Neuroepidemiology in Tropical Health

Front Cover
Neuroepidemiology in Tropical Health
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Foreword
References
Is Tropical Neurology Specific?
Cultural Issues
The Role of Sunshine
The Role of Genetic Factors
References
I. Fundamental Concepts
1 Methodological Challenges of Neuroepidemiological Studies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Study design and Feasibility in the Field
1.3 General Context
1.3.1 Geographical Difficulties
1.3.2 How to Move Forward?
1.3.3 Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
1.3.4 Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Factors
1.4 Difficulties in the Availability and Mobilization of Data
1.4.1 Medical Data
1.4.2 General Population Census
1.4.3 Cartography and Geographical Information Systems
1.5 Study Design
1.5.1 Geographical and Logistical Challenges
1.5.2 Demographic and Follow-Up Issues
1.6 Clinical and Regulatory Issues
1.6.1 International Ethic Rules
1.6.2 Suspected Cases Ascertainment
1.6.3 Diagnostic and Treatment
1.7 Design-Specific Issues
1.7.1 Cases Census and Sample Studies
1.7.2 Involvement of Institutions and Key Stakeholders
1.7.3 Medical Examinations, Biological Specimens and Laboratory Tests
1.7.4 Monitoring and New Technologies
1.8 Valorization: Scientific and Public Health Issues
1.8.1 International Acknowledgments of the Works Conducted in Tropical Areas
1.8.2 Advocacy—Policy and International Cooperation
1.9 Conclusion
References
II. Tropical Neuroepidemiology: Between Environment and Genetics
2 Sociocultural Factors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Tropical Neuroepidemiology and Health Anthropology: For Effective Collaboration
2.2.1 The Expected and Assumed Collaborative Epidemiology/Anthropology
2.2.2 A Concept: Almost Exclusive Use of the Sociocultural Representation Theory
2.2.3 Health-Related Stigma
2.3 Mental Disorders and Traditional Beliefs in SSA
2.3.1 Explanatory Models of Mental Illness in SSA
2.3.1.1 What are the Theories of Mankind in SSA?
2.3.1.2 Causality of Mental Illness in SSA
2.3.1.3 Psychosis and Neurosis
2.3.1.4 Stigma and Mental Illness
2.3.1.5 Managing Mental Illness: Traditional or Modern Medicine?
2.4 Sociocultural Representations and Stigma in Epilepsy
2.4.1 Explanatory Models of Epilepsy
2.4.2 Symptomatic Denominations
2.4.3 Etiological Denominations
2.4.4 Beliefs About Epilepsy in SSA
2.4.4.1 Magical Causes (Evil-Spirit, Possession, and Witchcraft)
2.4.4.2 Contagion
2.4.4.3 “Biomedical Model”: Foreign Body Migration, Body Fluids-Bound, and Heredity
2.4.4.4 Epilepsy and Stigma
2.5 Sociocultural Representations and Stigma in Dementia
2.5.1 Models of Understanding of Dementia
2.5.2 Social Tolerance of People With Dementia: Representations and Stigma
2.6 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
3 Climatic Factors Under the Tropics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 A Physical Geographic Approach: The Climate and Its Characteristics
3.2.1 The Role of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
3.2.2 Types of Tropical Climate
3.3 A Biogeographical Approach: How Climate’s Features Determine Natural Biomes and Ecosystems
3.3.1 The Marine Biome
3.3.2 Microbial Diversity and Biogeography
3.4 Biology: Adaptation and Acclimation to Tropical Climates
3.4.1 Thermal Tolerance
3.4.2 Water Availability
3.4.3 UVR and Airborne Propagation of Neurotropic Viruses
3.4.4 Thermoregulation in Man
3.4.5 Nutrition
3.5 Does the Tropical Climate Favor Pathogens and Infections in Humans?
3.5.1 Biogeography
3.5.2 Role of Environmental Conditions
3.5.3 Infections of Humans
3.5.4 Seasonality Under the Tropics
3.5.5 The Tropical Origin of Infectious Diseases
3.5.6 Fungal Proliferation Under the Tropics
3.5.7 Algal Blooms and Seafood Poisoning
3.6 Weather Events and Extreme Effects of Climate
3.7 A Health Geographical Approach: Case Studies of Climatic Features that Modulate Tropical Diseases
3.7.1 Mainly Climatic Determinants
3.7.1.1 Epidemic Meningococcal Meningitis
3.7.2 Complex Relations Between Climate, Soil, and Human Activities
3.7.2.1 Climate Impact on Tropical Endemic Diseases Vectors Ecology: Case Studies of Malaria and Human African Trypanosomia...
