Natural and Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Editors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Glass Fiber‐Based Composites and Structures
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Applications
1.3 Classification of GFRC
1.3.1 A‐Type
1.3.2 C‐Type
1.3.3 D‐Type
1.3.4 E‐Type
1.3.5 R‐, S‐, and T‐Type
1.3.6 S2‐Type
1.3.7 M‐Type
1.3.8 Z‐Type
1.4 Classifications Based on Form
1.5 Structure
1.6 Mechanical Properties
1.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Synthesis of Cotton Fiber and Its Structure
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cotton Fiber Classification
2.2.1 Classification of the Cotton Fiber Based on the Strength
2.2.2 Classification of the Cotton Fiber Based on Fiber Length Uniformity
2.2.3 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Fiber Fineness
2.2.4 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Fiber Color
2.2.5 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Trash
2.2.6 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Leaf Grade
2.2.7 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Extraneous Materials
2.2.8 Classifications of the Cotton Based on Module Averaging
2.3 Surface Modification of Cotton Fibers
2.4 Solvents for Cotton
2.5 Chemical Treatment of Cotton Fiber
2.6 Chemical Composition
2.7 Structural Properties of Cotton
2.7.1 Constitution and Molecular Weight Distributions
2.7.2 Cotton Fiber Structure
2.7.3 Microscopic View of Cotton Fiber
2.7.4 Physical Properties of Cotton Fiber
2.8 Characterization Methods of Cotton Fiber
2.8.1 Measurement of Density
2.8.2 Measurement of Diameter
2.9 X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
2.10 Fourier Transformation by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis
2.11 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.12 Investigation of Scanning Electron Microscope
2.13 Investigation of Transmission Electron Microscope
2.14 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced Composite and Structures
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of Carbon Fibers
3.3 Synthesis of Carbon Fiber
3.4 Surface Treatment of Carbon Fibers
3.5 Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced with Polymer Matrix Composites
3.5.1 Manufacturing of the Polymer Composites Reinforced with Carbon Fibers
3.5.1.1 Hand Lay‐up and Spray‐up Process
3.5.1.2 Molding
3.5.1.3 Filament Winding
3.5.1.4 Pultrusion
3.5.1.5 Injection Molding
3.5.2 Reinforcement of Carbon Fibers and Properties of CFRP Composites
3.6 Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites
3.6.1 Structure of Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced CMCs
3.6.2 Synthesis and Properties of Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced CMCs
3.6.2.1 Hot Pressing
3.6.2.2 Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)
3.6.2.3 Infiltration Methods
3.6.2.4 Slurry Infiltration Process
3.6.2.5 Reactive Melt Infiltration
3.6.2.6 Polymer Infiltration and Pyrolysis
3.6.2.7 Sol–Gel Infiltration Process
3.7 Carbon‐Fiber‐Reinforced Carbon Matrix Composites
3.7.1 Structure of Carbon–Carbon Composites
3.7.2 Synthesis of Carbon–Carbon Composites
3.7.2.1 Thermosetting Resin‐Based Carbon–Carbon Composite and Properties
3.7.2.2 Thermoplastic Pitch‐Based Carbon–Carbon Composite and Properties
3.7.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Properties
3.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Introduction to Semisynthetic and Synthetic Fiber Based Composites
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classifications
4.2.1 Semisynthetic Fibers
4.2.1.1 Rayon
4.2.1.2 Modal Fiber
4.2.1.3 Bamboo Rayon
4.2.1.4 Seacell Fiber
4.2.1.5 Acetate Fibers
4.2.2 Synthetic Fibers
4.2.2.1 Glass Fibers
4.2.2.2 Carbon Fiber
4.2.2.3 Graphene Fiber
4.2.2.4 Basalt Fiber
4.2.2.5 Kevlar
4.2.2.6 Nylon and Terylene
4.3 Challenges
4.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Tribological Properties of Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Chemical Treatment–Alkaline Treatment
5.2.1 Alkaline Treatment (Mercerization)
5.2.2 Silane Coupling Agents (Silanization)
5.2.3 Mechanical Properties of Synthetic and Natural Fibers
5.3 Tribological Behavior of Chemically Treated Composites
5.4 Tribological Behavior of Hybrid Composites
