mystery Created by the Galilean Propagation of Light
11.9 The Absence of a Relative Time Dilation in Accelerated Frames
11.10 The One-Way Relative Velocity of Light in Rotating Frames
11.10.1 An Early History of the Relevant Ideas
11.10.2 The Experiments by G. Sagnac
11.10.3 The Michelson-Gale Experiment
11.10.4 The Proof of the Galilean Nature of a Rotating Frame
11.11 Lorentz's Relativity, Einstein's Relativity and Cosmic Relativity
11.12 Summary
References
12 Cosmic Relativity and Quantum Dynamics
12.1 Cosmic Relativity and Quantum Dynamics
12.2 The True Nature of the Schrödinger Equation
12.3 The `Law of Motion' in the Microscopic Physical World
12.4 The Quantum Interference of Single Particles
12.5 The Continuity Equation and the Schrödinger Equation
12.6 L. de Broglie's Non-existent Matter-Waves
12.7 The Minuteness of the Quantum Zero-Point Energy
12.8 The Dirac Equation and Relativity
12.9 Cosmic Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
12.10 Summary
References
13 Cosmic Gravity and the Quantum Spin
13.1 The Physical Meaning of Spin
13.2 Spin as the Fundamental Gravitomagnetic Moment
13.3 Cosmic Gravitational Effects on Spin
13.3.1 Emphasising the `Spin-Phase Puzzle'
13.3.2 The Thomas Precession in Atoms and the Spectral Fine Structure
13.3.3 Geometric Phases and Cosmic Gravity
13.4 Spin Transport in Chiral Molecules and Spintronics
13.5 Bosons, Fermions, and the Proof of the Spin-Statistics Connection
13.5.1 The Dawn of the Spin-Statistics Connection
13.5.2 Pauli's Proof and His Inconclusive Tryst with the SSC
13.5.3 Physical Proofs of the Spin-Statistics Connection?
13.6 The Proof of the Spin-Statistics Connection
13.7 Summary
References
14 The Quantum Hall Effects: Gravity in Condensed Matter
14.1 The Hall Effect
14.2 The Quantum Hall Effect
14.3 The 2-D Dynamics of Electrons in a Magnetic Field
14.3.1 The Theory of the IQHE Plateaux
14.4 The Fractional Quantum Hall Effect
14.5 The Current Theories of the FQHE
14.6 The Need for a New Unified Theory
14.6.1 Summary of the Reasons for a New Theory
14.7 New Physics Input to the QHE—Cosmic Gravity
14.7.1 The Quantum Degeneracy of the Landau Levels
14.8 The Integrated Theory of the Quantum Hall Effects
14.8.1 FQHE Beyond the Filling Factor ν=1/3
14.8.2 The 5/2-FQHE State and the Half-Integer States
14.8.3 The Excitation Energy Gaps
14.9 Electron-Hole Symmetry and the FQHE
14.10 The Quantum Hall Effects in Graphene
14.11 Charge and Thermal Transport by Edge States
14.12 The Wavefunctions in the QHE
14.13 Summary
References
15 Relativity and Quantum Entanglement
15.1 The Space-Time Context of the Problem
15.2 Quantum Mechanics of Entanglement
15.3 The EPR Argument of the Incompleteness of Quantum Mechanics
15.4 Measurements of the Quantised Observables of the Microworld
15.4.1 The Correlations in the LHVT
15.5 The Proof of Strict Locality in Quantum Correlations
15.6 Summary
References
16 Paradigms Lost and Found
16.1 The Evolution of the Theories of Dynamics and Relativity
16.2 Completing the Theory of Gravity: Centenary Einstein's Equation
16.3 Physical Absolute Space and Absolute Time
16.4 Is the Cosmic Gravitational Paradigm the Ultimate Foundation?
16.5 Concluding Notes
References
Index