3.7.2.2 The Amazon Basin, Soil Chemical Composition, Soil–Air Interface, Climate Dependency, and Environmental (Surface Wat...
3.8 The “Boomerang Effect” Under the Tropics: Health Consequences of Anthropogenic Changes
3.8.1 The Bangladesh Story: Persistent Dryness, Safe Drinking Water Availability and Deep-Water Wells
3.8.2 Agriculture Under the Tropics
3.8.3 Perturbation of the Global Nutrient Cycles
3.8.4 Climate in Tropical Cities
3.9 Conclusions
References
Further Reading
4 Economic Aspects
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Health System Financing: Key Challenges
4.2.1 The Changing Landscape of Disease and Injury
4.2.2 Health Spending: Inefficient or Insufficient?
4.2.3 Composition of Health Spending
4.3 Economical Aspects Related to Chronic Neurological Diseases
4.3.1 Epilepsy
4.3.2 Dementia and Cognitive Disorders
4.3.2.1 The Global Burden of Disease Approach
4.3.2.2 Limitations of the GBD Approach
4.3.2.3 Alternative Approaches to Understanding the Economic Impact of Dementia
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Tropical Epidemiology: Nutritional Factors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Tools for Pointing Out Malnutrition and Obesity and Their Thresholds
5.2.1 Body Mass Index
5.2.2 Unintentional Loss of Weight
5.2.3 Main Other Anthopometric Assessments
5.2.4 Albuminemia
5.2.5 Dietician Survey
5.3 The Main Causes of Malnutrition During Neurological Diseases and Their Treatment
5.3.1 Disabilities
5.3.2 Anorexia
5.3.3 Swallowing Disorders
5.3.4 Disorders of Salivation
5.3.5 The Increase in Energy Expenditure
5.3.6 The Role of Therapeutics
5.4 Nutrition and Epilepsy in Tropical Countries
5.4.1 Malnutrition or Obesity as Possible Consequences of Epilepsy
5.4.2 Epilepsy Favored by Malnutrition
5.5 Nutrition and Dementia in Tropical Countries
5.5.1 Nutritional Status
5.5.2 Nutritional Factors Associated With Dementia
5.5.2.1 Malnutrition and Weight Loss
5.5.2.2 Food Consumption
References
6 Genetics of Infections and Diseases Caused by Human Parasites Affecting the Central Nervous System
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Neurocysticercosis
6.3 Toxoplasmosis
6.4 Cerebral Malaria
References
III. Tropical Neuroepidemiology by Large Areas of the World
7 Asia
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Stroke
7.2.1 Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality
7.2.2 Stroke Subtypes
7.2.3 Young Stroke
7.2.4 Other Causes of Stroke
7.3 Epilepsy
7.3.1 Prevalence and Incidence
7.3.2 Classification and Causes
7.3.3 Mortality
7.3.4 Psychosocial Burden
7.3.5 Treatment Gap
7.3.6 Steven–Johnson Syndrome Secondary to Carbamazepine
7.4 Headache
7.4.1 Prevalence of Primary Headache
7.4.2 Headache in the Elderly
7.4.3 Cultural Influence on Concepts and Management
7.5 Neuroinflammation
7.5.1 Multiple Sclerosis
7.5.2 Neuromyelitis Optica
7.6 Neuromuscular Disorders
7.6.1 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
7.6.2 Guillain–Barré Syndrome
7.6.3 Myasthenia Gravis
7.6.4 Muscle Diseases
7.6.5 Toxic Neuropathies
7.7 Movement Disorders
7.7.1 Parkinson’s Disease
7.7.2 Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes
7.7.3 Huntington’s Disease
7.7.4 Other Movement Disorders
7.8 Dementia
7.8.1 Dementia Subtypes
7.9 CNS Infections
7.9.1 Bacteria
7.9.2 Viruses
7.9.3 Parasites
7.9.4 Fungus
7.10 Neurology Care
7.10.1 Number of Neurologists
7.10.2 Neuroimaging, Clinical Neurophysiology Services, and Pharmaceuticals
7.10.3 Training Programs for Neurologists
7.10.4 Regional Networking and Publication
References
8 Neurologic Diseases in Tropical Oceania
8.1 Preamble
8.2 Tropical Australia
8.2.1 Overview
8.2.2 Geography and Health Resources
8.2.2.1 The Northern Territory
8.2.2.2 Queensland and Far North Queensland
8.2.2.3 The Kimberleys and North Western Australia
8.2.3 Indigenous Health
8.2.4 Neurology in Tropical Australia
8.2.4.1 Infectious Diseases: Protozoal and Nematode Infections
8.2.4.1.1 Malaria
8.2.4.1.2 Nematode-Induced Myositis
8.2.4.2 Infectious Diseases: Vector-Borne Viral Infections
8.2.4.2.1 Flaviviral Infections
Host Immunity
Target Populations