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Nonstructural Applications of Synthetic Fibers Composites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nonstructural Applications of SFRCs
6.2.1 Energy Sector
6.2.1.1 Batteries
6.2.1.2 Supercapacitors
6.2.1.3 Fuel Cells
6.2.1.4 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technology
6.2.1.5 Thermoelectric Energy Eneration
6.2.2 Mechanical Industry
6.2.2.1 Tribological Applications
6.2.2.2 Civil Engineering
6.2.3 Electronic Sector
6.2.3.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED) Devices
6.2.3.2 Field‐Effect Transistors (FET)
6.2.3.3 Sensors
6.2.3.4 EMI Shielding
6.2.4 Medical Sector
6.2.4.1 Drug Delivery
6.2.4.2 Protein/Gene Therapy
6.3 Conclusions and Future Challenges
References
Chapter 7 Structural Evolution, Mechanical Features, and Future Possibilities of Fiber, Textile, and Nano‐cementitious Materials
7.1 History of Fiber and Textile Reinforced Concrete
7.2 Components of Cementitious Materials
7.2.1 Matrix Materials
7.2.2 Reinforcements
7.2.3 Short Discontinuous Fibers
7.2.4 Textiles/Woven
7.2.5 Advanced Nanoparticles
7.3 Mechanical Performance of Reinforced Concrete
7.3.1 Mechanical Behavior of SF Reinforced Concrete
7.3.2 Mechanical Behavior of Textile Reinforced Concrete
7.3.3 Mechanical Behavior of Nanoparticles Reinforced Concrete
7.4 Outlook and Future of Reinforced Concrete
References
Chapter 8 Physical and Chemical Properties of Cotton Fiber‐Based Composites
8.1 Fabrication Process for Cotton Fiber‐Reinforced Composite
8.2 Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fiber‐Reinforced Composites
8.2.1 Tensile Strength
8.2.2 Buckle Power
8.2.3 Compressive Strength
8.2.4 Impact Strength
8.2.5 Hardness
8.2.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
8.2.7 Water Absorption Test
8.2.8 Microscopic Morphology
8.2.9 Fourier Transformation by Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis
8.2.10 Investigation of Transmission Electron Microscope
8.3 Life Cycle and Environmental Assessment of Cotton Fibers Reinforced Composites
8.4 The Durability of Cotton Fiber‐Reinforced Composites
8.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Carbon Nanotubes Family
9.2.1 Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)
9.2.2 Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT)
9.3 Properties of CNTs
9.3.1 Mechanical Properties
9.3.2 Thermal Properties
9.3.3 Electrical Properties
9.3.4 Electronic Properties
9.3.5 Field‐Emission Properties
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Sisal Fiber‐Based Composites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Mechanical Properties of Sisal Fiber‐Reinforced Composites
10.2.1 Tensile Properties
10.2.2 Flexural Properties
10.2.3 Impact Properties
10.2.4 Hardness
10.3 Thermal Behavior of Sisal Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites
10.3.1 Thermal Stability
10.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature
10.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Mechanical, Electrical, Magnetic, and Smart Properties of Synthetic Fiber Composites
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Mechanical Properties of FRP
11.2.1 Tensile Properties
11.2.2 Flexural Properties
11.2.3 Interlaminar Properties
11.2.3.1 ILSS and IFSS
11.2.3.2 Interlaminar Fracture Toughness
11.3 Influential Parameters on Mechanical Properties of FRP
11.3.1 Influence of Fiber Types
11.3.2 Influence of Matrix
11.3.3 Effect of Nanofillers
11.3.4 Electrical Properties
11.3.5 Magnetic and Electromagnetic Properties
11.3.6 Electromagnetic Properties: EMI Shielding
11.4 Smart Properties
11.4.1 Shape Memory Composites
11.4.2 Self‐Healing Composites
References
Chapter 12 Thermal Properties of Natural Based Fibers Composites
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Natural Fibers
12.2.1 Natural Plant Fibers
12.2.2 Resins
12.2.3 Fillers
12.3 Thermo‐gravimetric Investigation
12.3.1 Isothermic and Non‐isothermic Thermo‐gravimetric Investigation
12.3.2 Equation of Coats–Redfern
12.3.3 Equation of Horowitz–Metzger
12.4 Choice of Substance Based on TGI
12.5 Common Fibril‐Strengthened Compounds
12.5.1 Thermosetting Compounds
12.5.2 Laminate Agrochemical Compounds
12.6 Common Fiber‐Strengthened Bio Agrochemical Compounds
12.7 Blend of Nano Compounds
