Neurological Disorders and Imaging Physics, Volume 2: Engineering and Clinical Perspectives of Multiple Sclerosis

PRELIMS.pdf
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editor biographies
Ayman El-Baz
Jasjit S Suri
List of contributors
CH001.pdf
Chapter 1 Exoskeleton-assisted rehabilitation training improves cognitive and motor functions in multiple sclerosis patients
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Methods
1.2.1 Participants
1.2.2 Intervention
1.2.3 Functional and neurological assessment
1.2.4 Cognitive testing
1.3 Results
1.3.1 Functional and neurological testing
1.3.2 Cognitive testing
1.4 Discussion
References
CH002.pdf
Chapter 2 The early stages of multiple sclerosis: new targets for the development of combinational drug therapies
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Evidence for the involvement of microbial triggers of MS
2.2.1 Acinetobacter spp. as a trigger of MS
2.2.2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a trigger of MS
2.3 Blocking the bacterial triggers of MS
2.3.1 Targeting A. baylyi and P. aeruginosa to block the onset of MS using plant-derived therapeutics
2.3.2 Targeting the interaction between the bacterial triggers of MS and the immune system
2.4 Immunomodulation and immunosuppressants in controlling MS
2.4.1 Chemotherapeutic approaches to immunomodulation
2.5 Targeting inflammatory processes to treat MS
2.6 Natural products and herbal medicines as anti-inflammatory agents
2.6.1 Stilbenes
2.6.2 Polyphenolic compounds: flavonoids and tannins
2.6.3 Terpenoids and non-polar anti-inflammatory plant compounds
2.7 Plant based approaches: Natural combination therapies
2.7.1 The therapeutic effects of Cannabis sativa L.
2.7.2 The anti-inflammatory effects of Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
2.7.3 The anti-inflammatory activity of Curcuma longa L. (turmeric)
2.7.4 The anti-inflammatory activity of Boswellia spp. (frankincense)
2.7.5 The anti-inflammatory effects of Harpagophytum procumbens Burch. (Devil’s claw)
2.8 Conclusion
References
CH003.pdf
Chapter 3 Advanced technique for characterization of balance disorders in multiple sclerosis: posturography
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Generalities on MS
3.1.2 Clinical signs
3.1.3 Central regulation of balance in MS
3.1.4 Instrumental analysis
3.2 Technical materials in posturography
3.2.1 Center of pressure versus center of gravity
3.2.2 Force platforms
3.3 Analysis methods in posturography
3.3.1 Linear analysis
3.3.2 Nonlinear analysis
3.4 Conclusion
References
CH004.pdf
Chapter 4 Recent developments in the understanding and assessment of hope and psycho-emotional expressions of illness for people with Multiple Sclerosis
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Understanding generalised hope for individuals with chronic illness
4.1.2 The factors that influence hope
4.1.3 The model of emotional adjustment and hope (MEAH)
4.1.4 Illness narratives and how they are mapped onto the MEAH
4.1.5 limitations
4.1.6 Conclusion
References
CH005.pdf
Chapter 5 Multiple sclerosis symptoms
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Neurodegenerative mechanisms of multiple sclerosis
5.1.2 A word about anatomy
5.1.3 The immune system
5.2 Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis
5.3 Current classification includes
5.4 Clinical symptomatology
5.4.1 The brainstem
5.4.2 Optic neuritis
5.4.3 Myelitis
5.4.4 Sensory symptoms
5.4.5 Heat sensitivity
5.4.6 Motor symptoms
5.4.7 Spasticity
5.4.8 Speech, vocal
5.4.9 Bladder and bowel dysfunction
5.4.10 Sexual problems
5.4.11 Dysarthria
5.5 The incidence and prevalence of psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis
5.5.1 Quality of life
5.5.2 Fatigue
5.5.3 Cognitive
5.5.4 Memory
5.5.5 Emotional disturbances
5.5.6 Pain
5.6 Conclusion
References
CH006.pdf
Chapter 6 Using transcranial direct current stimulation to manage symptoms of multiple sclerosis