Neurological Features of Flaviviral Infections
Diagnosis of Flaviviral Infection
Treatment
Epidemiology of Arboviruses
Climate and Animal Vectors and Other Modes of Transmission
Seroprevalence
8.2.4.2.2 Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus
8.2.4.2.3 Kunjin Virus
8.2.4.2.4 Dengue Fever
Clinical Features
8.2.4.2.5 Japanese Encephalitis Virus
8.2.4.2.6 Newer Viral Infections Associated With Encephalitis
8.2.4.3.1 Melioidosis
Epidemiology
Clinical Picture
Pathology
8.2.4.3.2 Cryptococcus
8.2.4.3.3 Naegleria
8.2.4.3.4 Echinococcus
8.2.4.4 Non-infectious Neurological Diseases
8.2.4.4.1 Kava
8.2.4.4.2 Inhalants
8.2.5 Cerebrovascular Disease
8.2.6 Rheumatic Fever and Rhematic Heart Disease
8.2.7 Otitis Media
8.3 Melanesia
8.3.1 Papua New Guinea
8.3.1.1 Trauma
8.3.1.2 Vector-Borne Viral Disease
8.3.1.2.1 Malaria
8.3.1.2.2 Zika Virus
8.3.1.2.3 Kuru
8.3.1.2.4 Cysticercosis
8.3.2 New Caledonia
8.3.3 Fiji
8.4 Micronesia
8.4.1 Guam
8.4.1.1 ALS–Parkinsonism–Dementia Complex
8.4.2 Marshall Islands
8.4.3 Kiribati and Nauru
8.5 Polynesia
8.5.1 Samoa and Tonga
8.6 Cerebrovascular Disease in Oceania Outside Australia
8.7 The Future
Acknowledgments
References and Selected Reading
Newer Viral Encephalitides
Murray Valley Encephalitis
Dengue Fever
Melioidosis
Neurocysticercosis
Malaria
9 Neuroepidemiology in Latin America
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Neuroepidemiology in Latin America
9.3 Epilepsy
9.4 Multiple Sclerosis
9.5 Dementia Syndromes
9.6 Stroke
9.7 Headache and Migraine
9.8 Extrapyramidal Disease and Parkinson’s Diseases
9.9 ALS
9.10 Neuroinfectious Diseases
9.11 Neuroepidemiology Training and Education
9.12 Conclusions
References
10 Epidemiology of Neurological Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Infections of the Nervous System
10.2.1 HIV-Related Neurological Diseases
10.2.2 Neurosyphilis
10.2.3 Poliomyelitis
10.2.4 Leprosy
10.2.5 Tuberculous Spondylitis
10.3 Tropical Spastic Paraparesis
10.4 Neurofluorosis
10.5 Konzo
10.6 Stroke
10.7 Epilepsy
10.7.1 Etiologies of Epilepsy
10.7.1.1 CNS Infections
10.7.1.2 Birth Complications
10.7.1.3 Febrile Convulsions
10.7.1.4 Head Injuries
10.7.2 Genetic Factors
10.7.3 Burden
10.7.4 Prognosis
10.7.5 Treatment Options
10.8 Nodding Syndrome
10.9 Lathyrism
10.10 Dementia
10.11 Peripheral Neuropathies
10.12 Parkinson’s Disease
10.13 Conclusion
References
IV. Focus on Specific Neurological Syndromes or Diseases in Tropical Areas
11 Epilepsy
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Definitions
11.2.1 Epileptic Seizures
11.2.2 Epilepsy
11.3 Classification
11.3.1 Classification of Epilepsies and Epileptic Syndromes
11.3.2 Classification by Seizure Type
11.3.2.1 Focal Seizures
11.3.2.2 Generalized Seizures
11.3.2.2.1 Generalized Convulsive Seizures
11.3.2.2.2 Absence Seizures
11.3.2.2.3 Other Motor Seizures
11.3.2.2.4 Unclassifiable Seizures
11.4 Epidemiology
11.4.1 Methodological Considerations
11.4.1.1 Difficulties With Identification
11.4.1.2 Definition
11.4.1.3 The Problem of Diagnosis
11.4.2 The Prevalence of Epilepsy
11.4.3 The Incidence of Epilepsy
11.4.4 Seizure Type
11.5 The Causes of Epilepsy
11.5.1 Identifying the Etiology
11.5.2 Infection of CNS
11.5.2.1 Acute Bacterial Meningitis
11.5.2.2 Other Bacterial Suppurative Infections
11.5.2.3 Tuberculosis
11.5.2.4 Parasitic
11.5.2.5 Viral Infections
11.5.2.5.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
11.5.3 Traumatic Brain Injury
11.5.4 Perinatal Factors
11.5.5 Cerebrovascular Disease
11.5.6 Tumors
11.5.7 Family History of Epilepsy
11.6 Comorbidity
11.7 Mortality
11.8 Sociocultural Aspects
11.9 Treatment
11.10 Conclusion
References
12 Dementia
12.1 Background
12.1.1 Brain Pathology
12.1.2 Burden
12.1.3 Prevention
12.1.4 An Aging and Changing World
12.2 Prevalence
12.2.1 Asia
12.2.2 Latin America and Caribbean
12.2.3 Sub-Saharan Africa
12.3 Incidence
12.3.1 Asia
12.3.2 Latin America and the Caribbean
12.3.3 Sub-Saharan Africa
12.4 Mortality
12.5 Trends
References
13 Other Neurocognitive Disorders in Tropical Health (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinson’s Disease)
