Natural Polymeric Materials based Drug Delivery Systems in Lung Diseases

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Introduction to Lung Disease
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of Lung Disease
1.2.1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
1.2.1.1 Etiology
1.2.1.2 The Genetic Origins
1.2.1.3 MicroRNAs´ Origins
1.2.1.4 Pathophysiology
1.2.1.5 Treatment
1.2.2 Asthma
1.2.2.1 Etiology
1.2.2.2 Epidemiology (Hernandez-Gonzalez et al. 2021; Hoffman 2021)
1.2.2.3 Pathophysiology
1.2.2.4 Treatment
1.2.3 Pneumonia
1.2.3.1 Etiology
1.2.3.2 Epidemiology
1.2.3.3 Pathophysiology
1.2.3.4 Treatment
1.2.4 Tuberculosis
1.2.4.1 Etiology
1.2.4.2 Epidemiology
1.2.4.3 Pathophysiology
1.2.4.4 Treatment
1.2.5 Cystic Fibrosis
1.2.5.1 Etiology
1.2.5.2 Epidemiology
1.2.5.3 Pathophysiology
1.2.5.4 Treatment
1.2.6 Lung Cancer
1.2.6.1 Etiology
1.2.6.2 Epidemiology
1.2.6.3 Pathophysiology
1.2.6.4 Treatment
1.3 Conclusion
References
2: Natural Polymers for Drugs Delivery
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.2.1 Alginate-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.2.2 Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.2.3 Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.2.4 Dextran-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.2.5 Agarose-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.2.6 Hyaluronic Acid-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.2.7 Starch-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.2.8 Cellulose-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.3 Protein-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.3.1 Collagen-Based DDS
2.3.2 Albumin and Gelatin-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.4 Summary and Conclusion
References
3: Drug Delivery Systems Based on Various Natural Polymers for Lung Diseases
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Merits of Natural Polymers
3.3 Demerits of Natural Polymers
3.4 Natural Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Lung Disease
3.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles
3.4.2 Nanocrystals
3.4.3 Polymeric Microparticles
3.4.4 Pulsatile Microcapsules
3.4.5 Liposomes
3.4.6 Microspheres
3.4.7 Nanospheres
3.4.8 Polymeric Solutions
3.4.9 Nanofibers
3.5 Devices for Delivery of Drugs
3.5.1 Dry Powder Inhalers
3.5.2 Nebulizers
3.5.3 Metered Dose Inhalers
3.6 Advantages of Natural Polymers in Developing Drug Delivery System for Lung Diseases
3.7 Conclusion
References
Part I: Plant-Derived Natural Polymers Employed in Respiratory Diseases
4: Cellulose-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Lung Disorders
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Characteristics of Cellulose
4.3 Global Production of Cellulose
4.4 Application of Cellulose and its Derivatives in Lung Diseases
4.4.1 Cellulose and Lung Cancer
4.4.2 Cellulose and Lung Infections
4.4.3 Cellulose and Influenza
4.4.4 Cellulose and Tuberculosis
4.4.5 Cellulose and Lung Tissue Engineering
4.4.6 Cellulose and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
4.4.7 Cellulose and Asthma
4.4.8 Cellulose-Based Aerogels in Pulmonary Disease
4.5 Conclusion
References
5: Pectin-Derived Drug Delivery Systems in Respiratory Diseases
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Preparation of Pectin
5.2 Applications of Pectin in Respiratory Diseases
5.2.1 Treating Lung Cancer
5.2.2 Treating Acute Exacerbations of Lungs
5.2.3 Inhibition and Prevention of Viral Infection
5.2.4 Treatment of Chronic Rhino-Sinusitis
5.2.5 A Sealant in Pleural Injury
5.2.6 As Efficient Microbial Agent
5.2.7 Nose-to-Brain Targeting