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Symptom management in MS
6.1.2 Neuromodulation in MS
6.1.3 Introduction to tDCS
6.2 Techincal considerations for tDCS
6.2.1 Technical standards for tDCS
6.2.2 Using at-home protocols to reach MS patients
6.3 Potential clinical applications in MS
6.3.1 Fatigue
6.3.2 Cognition
6.3.3 Upper limb motor functioning
6.3.4 Pain and sensory deficits
6.3.5 Imaging and future directions
6.4 Conclusions
References
CH007.pdf
Chapter 7 Oxidative stress and sterile inflammation in multiple sclerosis
7.1 Introduction to the disease
7.1.1 History of MS
7.2 Redox system
7.2.1 Redox term
7.2.2 History of oxidative stress
7.2.3 What is the concept of oxidative stress?
7.2.4 Redox code
7.2.5 History of free radicals
7.3 Why is a free radical dangerous?
7.3.1 What is the difference between FRs and ROS?
7.3.2 Main endogenous oxidant sources
7.3.3 Exogenous oxidant sources: exposome
7.4 Oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis
7.4.1 General symptoms of oxidative stress
7.4.2 ‘OS memory’ in MS
7.5 Dangerous crystals
7.5.1 History of cholesterol in MS
7.5.2 Oxidative stress and cholesterol in MS
7.5.3 Myeline and cholesterol in MS
7.5.4 Oligodendrocyte and cholesterol
7.6 Cholesterol needle-shaped crystals and sterile inflammation in MS
7.6.1 Inflammasomes and MS
7.7 Monosodium urate crystals and sterile inflammation in MS
7.7.1 Uric acid and OS in MS
7.8 Conclusion
References
CH008.pdf
Chapter 8 The influence of auditory neuroprosthetics on gait and postural recovery in multiple sclerosis
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis
8.1.2 Gait and postural disorders
8.1.3 Conventional treatment strategies
8.1.4 Auditory cueing and stimulations
8.2 Methods
8.3 Results
8.3.1 Outcomes
8.3.2 Meta-analyses reports
8.4 Discussion
8.4.1 Neurophysiological impact
8.4.2 Physiological effects
8.4.3 limitations
8.4.4 Future directions: applications of real-time auditory feedback (sonification)
Acknowledgements
References
CH009.pdf
Chapter 9 Neuropsychological assessment in multiple sclerosis
9.1 Cognition in multiple sclerosis
9.2 Neuropsychological batteries for MS
9.2.1 From comprehensive to brief neuropsychological batteries
9.2.2 Screening tools
9.3 Cognitive assessment: the relevance in clinical and research fields
9.4 Methodological issues
9.4.1 Discrete norms versus regression-based norms
9.4.2 An ecological approach: the cognitive-motor interference and the actual reality
9.4.3 Repeated assessments
9.5 Variables influencing cognition
9.6 Cognitive impairment and cognitive decline
9.7 Future perspectives
References
CH010.pdf
Chapter 10 Imaging disconnection in multiple sclerosis
10.1 The complexity of multiple sclerosis
10.2 The importance of MRI in MS
10.3 Brain organization in MS: the impact of disease on connectivity
10.3.1 Structural connectivity
10.3.2 Functional connectivity
10.4 Conclusions and future developments
References
CH011.pdf
Chapter 11 Gait analyses in multiple sclerosis; and time series
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Determinants of gait
11.3 Kinetic and kinematics of gait
11.4 Phases of the gait cycle
11.4.1 Stance phase
11.4.2 Swing phase
11.5 Temporal–spatial features of gait
11.6 Kinetics of gait
11.6.1 Vertical forces
11.6.2 Anterior–posterior forces
11.6.3 Medial–lateral forces
11.7 Joint torques and forces/kinematics
11.7.1 Muscle activity
11.8 The layout of the gait function in chaos AND the complexity of the gait function in order
11.8.1 The ability of variability at walk: the two-edged knife
11.8.2 Fractal organization of gait; structure of variability
11.8.3 Gait dynamics and postural instability: fall risk
11.8.4 Biometric features of gait
11.9 Gait analysis methods
11.9.1 Visual methods
11.9.2 Sensor based methods
11.9.3 Angular measurement methods
11.9.4 Medical imaging techniques
11.9.5 Machine learning
11.10 Gait problems and cortical involvement in multiple sclerosis: choosing the right analysis method
11.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
CH012.pdf
Chapter 12 A brain–computer interface web browser for multiple sclerosis patients
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Background
12.2.1 Types of BCIs
12.2.2 Towards a real use of BCIs
12.2.3 Previous approaches
12.2.4 Our approach
12.3 Subject database
12.4 Methods
12.4.1 Signal acquisition
12.4.2 P300 processing
12.4.3 Asynchrony management
12.4.4 The web browser application
12.4.5 Assessment
12.5 Results
12.6 Discussion
12.7 Conclusion
References
CH013.pdf
Chapter 13 Language, speech and voice symptomatology (dysarthria) in multiple sclerosis: electroglottographic and acoustic analysis for assessment
13.1 Objective instrumental measurements of voice (electroglottography)
13.2 Electroglottography definition and description
13.3 Acoustic analysis of speech
13.4 Variables of electroglottographic analysis during sustained phonation
13.5 Variables of electroglottographic analysis during connected speech
13.6 Findings of perceptual, acoustic and electroglottographic variables in MS
13.7 Voice quality
13.8 Articulation and speech rate
13.9 Prosody
13.10 Summary of findings and conclusions
References
CH014.pdf
Chapter 14 Novel approaches for segmenting cerebral vasculature
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Cerebral blood vessels segmentation
14.2.1 Magnetic resonance angiography
14.2.2 A three-dimensional (3D) CNN-based segmentation approach
14.2.3 A 3D local adaptive segmentation approach
14.3 Summary
References