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Clinical Features of ALS
13.2.1 Introduction
13.2.2 Clinical Symptoms and Signs
13.3 Clinical Features of Parkinsonian Disorders
13.3.1 Introduction
13.3.2 Clinical Features
13.3.3 Diagnostic Criteria
13.4 Epidemiology of ALS
13.4.1 Study of ALS in Tropical Areas, a Challenging Context
13.4.2 ALS Variability With Population’s Ancestral Origin
13.4.3 ALS in Africa
13.4.4 ALS in Oceania
13.4.5 ALS in Asia
13.4.6 ALS in Latin America
13.5 Epidemiology of PD
13.5.1 Prevalence of Parkinsonism in Tropical Countries
13.5.2 Hypothesis for the Lower Frequency of PD in Tropical Countries
13.5.2.1 Racial or Ethnic Differences?
13.5.3 Higher Proportion of Atypical Parkinsonism?
13.5.4 Environmental Exposures?
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Vascular Disorders
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Burden of Stroke in SSA
14.2.1 Overview
14.2.2 Epidemiology
14.2.2.1 Prevalence
14.2.2.2 Incidence
14.2.2.3 Mortality
14.2.2.4 Stroke Case-Fatality
14.2.2.5 Stroke Subtypes
14.2.3 Comments
14.3 Risk Factors
14.4 The Gaps
References
15 Neuromuscular Disorders in Tropical Areas
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Infectious NMDs
15.2.1 Bacterial Infections
15.2.1.1 Leprosy
15.2.1.2 Buruli Ulcer
15.2.1.3 Tuberculosis
15.2.1.4 Brucellosis
15.2.1.5 Tropical Pyomyositis
15.2.1.6 Leptospirosis and Other Spirochetes
15.2.1.7 Rickettsiosis
15.2.1.8 Diphtheria
15.2.1.9 Botulism
15.2.1.10 Tetanus
15.2.1.11 Typhoid Fever
15.2.2 Viral Infections
15.2.2.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
15.2.2.2 The Neurotropic Herpes Viruses
15.2.2.3 Cytomegalovirus
15.2.2.4 Human T-lymphotropic Virus 1
15.2.2.5 The Hepatitis Viruses
15.2.2.6 Arboviruses
15.2.2.7 Poliovirus
15.2.2.8 Rabies
15.2.2.9 Rubella
15.2.2.10 Influenza
15.2.3 Parasitic and Fungal Infections
15.2.3.1 American Trypanosomiasis
15.2.3.2 Trichinellosis (or Trichinosis)
15.2.3.3 Cysticercosis
15.2.3.4 Echinococcosis
15.2.3.5 Schistosomiasis (or Bilharziasis)
15.2.3.6 Malaria
15.2.3.7 Gnathosomiasis
15.2.3.8 Angiostrongyliasis
15.2.3.9 Dracunculiasis
15.2.3.10 Infection by Haycocknema perplexum
15.2.3.11 Coenuriasis
15.2.3.12 Toxoplasmosis
15.2.3.13 Onchocerciasis
15.2.3.14 Giardiasis
15.2.3.15 Bothriocephalus Infection
15.2.3.16 Leishmaniasis
15.2.3.17 Sarcocystosis
15.2.3.18 Microsporidial Infections
15.3 Malnutrition and Micronutrient Deficiencies
15.3.1 Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) Deficiency
15.3.2 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Deficiency
15.3.3 Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Deficiency
15.3.4 Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Deficiency
