Nanozymes in Medicine

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Nanocerium Oxide in Medicine, Agriculture and the Industry
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Unique Chemico-Structural Features of Nano Cerium Oxide that Enable It to Offer Such Diverse Array of Applications
1.3 Nano Cerium Oxide as an Emerging Nano Medicine
1.3.1 Radioprotection and Anticancer Activity
1.3.2 Neonatal-Adult Photoreceptor Survival and Anti-Apoptotic Activity
1.3.3 Neuro-Protection, Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries, Neurodegenerative Diseases of Spinal Cord, and Maintaining Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
1.3.4 Safeguarding Cardiac Muscle
1.3.5 Altering Skeletal Muscle Physiology and Subsequent Application in Sports Medicine
1.3.6 High Altitude Medicine Against Hypobaric-Hypoxia
1.3.7 Virucidal and Anti-microbial Activity
1.3.8 UV Shielding Property, Skin Protection and Skin Tissue Engineering
1.3.9 Diabetes, Islet of Langerhans Cells of Pancreas and Gestational Diabetes
1.3.10 Female Reproductive Health
1.3.11 Wound Healing and Sepsis
1.3.12 Endothelial Cell Healing and Cardiovascular Diseases
1.3.13 Bone Development, Regeneration and Bone Tissue Engineering
1.3.14 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrasting Agent
1.3.15 Inorganic Antioxidant Enzyme
1.4 Nano Cerium Oxide as a Nano Bio-sensor
1.4.1 Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor
1.4.2 Lactate Biosensor
1.4.3 Dopamine Sensing
1.4.4 Detecting Chronic Inflammation Via Optical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1.5 Nano Cerium Oxide as a Promising Bio-electrode Material for Wearable Electronics
1.6 Nano Cerium Oxide as a Photocatalytic Agent and as Oxidase in Destroying Organic Dyes of Environmental Concern
1.7 Nano Cerium Oxide in Agriculture
1.7.1 Soil, Foliar Application, Transport and Transformation
1.7.2 UV Protection to Crops
1.7.3 Nano Cerium Oxide in Plant Disease
1.7.4 Effect on Antioxidant Defence System of Plants
1.7.5 Effect on the Quality of the Fruit, Grain and Next Generation of Seeds and Germination
1.7.5.1 Low Starch Rice
1.7.5.2 Reduced Sugar and Mineral Content in Tomato Fruits
1.7.5.3 Effect on Seed Germination
1.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Synthesis and Sensing Applications of Peroxidase-Mimic Nanozymes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Synthesis of Peroxidase Mimic Nanomaterial
2.2.1 Copper Oxide Based Nanomaterials
2.2.2 Cerium Oxide Based Nanomaterials
2.2.3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Based Nanomaterials
2.2.4 Vanadium Based Nanomaterials
2.3 Biomolecule Sensing
2.3.1 Glucose Sensor
2.3.2 Cholesterol Sensor
2.3.3 Disease Biomarker Detection
2.3.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor
2.4 Conclusion
2.5 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 3: Nanozymes for Glucose Sensing and Diabetes Management
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanozymes in Glucose Sensing and Diabetes Management
3.2.1 Metal-Based Nanozymes
3.2.2 Metal Oxide-Based Nanozymes
3.2.3 Carbon-Based Nanozymes
3.2.4 Metal Sulfide-Based Nanozyme
3.3 Challenges, and Perspectives
References
Chapter 4: Nanozymes for Bioimaging and Disease Diagnostics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Natural Enzymes Versus Nanozymes
4.3 How Are Nanozymes Significant in Bio-Imaging and Disease Diagnostics?
4.3.1 Role of Nanozymes in Bio-Imaging
4.3.1.1 Peroxidase Like Nanozymes
4.3.1.2 Superoxide Dismutase Like Nanozymes
4.3.1.3 Catalase Like Nanozymes
4.3.2 Nanozymes for Pathological Disease Diagnosis
4.3.2.1 Peroxidase Mimics
4.3.2.2 Catalase Mimics
4.3.2.3 Oxidase Mimics
4.3.2.4 Multi-enzyme-Mimicking Nanozymes
4.3.3 Applications of Nanozymes in Detection of COVID-19
4.4 Limitations of Nanozymes
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Nanozymes for Improving Anticancer Therapy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 History, Classification and Role of Nanozymes
5.3 Nanozyme-Based Cancer Diagnosis
5.3.1 Nanozymes for Cancer Genes Detection
5.3.2 Nanozymes for Tumor Marker Molecules Detection
5.3.3 Nanozymes for Tumor Cells Detection
5.3.4 Nanozymes for Tumor Tissues Detection
5.4 Nanozyme Based Cancer Imaging Strategies
5.5 Nanozyme Based Cancer Therapeutics
5.5.1 Nanozymes in Tumor Catalytic Therapy
5.5.2 Nanozymes for Improving Chemotherapy Efficiency
5.5.3 Nanozymes for Improving Radiotherapy Efficiency
5.5.4 Nanozymes for Improving Photodynamic Therapy Efficiency
5.5.5 Nanozymes for Improving Sonodynamic Therapy Efficiency
5.5.6 Nanozymes for Improving Combination Therapy Efficiency
5.6 Limitations & Future Prospects
5.6.1 Diagnosis Strategies
5.6.2 Imaging Strategies
5.6.3 Therapeutic Strategies
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Enzyme-Based Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Enzyme Functionalized Nanoparticles Against Cancer
6.2.1 Colon Cancer
6.2.2 Breast Cancer
6.2.3 Lung and Bone Cancer
6.2.4 Prostate Cancer
6.3 Enzyme Conjugated Nanoparticles for Prodrug Activation
6.4 Nanozymes Against Cancer
6.5 Enzyme Triggered Nanomedicine
6.6 Challenges
6.7 Future Perspectives
6.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Metal, Metal Oxide and Metal Hydroxide Nanomaterials for Biosensing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General Synthetic Methods
7.2.1 Bottom-Up Approach
7.2.2 Top-Down Approach
7.3 Synthesis of 2D Materials- in Perspective to Metal, Metal Oxides and Metal Hydroxides
7.3.1 Metal-Enes (2D Xenes)
7.3.2 2D Metal-Oxides
7.3.3 2D Metal Hydroxides
7.4 2D Materials – Next-Generation Biosensors
7.4.1 2D Metal-Enes Based Biosensors
7.4.2 2D Metal Oxide Based Biosensors
7.4.3 2D Metal Hydroxide Based Biosensors
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Biological Applications of Nanozymes
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Nanozymes
8.2.1 Metal-Based Nanozymes
8.2.2 Metal Oxide Based Nanozymes
8.2.3 Carbon Based Nanozymes
8.3 Catalytic Mechanism and Kinetics of Nanozymes
8.3.1 Superoxide Dismutase
8.3.2 Peroxidase
8.4 Biological Applications of Nanozymes
8.4.1 Immunological Assays
8.4.2 Biosensors
8.4.3 Disease Imaging and Therapy
8.5 Challenges
8.6 Future Directions
8.7 Conclusions
References