12.8 Conclusion and Summary
References
Chapter 13 Thermic and Mechanical Valuables of Synthetic Based Fibers Blend Compounds
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Synthetic Fibers
13.2.1 Carbon Fibrils
13.2.2 Glass Fibrils
13.3 Blend Fibril‐Based Agrochemical Compounds
13.3.1 Synthetic Reinforced Hybrid Composites
13.3.2 Implementations of Polymerized Fibril Agrochemical Hybrid Compounds
13.4 Thermal Characteristics of Blend Polymerized Fibril Strengthened Compounds
13.4.1 Thermal Properties of Glassy Carbon (Woven)
13.4.2 Thermal Properties of Kevlar
13.4.3 Thermal Properties of Carbon Fibrils
13.4.4 Thermal Properties of Basalt Fibers Reinforced Composites
13.5 Mechanical and Physical Characteristics of Blend Fiber Compounds
13.5.1 Epoxy Based‐Hybrid Composites
13.5.2 Polyester Based Hybrid Composites
13.5.3 (C2H4)n Basis of Blend Compounds
13.5.4 Thermo‐Cool Basis of Blend Compounds
13.6 Conclusions and Summary
References
Chapter 14 Advancement of Natural Fiber‐Based Polymer Composites
14.1 Introduction of Synthetic Fiber
14.1.1 Fiber‐Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composites
14.2 Classification of Natural Fibers
14.2.1 Plant Fibers
14.2.1.1 Seed Fibers
14.2.1.2 Leaf Fibers
14.2.1.3 Bast Fibers
14.2.1.4 Stalk Fibers
14.2.2 Animal Fibers
14.2.2.1 Wool
14.2.2.2 Mohair
14.2.2.3 Cashmere
14.2.2.4 Alpaca Hair
14.2.2.5 Angora Hair
14.2.2.6 Silk Fiber
14.2.2.7 Avian Fiber
14.2.3 Mineral Fibers
14.3 Synthesis and Production of Natural Fibers
14.3.1 Extraction of Fibers
14.3.2 Extraction and Processing of Plant‐Based Fiber
14.3.3 Extraction and Processing of Animal Fiber
14.3.3.1 Animal Wool and Hair Fiber Processing
14.3.3.2 Silk Fiber Processing
14.3.3.3 Feather and Avian Fiber
14.3.4 Extraction and Processing of Mineral Fiber
14.3.4.1 Asbestos
14.3.4.2 Ceramic Fiber
14.3.4.3 Metal Fiber
14.4 Treatment and Enhancement of Natural Fiber
14.4.1 Physical Treatment
14.4.1.1 Mechanical Treatment
14.4.1.2 Solvent Extraction
14.4.1.3 Electric Discharge
14.4.2 Chemical Treatment
14.4.2.1 Alkaline Treatment (Mercerization)
14.4.2.2 Acetone Treatment
14.4.2.3 Peroxide (Benzoylation) Treatment
14.4.2.4 Silane Coupling Agents (Silanization)
14.4.3 Biological Treatment
14.5 Fabrication of Techniques of NFRC
14.5.1 Hand Lay‐up Technique
14.5.2 Vacuum Infusion Molding
14.5.3 Spray Lay‐up Technique
14.5.4 Pultrusion
14.5.5 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)
14.6 Mechanical Performance of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites (NFRP)
14.6.1 Influence of Chemical Treatment
14.7 Effect of Hybridization
14.7.1 Fiber Percentage (%)
14.8 Effect of Hybridization and Its Application of Nanofiber
14.8.1 Effect of Hybridization of Nanofibers Over Mechanical and Tribological Fibers
14.8.2 Nano‐based Fibers
14.8.3 Synthesis of Nanofiber by Using the Electro‐spinning Process
14.9 Preparation and Characterization of Nanofibers
14.9.1 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) Fibers
14.9.2 Alumina Fibers
14.9.3 BaTiO3 Nanofiber
14.10 Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers
14.10.1 Nanofibers in Air Filtration
14.10.2 Nanofiber in Water Filtration
14.10.3 Recycled PET (RPET) Nanofibers for Water Filtration
14.10.4 Energy Conversion and Storage Device
14.10.5 Nanofibers in Solar Cells
14.10.6 Nanofiber‐Based Li–S and LiO2 Batteries
14.11 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 Recent Advancements in the Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 Natural Fibers
15.1.2 Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Composites
15.2 Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites (NFRCs)
15.3 Advancement in Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Composites
15.4 Mechanical Properties of NFRCs
15.4.1 Fiber Treatment and Modification
15.4.2 Chemical Treatment
15.4.3 Coupling Agent
15.4.4 Fiber Hybridization
15.5 Reinforcement with Nanocellulosic Fillers
15.6 Flame Retardant Properties of the NFRCs
15.7 Water Absorption Characteristics of the NFRCs
15.8 Advancement of Conventional Manufacturing Processes
15.9 3D Printing in NFRCs
15.10 Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites Application
15.11 Summary and Prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Index
EULA