15.3.5 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Deficiency
15.3.6 Vitamin B8 (Biotin) Deficiency
15.3.7 Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency
15.3.8 Copper Deficiency
15.3.9 Tropical Sprue
15.3.10 Tropical Ataxic Neuropathy
15.4 Toxic Causes
15.4.1 NMDs Caused by Envenimation
15.4.1.1 Spider Bites
15.4.1.2 Scorpion Stings
15.4.1.3 Snake Bites
15.4.1.4 Marine Poisoning
15.4.1.5 Plant Sources and Other Animal Poisons
15.5 Other Acquired NMDs
15.5.1 Diabetes Mellitus
15.5.2 Immune-Mediated NMDs
15.5.2.1 Guillain–Barré Syndrome
15.5.2.2 CIDP
15.5.2.3 Myasthenia Gravis
15.5.3 Systemic Diseases
15.6 Hereditary NMDs
15.7 Idiopathic Neuropathies
Abbreviations
References
16 Headaches in Tropical Areas
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Epidemiological Aspects
16.3 Impact
16.4 Clinical Aspects
16.4.1 Migraine
16.4.2 Tension Headaches
16.4.3 Secondary Headache
16.4.3.1 Headache of Ophthalmological Origin
16.4.3.2 Headache in Intracranial Infection
16.4.3.3 Work-Related Headache
16.5 Conclusion
References
17 Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Addictions
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Psychiatry and Mental Health in SSA
17.2.1 Epidemiology in Mental Health in SSA
17.2.1.1 Prevalence of Mental Illness and Associated Factors
17.2.1.2 Women’s Mental Health
17.2.1.3 Childhood Mental Health
17.2.1.4 Mental Health in Prisons
17.2.1.5 Consequences of Mental-Health Diseases and Mental Quality of Life
17.2.2 Support for Mental Illness and Promotion of Mental Health
17.2.2.1 Obstacles
17.2.2.2 Solutions for More Effectively Dealing With Mental Health in SSA
17.3 Addictions in SSA
17.3.1 History and Generality of Addictions in SSA
17.3.1.1 The Local Production of Cannabis
17.3.1.2 Local Production of Heroin and Cocaine
17.3.2 Epidemiology of Addictions in SSA
17.3.2.1 Prevalence of Addictions in SSA
17.3.2.1.1 Prevalence of Addiction to Intravenous Drug Misuse in SSA
17.3.2.1.2 Drug Abuse and HIV
17.3.2.2 Specificity of the Addictions in Women in SSA
17.3.2.3 Prevalence of Addictions in Childhood and Adolescents in SSA
17.3.2.4 Factors Associated With Addictions in SSA
17.3.2.4.1 Factors Associated With Smoking in SSA
17.3.2.4.2 Factors Associated With Alcoholism in SSA
17.3.2.4.3 Factors Associated With Intravenous Drug Injection in SSA
17.3.2.4.4 Factors Associated With Addiction in Teenagers in SSA
17.3.2.4.5 Factors Associated With Addictions in Women SSA
17.3.2.5 The Consequences of Addictions in SSA
17.3.2.6 The Causes of Addiction in SSA
17.3.2.6.1 Causes of Alcoholism in SSA
17.3.2.6.2 Causes of the Tobacco Epidemic in Developing Countries
17.3.2.6.3 Causes of Illicit Drug Addiction in SSA
17.3.2.6.4 Causes of Trafficking of Drugs in SSA