5.2.8 In Treating the Pain Episodes
5.2.9 Treating Asthma and Pulmonary Diseases and Respiratory Symptoms
5.2.10 In Preventing Tuberculosis in Macrophage Culture
5.2.11 Miscellaneous
5.3 Conclusion
References
6: Starch-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Lung Disorders
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sources and Characteristics
6.3 Overview of Starch Market
6.4 Advantages
6.5 Application of Starch in Lung Disease
6.5.1 Starch and Asthma
6.5.2 Starch and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
6.5.3 Starch and Lung Cancer
6.5.4 Starch and Tuberculosis
6.6 Conclusion
References
7: Cyclodextrin-Derived Drug Delivery Systems in Respiratory Diseases
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Sources and Physicochemical Properties of Different CD Derivatives
7.2.1 Sources
7.2.1.1 CDs from Natural Sources
7.2.1.2 CD Derivatives
7.2.2 Physicochemical Properties of Different CDs Derivatives
7.2.2.1 Alpha-Cyclodextrin (α-CD)
7.2.2.2 Beta-Cyclodextrin (beta-CD)
7.2.2.3 Gama-Cyclodextrin (gamma-CD)
7.3 Application of Various Cyclodextrin-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Respiratory Diseases
7.3.1 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
7.3.2 Asthma
7.3.3 Bacterial Pneumonia
7.3.4 Pulmonary Fibrosis
7.3.5 Lung Cancer
7.3.6 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
7.3.7 Miscellaneous
7.4 Clinical Pertinency
7.5 Conclusion
References
8: Gum-Based Drug Delivery Systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Merits
8.3 Demerits
8.4 Classification of Gums
8.5 Characterization of Gums
8.6 Miscellaneous Pharmaceutical Applications of Gums
8.6.1 Tablet Formulations
8.6.2 Gums in Microencapsulation
8.6.3 Gums as Coating Agent
8.6.4 Gums as Gelling Agent
8.6.5 Gums as Emulsifying and Suspending Agent
8.6.6 Gums in Sustained Drug Delivery
8.6.7 Natural Gums in Intelligent Drug Delivery
8.6.8 Utilization of Gums as Film Formers
8.6.9 Normal Polymers for Theranostics
8.6.10 Normal Polymers for BioMEMS
8.7 Gums Used in Respiratory Diseases
8.7.1 Tamarind Gum
8.7.1.1 Chemical Composition
8.7.1.2 Physical Properties
8.7.1.3 Pharmaceutical Applications of Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide
Respiratory Diseases
In Sustained Drug Delivery
8.7.2 Almond Gum
8.7.2.1 Chemical Composition
8.7.2.2 Pharmaceutical Applications
8.7.3 Cashew Gum
8.7.3.1 Chemical Composition
8.7.3.2 Pharmaceutical Applications
Other Applications
8.7.4 Albizia Gum
8.7.4.1 Chemical Composition
8.7.4.2 Pharmaceutical Applications
8.7.5 Abelmoschus Gum
8.7.5.1 Chemical Composition
8.7.5.2 Pharmaceutical Applications
8.7.6 Ferula Gum
8.7.6.1 Chemical Composition
8.7.6.2 Pharmaceutical Applications
8.7.7 Cordia Mucilage
8.7.7.1 Chemical Composition
8.7.7.2 Pharmaceutical Applications
8.8 Physical Appearance and Chemical Structures of the Gums
8.9 Conclusion
References
9: Emergence of Glucomannan and Xyloglucan for Respirable Delivery
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Glucomannan
9.2.1 Konjac Glucomannan
9.2.1.1 Physicochemical Properties
9.2.1.2 Extraction
9.2.1.3 Derivatization
9.2.1.4 Drug Delivery to Respiratory System
9.2.2 Bletilla Striata GM
9.2.2.1 Physicochemical Properties
9.2.2.2 Extraction
9.2.2.3 Derivatization
9.2.2.4 Drug Delivery to Respiratory System
9.3 Xyloglucan
9.3.1 Physicochemical Properties
9.3.2 Extraction
9.3.3 Derivatization
9.3.4 Drug Delivery to Respiratory System
9.4 Conclusion
References
10: Arabinogalactan-Based Drug Delivery Systems
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Physical Characteristics
10.1.2 Chemical Nature
