Natural Organic Matter in Water: Characterization, Treatment Methods, and Climate change Impact

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NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER IN WATER
NATURAL ORGANIC MATTER IN WATER: CHARACTERIZATION, TREATMENT METHODS, AND CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
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Contents
1 - General introduction
References
2 - Impact of climate and atmospheric pressures on natural organic matter concentration and surface water treatment ...
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Drivers of increasing DOC
2.2.1 Reductions in atmospheric acid deposition
2.2.2 Climate change pressures
2.2.2.1 Precipitation
2.2.2.2 Temperature
2.3 Predicting future DOC concentration under climate scenarios
2.4 Impact on water treatment
2.5 Conclusions
References
3 - Characterization of natural organic matter
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General parameters
3.2.1 Total organic carbon/dissolved organic carbon
3.2.2 Specific UV-absorbance
3.2.3 Polarity
3.3 Biological tests
3.4 Isolation and concentration
3.5 Fractionation
3.5.1 Resin and membrane fractionation
3.5.1.1 Resin fractionation
3.5.1.2 Membrane filtration
3.6 Spectroscopic methods
3.6.1 Ultraviolet and visible
3.6.2 Differential absorption
3.6.3 Fluorescence
3.6.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy
3.6.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance
3.6.6 1H NMR
3.6.7 13C NMR
3.7 Chromatographic methods
3.7.1 Size exclusion chromatography
3.7.1.1 Fractionation of NOM by size exclusion chromatography
3.7.1.2 Eluents and columns used for HPSEC measurements
3.7.1.3 Detectors used for HPSEC measurements
3.7.1.4 Determination of MW by HPSEC
3.7.1.5 HPSEC determinations in water treatment monitoring
3.7.2 Flow field-flow fractionation
3.7.3 Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
3.7.3.1 Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
3.7.3.2 Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
3.7.4 Gas chromatography
3.7.4.1 Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
3.8 Other characterization methods
3.9 Conclusions
References
4 - NOM removal by coagulation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Aluminum-based coagulants
4.3 Ferric-based coagulants
4.4 Inorganic polymer flocculants
4.5 Organic polyelectrolytes
4.6 Composite coagulants
4.7 Novel coagulants
4.8 Conclusions
References
5 - NOM removal by electrochemical methods
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Principles of EC and EO technologies
5.2.1 Theory of EC
5.2.2 Treatment parameters in EC
5.2.3 Reactor design in EC
5.2.4 Theory of EO
5.2.5 Electrodes and reactors used in EO
5.3 EC and EO technologies in NOM removal
5.3.1 EC in NOM removal
5.3.2 Comparison of EC and chemical coagulation
5.3.3 EO in NOM removal
5.4 Conclusions
References
6 - Membranes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microfiltration
6.3 Ultrafiltration
6.3.1 Effect of NOM characteristics
6.3.2 Effect of solution composition
6.3.3 Effect of hydrodynamic conditions
6.3.4 NOM fractions and DBPs
6.4 Nanofiltration
6.4.1 Effect of solution composition
6.4.2 Effect of hydrodynamic conditions
6.4.3 DBP removal
6.5 Reverse osmosis
6.6 Membrane fouling
6.6.1 Effects of pH, ionic strength, and divalent ion concentration
6.6.2 Biofouling
6.7 Conclusions
References
7 - NOM removal by biofiltration
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of biofiltration and their role in NOM removal
7.3 NOM removal mechanisms during biofiltration
7.4 Factors that influence NOM removal during biofiltration
7.4.1 Media type
7.4.2 Nutrient enhancement
7.4.3 Temperature
7.4.4 pH control
7.4.5 Pretreatment
7.4.6 EBCT and hydraulic loading rate
7.4.7 Backwashing
7.5 Metrics and monitoring tools for NOM removal in biofilters
7.5.1 Bulk organic carbon
7.5.2 Other
7.5.2.1 UV-absorbance
7.5.2.2 Advanced NOM metrics
7.5.2.3 Bioactivity
7.6 Conclusions
References
8 - NOM removal by advanced oxidation processes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Aops in NOM removal
8.2.1 Ozone-based applications
8.3 UV light-based applications
8.4 Fenton processes
8.5 Heterogeneous photocatalysis and catalytic oxidation
8.6 Ultrasound irradiation and e-beam irradiation
8.7 Conclusions
References
9 - NOM removal by adsorption
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Removal of NOM and its constituents from water using adsorbents
9.2.1 Raw and modified carbon-based adsorbents
9.2.1.1 Biochars
9.2.1.2 Activated carbons
9.2.2 Metal oxides and hydroxides-based adsorbents
9.2.2.1 Metal oxides
9.2.2.2 Metal hydroxides
9.2.3 Nano-adsorbents
9.2.4 Modified zeolites
9.2.5 Polymers
9.2.6 Miscellaneous adsorbents
9.2.7 Integrated processes
9.2.7.1 Adsorption and coagulation
9.2.7.2 Adsorption and membrane separation
9.3 Conclusion and outlook
References
10 - Ion exchange
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Removal of NOM from water by ion exchange
10.3 Conclusion
References
11 - Integrated methods
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Coupling coagulation with other processes
11.2.1 Magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX)
11.2.2 Oxidation
11.2.3 Activated carbon filtration
11.2.4 Membrane filtration
11.3 Coupling membrane technology with other processes
11.3.1 Coupling with filters
11.3.2 Coupling with coagulation
11.3.3 Coupling with adsorption
11.3.4 Coupling with ion exchange
11.3.5 Coupling with oxidation
11.3.6 Membrane bioreactor
11.4 Conclusions
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Z
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