17.3.3 Solutions to Addiction in SSA
17.3.3.1 Fighting Tobacco Control in SSA
17.3.3.2 The Fight Against Alcoholism
17.3.3.3 The Fight Against Drug Abuse and Trafficking of Psychotropic Drugs
17.4 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
18 Neurological Syndromes or Diseases Caused by Parasites in Tropical Areas
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Cysticercosis
18.3 American Trypanosomiasis
18.4 African Trypanosomiasis
18.5 Malaria
18.6 Schistosomiasis
18.7 Toxoplasmosis
18.8 Gnathostomiasis
18.9 Angiostrongyliasis
18.10 Nodding Syndrome and Onchocerciasis
18.11 Neurologic Infections by Free-Living Amebae
18.12 Future Directions
References
19 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System
19.1 Introduction
19.2 BM/Encephalitis/Cerebral Abscess (Mycobacteria Excluded)
19.2.1 Neonatal Meningitis
19.2.1.1 Epidemiology and Physiopathology
19.2.1.2 Diagnosis
19.2.1.3 Treatment
19.2.2 BM in Children and Adults
19.2.2.1 Epidemiology
19.2.2.1.1 Meningococcal Disease
19.2.2.1.2 Streptococcus pneumoniae
19.2.2.1.3 Other Pathogens
19.2.2.2 Pathophysiology
19.2.2.3 Clinical Features
19.2.2.4 Diagnosis
19.2.2.5 Treatment
19.2.2.6 Outcome
19.2.2.7 Prevention
19.2.2.7.1 Chemoprophylaxis
19.2.2.7.2 Vaccination
19.2.3 Cerebral Abscess
19.3 Mycobacterial Infections
19.3.1 TB of the CNS
19.3.1.1 Epidemiology
19.3.1.2 Pathophysiology
19.3.1.3 Clinical Features
19.3.1.4 Diagnosis
19.3.1.5 Treatment
19.3.1.6 Outcome
19.3.1.7 Prevention
19.3.1.7.1 Chemoprophylaxis
19.3.1.7.2 Vaccination: Bacille Calmette–Guérin
19.3.2 Leprosy
19.3.2.1 Epidemiology
19.3.2.2 Pathophysiology
19.3.2.3 Clinical Features
19.3.2.4 Diagnosis
19.3.2.5 Treatment
19.3.2.6 Outcome
19.3.2.7 Prevention
19.4 Other Bacterial Infections Involving the CNS
19.4.1 Neurosyphilis
19.4.1.1 Epidemiology
19.4.1.2 Physiopathology/Microbiology
19.4.1.3 Clinical Features
19.4.1.4 Diagnosis
19.4.1.5 Treatment
19.4.1.6 Outcome
19.4.1.7 Prevention136
19.4.2 Zoonotic BM
19.4.2.1 Leptospirosis, Brucellosis and Q Fever
19.4.2.1.1 Epidemiology
19.4.2.1.2 Physiopathology
19.4.2.1.3 Clinical Features
19.4.2.1.4 Diagnosis
19.4.2.1.5 Treatment
19.4.2.1.6 Outcome
19.4.2.1.7 Prevention
19.4.2.2 Rickettsiosis
19.4.2.3 Relapsing Fever
19.4.3 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
19.4.3.1 Physiopathology162,164 and Diagnosis
19.4.3.2 Treatment
19.4.4 Tetanus
19.4.4.1 Physiopathology
19.4.4.2 Diagnosis
19.4.4.3 Mortality
19.4.4.4 Outcome in Survivors
19.4.4.5 Treatment
19.4.4.6 Prevention
References
20 Viral Diseases
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Herpes Simplex 1 and 2
20.2.1 Epidemiology
20.2.2 CNS Diseases Caused by HSV
20.2.3 Pathogenesis
20.2.4 Diagnosis
20.2.5 Prevention and Treatment