10.1.3 Pharmacokinetics
10.2 Pharmaceutical/Medical Applications of Arabinogalactan
10.3 Arabinogalactan in Pulmonary Drug Delivery
10.3.1 Arabinogalactan as a Complexing Agent
10.3.2 Arabinogalactan as an Immune-Modulating Agent
10.3.3 Arabinogalactan as Chemopreventive Agent
10.3.4 Arabinogalactan as Mucoadhesive Agent
10.3.5 Arabinogalactan as a Functional Excipient
10.4 Conclusions
References
Part II: Animal-Derived Natural Polymers Employed in Respiratory Diseases
11: Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Respiratory Diseases
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Modifications of Chitosan
11.2 Chitosan in Novel Drug Delivery Systems
11.2.1 Chitosan Nanoparticles (CNPs)
11.2.2 Chitosan Microspheres
11.2.3 Chitosan Microcapsules
11.2.4 Chitosan-Coated Liposomes
11.2.5 Chitosan Hydrogels
11.3 Chitosan-Based Vaccine Delivery
11.4 Limitations of Chitosan
11.5 Conclusion
References
12: Albumin for Application in Drug Delivery System for Lung Diseases
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Treatment of Lung Diseases
12.1.2 Challenges in Lung Delivery
12.2 Novel Carriers for Lung Delivery
12.2.1 Albumin Drug Delivery Systems in the Treatment of COPD
12.2.2 Albumin as a Drug Delivery System in the Treatment of Lung Cancer
12.2.3 Applications of Albumin in the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
12.2.4 Applications of Albumin in the Treatment of Asthma
12.3 Conclusion
References
13: Gelatin in Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Lung Diseases
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Advantages of Gelatin as a Drug Delivery Carrier
13.3 Modification of Gelatin
13.3.1 Stealth Delivery
13.3.2 Targeted Drug Delivery
13.4 Mechanism for Drug Release
13.5 Applications of Gelatin as Drug Delivery Carrier in Lung Disorders
13.6 Conclusion
13.7 Acknowledgments
References
14: Hyaluronan and Chondroitin Sulphate-Based Drug Delivery Systems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Advantages of CS and HA as a Drug Delivery Carrier
14.3 Clinical Need to Develop a Safe and Effective Delivery System for Lung Disorders
14.4 Physiological Role of CS and HA
14.5 Applications of HA and CS as Drug Delivery Carrier in Lung Targeting
14.6 Products with HA and CS as Active Components
14.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
15: Insulin-Based Drug Delivery Systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Types and Analogues of Insulin Polymer
15.2.1 Various Types of Insulins Derived from Animals
15.2.2 Insulin Analogues
15.2.2.1 Fast-Acting Insulin Analogues
15.2.2.2 Delayed-Action Insulin Analogues
15.2.2.3 Porcine and Bovine Insulins
15.3 Novel Drug Delivery Systems Targeting Pulmonary Diseases
15.3.1 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Drug Administration
15.3.2 Strategic Criteria for Particle-Based Pulmonary Delivery Systems
15.3.3 General Pulmonary Drug Delivery Devices
15.3.4 Particle-Based Pulmonary Systems
15.4 Polymeric Nanomaterials: Characteristics and Uses in Insulin Delivery
15.4.1 Natural Polymers
15.4.2 Synthetic Polymers
15.5 Role of Insulin in Respiratory Mechanisms
15.5.1 Insulin and Lung
15.5.2 Insulin and Airway Smooth Muscle
15.5.3 Insulin and PI3K/Akt Signaling
15.5.4 Insulin, Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling, and Airway Remodeling
15.6 Nano Platforms and Their Properties for Nano-Insulin Delivery
15.7 Future Perspective for Insulin Nano Therapeutics
15.8 Conclusion
References
Part III: Microorganisms Derived Natural Polymers Employed in Respiratory Diseases
16: Xanthan Gum-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Respiratory Diseases