20.3 Varicella Zoster Virus
20.3.1 Epidemiology
20.3.2 Pathogenesis
20.3.3 Diagnosis
20.3.4 Treatment
20.3.5 Prevention
20.4 Cytomegalovirus
20.4.1 Epidemiology
20.4.2 Pathogenesis
20.4.3 Diagnosis
20.4.4 Treatment and Prevention
20.5 Epstein–Barr Virus
20.5.1 Epidemiology
20.5.2 Pathogenesis
20.5.3 Diagnosis
20.5.4 Treatment and Prevention
20.6 Human Herpes Virus 6
20.7 Enterovirus
20.8 Poliomyelitis
20.8.1 Epidemiology
20.8.2 Pathogenesis
20.8.3 Diagnosis
20.8.4 Treatment and Prevention
20.9 Non-polio Enteroviruses
20.9.1 Epidemiology and Clinical Features
20.9.2 Diagnosis
20.9.3 Treatment and Prevention
20.10 Paramyxoviruses (Measles, Mumps, and Nipah Viruses)
20.10.1 Measles
20.10.1.1 Epidemiology
20.10.1.2 Diagnosis
20.10.1.3 Prevention and Treatment
20.10.2 Mumps
20.10.2.1 Epidemiology
20.10.2.2 Pathogenesis
20.10.2.3 Diagnosis
20.10.2.4 Prevention and Treatment
20.10.3 Nipah Virus
20.10.3.1 Epidemiology
20.10.3.2 Pathogenesis and Pathology
20.10.3.3 Diagnosis
20.10.3.4 Prevention and Treatment
20.11 Retrovirus
20.11.1 Human T–Lymphotropic Virus
20.11.1.1 Epidemiology
20.11.1.2 Pathogenesis
20.11.1.3 Diagnosis
20.11.1.4 Prevention and Treatment
20.11.2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
20.11.2.1 Epidemiology
20.11.2.2 Pathogenesis
20.11.2.3 Diagnosis
20.11.2.4 Prevention and Treatment
20.12 Polyomavirus and Progressive Multifocal Leucoencephalopathy
20.12.1 Epidemiology
20.12.2 Pathogenesis
20.12.3 Diagnosis
20.12.4 Prevention and Treatment
20.13 Rhabdoviridae/Lyssavirus
20.13.1 Epidemiology
20.13.2 Pathogenesis
20.13.3 Diagnosis
20.13.4 Prevention and Treatment
20.14 Arboviruses
20.14.1 Bunyaviridae Family
20.14.2 Flaviviridae Family, Genus Flavivirus
20.14.2.1 Epidemiology
20.14.2.2 Clinical Features
20.14.2.3 Diagnosis
20.14.2.4 Prevention and Treatment
20.15 Togaviridae/Rubivirus
20.15.1 Epidemiology
20.15.2 Pathogenesis
20.15.3 Diagnosis
20.15.4 Prevention
20.16 Poxviruses/Smallpox and Vaccinia
20.16.1 Epidemiology
20.16.2 Prevention and Safety of the Vaccine
References
Further Reading
21 Other Diseases: Traumatic Brain Injuries, Tumors, and Multiple Sclerosis
21.1 Traumatic Brain Injuries
21.1.1 Frequency
21.1.2 Distribution by Age and Sex
21.1.3 The Circumstances of Occurrence
21.1.4 Morbidity and Mortality
21.2 Tumors
21.2.1 PBT Risk Factors
21.2.1.1 Endogenous Factors
21.2.1.1.1 Age and Sex
21.2.1.1.2 Genetic Factors
21.2.1.1.3 Allergic Conditions
21.2.1.1.4 Anthropometric Factors
21.2.1.2 Exogenous Factors
21.2.1.2.1 Ionizing Radiations
21.2.1.2.2 Magnetic Fields
21.2.1.2.3 Viral Infections
21.2.1.2.4 Nitrates
21.2.2 Frequency
21.2.3 Breakdown by Location and Nature of Tumors
21.3 Multiple Sclerosis
References
Glossary
Index
Back Cover