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Xanthan Gum
16.2.1 Rationale for Selection of Xanthan Gum
16.2.2 Modified Xanthan Gum Materials
16.2.2.1 Modification with Carboxymethylation
16.2.2.2 Esterified Xanthan Gum
16.2.2.3 Acetylated Xanthan Gum
16.2.2.4 Oxidized Xanthan Gum
16.2.2.5 Physically Modified Xanthan Gum
16.3 Xanthan Gum-Based Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems
16.3.1 Liposomes
16.3.2 Hydrogels
16.3.3 Matrix System
16.3.4 Nanoparticles
16.3.5 Microspheres
16.4 Clinical Trials
16.5 Xanthan Gum Functionalized Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy in Pulmonary Vascular Diseases
16.6 Conclusion
References
17: Dextran for Application in DDS for Lung Diseases
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Dextran
17.2 Dextran: The Physicochemical Alterations
17.2.1 Esters of Dextran
17.2.2 Ethers of Dextran
17.2.3 Dialdehyde Derivative of Dextran
17.2.4 Acetylated Derivative of Dextran
17.3 Dextran and Its Potential Derivatives for Drug Delivery Systems
17.3.1 Critical Attributes of Dextran
17.4 Multifaceted Role of Dextran in Drug Delivery System
17.4.1 Self-assembly of Dextran as Micelles
17.4.2 Dextran as Stabilizer in Nano-Emulsions
17.4.3 Coating with Dextran by Coprecipitation
17.4.4 Dextran as Cross-linking Agents
17.4.5 Dextran as Co-excipient in Spray-Dried Formulations
17.5 Dextrans in Drug Delivery: Perspectives and Prospects
17.6 Dextran-Based Novel Drug Delivery Systems in Respiratory Disorders: The Prior Art
17.6.1 Nanoparticulate Carriers
17.6.2 Microparticulate Carriers
17.6.3 Instillation Delivery System
17.6.4 Other Delivery Systems
17.7 Other Therapeutic Applications of Dextran
17.8 Conclusion
References
18: Pullulan in Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Lung Disorders
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Pullulan Biosynthesis
18.1.2 Strains Producing the Pullulan
18.1.3 Pullulan Derivatives
18.2 Beneficial Attributes of Pullulan
18.3 Pullulan-Based Drug Delivery System for the Treatment of Lung´s Disease
18.3.1 Pullulan-Based Nanogel for the Delivery of Drugs for Respiratory Ailments
18.3.2 Pullulan-Based Nanoparticles for the Treatment of the Respiratory Disease
18.3.3 Pullulan-Based Microparticles for the Treatment of Various Respiratory Disorders
18.3.4 Pullulan-Based Liposomes for the Treatment of Various Respiratory Diseases
18.4 Other Biomedical Applications of Pullulan
18.4.1 Gene Delivery at Specific Place in Human Body
18.4.2 Tissue Engineering
18.4.3 Film-Forming Agents
18.4.4 Molecular Chaperons
18.4.5 Plasma Expander
18.4.6 Medical Imaging
18.5 Limitations of Pullulan-Based DDS
18.6 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Algae Derived Natural Polymers Employed in Respiratory Diseases
19: Alginate-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Respiratory Disease
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 General Properties
19.1.2 Gelling Properties
19.1.3 Gel Formation
19.1.4 Gel Power
19.1.5 Dissolution
19.1.6 Biocompatibility
19.1.7 Structure and Characterization
19.1.8 Derivatives of Alginates
19.2 Application of Alginate and Its Derivatives in Lung Diseases
19.2.1 Alginate and Lung Cancer
19.2.2 Alginate and Lung Infection
19.2.3 Alginate and COPD
19.2.4 Alginate and Tuberculosis
19.3 Alginate-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Antifungal Drugs
19.4 Conclusion
References
20: Carrageenan-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Respiratory Disease
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Classification of Carrageenan Polymers
20.2.1 Kappa (kappa)-Carrageenan
20.2.2 Iota (iota)-Carrageenan
20.2.3 Lambda (lambda)-Carrageenan
20.2.4 Mu (mu)-Carrageenan, Nu(nu)-Carrageenan, and Theta (theta)-Carrageenan
20.3 Carrageenan Polymer in Designing Diverse Drug Delivery Systems for the Management of Respiratory Disease
20.4 Applications of Carrageenan and Its Derivatives for the Treatment of Various Respiration/Lung Diseases
20.4.1 Role of CG in Respiratory Disorders Caused Due to Influenza Virus
20.4.2 Role of CG in Respiratory Disorders Caused Due to Bacteria
20.4.3 Role of CG in Respiratory Disorders Caused Due to SARS-Cov Virus
20.4.4 Role of CG in Respiratory Disorders Caused Due to HRV
20.4.5 Role of CG in the Treatment of Tuberculosis
20.5 Safety and Toxicology of Carrageenan
20.6 Conclusions
References
21: Agar-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Respiratory Disease
21.1 Introduction of Agar Polymers in Drug Delivery Systems
21.2 Classification of Agar Polymers
21.3 Physiological Barriers to Agar-Based Drug Delivery Systems
21.4 Application of Agar Polymer in Diverse Dosage Forms Which Can Be Used for Respiratory and Lung Disorders
21.4.1 Embedding of Bacteria
21.4.2 Agar-Based Microparticles
21.4.3 Agar as a Polymer for the Development of Films
21.4.4 Agar in a Form of Aerosols
21.4.5 Agar-Based Nanoparticles
21.4.6 Agar Used in the Formulation of Gels
21.4.7 Agar in the Preparation of Tablets
21.4.8 Use of Agarose as a Potential Polymer
21.5 Conclusions
References
22: Clinical Trials and Regulatory Issues of Natural Polymers Employed in Respiratory Disease
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Preclinical Model Study
22.3 Regulatory Aspects of Natural Polymers in Pharmaceuticals
22.4 Conclusion
References
23: Elucidating the Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity of Natural Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems Used in Various Pulmonary ...
23.1 Introduction
23.1.1 Arginine
23.1.2 Chitosan
23.1.3 Dextran
23.1.4 Alginate
23.1.5 Starch
23.1.6 Albumin
23.1.7 Collagen
23.1.8 Gelatin
23.1.9 Zein
23.2 Pulmonary Toxicity of Natural Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems
23.2.1 Oxidative Stress
23.2.2 Inflammation
23.2.3 Genotoxicity
23.2.4 Other Toxicities of Natural Polymers (Neurotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, and Cardiotoxicity)
23.2.5 Neurotoxicity
23.2.6 Hemocompatibility
23.3 Conclusion
References
24: Compelling Impacts of Natural Polymer-Centered Drug Delivery Systems as Prophylactic and Therapeutic Approaches in Various...
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Prevalent Pulmonary Disorders and the Current Therapeutic Approaches
24.2.1 Pulmonary Hypertension
24.2.2 Cystic Fibrosis
24.2.3 Asthma
24.2.4 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD)
24.2.5 Emphysema
24.2.6 Chronic Bronchitis
24.2.7 Lung Cancer
24.2.8 COVID-19
24.3 Natural Polymer-Centered Drug Delivery Systems
24.3.1 Chitosan
24.3.2 Alginates (Sodium Alginates)
24.3.3 Albumin
24.3.4 Hydroxyapatite
24.3.5 Hyaluronic Acid
24.4 Advantages of Using a Natural Polymer-Centered Drug Delivery System for Lung Pathologies
24.5 Conclusion
References
25: Future Prospects of Natural Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Combating Lung Diseases
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Natural Polymer-Based Drug Delivery for Lung Diseases
25.2.1 Polysaccharide NPs
25.2.1.1 Chitosan NPs
25.2.1.2 Alginate NPs
25.2.2 Gelatin NPs
25.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Lung Diseases
25.4 Future Aspect of Nature Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Lung Diseases
25.5 Conclusion
References